University of South Carolina Libraries
BY E. B. MURRAY & CO. ANDERSON, S. C., THURSO A i, JUNE 27, 1878. VOL. XIII- NO. 60. rtATBS, OF 8VB8ORJPT10N.-r?qW Sh\LXJiti ann Vtvft ?jur? par anuura, in *5rl*c9. . Two DofXAsI ul' ot"v of year. HETMTY-FIV? CEJCTB for ?Ix tuontbs. ? , , . Subscriptions ate not taken for ft leas forlod th?n xl* month*. . " " j? , BATB* OF ADVHRTI8INQ.-On? Dollar per1 square ol one inch for the Ant Insertion,?nd V?fty Cants per square for subsequent lnscrtionsless than tiireo mouths. Ko advertisements couuleless (Usu a bouaro. ... Ubers!coutracts wlllbe made withtho^wUhJne fco advertise for. tb reo, als or t weiro months. Ad vertising by contract must be confined to tho ltn modlato business of tho firm or Individual contrae Obiuiaiy Notices exceeding five lines, Tributes 'Of itespcot, and all personal communication or matters of individual interest, will be chaifV for 'at advertising rates. Announcements of wartages nnd deaths, and notices of? religious character, aro respectfully solicited, and wilt bo Inserted yatla FARMING AND THE SCIENCE*! I Editor Anderson Inidlujencer : Several indications have recoutly Up come prominent to show that the 8tudjy of thc Sciences is becoming a necessify foriour people, especially those of theijp who have a more intimate connection with farming. - I I wish to have a familiar talk s Uli my brother farmers, and show them, if i can,- how perfectly dependent ever,/| farmer is upon tho knowledge of tin1 Sciences by Bo.uebody who can make that kncwlcdge known ; and how impos-l aiblo it is for fanning to make progresa) without tho knowledgo in somebody of) the lawa whl ifc a kind Creator has pro vided for the benofit of his creature*. To ahow iu a familiar way how com pletely dependent mankind is for their livinj . on somebody knowing and ex plaining the Sciences, I assort this, and defy contradiction, that a man who does not use that knowledgo derived from those Jaws bf God called Sciences, cannot perform ono single act, except talking, that a horse cannot do. Ho can without science draw his breath and eat euch fruit as God has made grow wild. Thin being a fact, I am anxious to dull the edge of that prejudice which many good farmers have even of talking on the subject of the Sciences, by making it so plnin that any one who can read will understand mo. First, then, what is the meaning of the word Scionce? The word itself sim ply meatis "to know." But it has been further applied to a collection of the lending truths relating to any of the laws of God, properly arranged and sys tematized. Thus: Tho leading truths relating to that law of God which treats of the internal structure I of the earth, its various conten tn, ita various elements, put there for food for plants and trees, all arranged and systematized, ia called the Science of Geometry. Tho leading truths of that law which treats of the properties of mineral substances, all ar ranged and systematized, is called the Science of Mineralogy. Tho leading truths relating to that law which treats of all mattera calculated by figures, and of whatever can be measured and num bered, all arranged and systematized, is called tho Science of - Mathematics. Arithmetic, Geometry, Algebra, &c, are branches of this. .. The Science of Chem istry has for ita object to discover the nature and properties of all bodies, which is done by decomposition and combination. By it tho elements of food which ?ny plant has taken, from tho soil can be exactly ascertained, and by it tbe soil can be analized, and whatever food it has. for plants can be also discovered. It would seem that every farmer must see how important this knowledge of this Science would be to farmers. Men who have studied the lawa relating to Geometry and Chemistry tell usthf>.?Gou bas placed in the Boil fourteen elements or ingredients for food for plants. Now, if a farmer can bo told what the corn he plants takes up by Us roots, and also ex t.ctly what the soil ho plants tho corn in has of the . food the corn wants, then when he knows what tho soil lacks,.ho will know what to apply. Hydrology is the Science which ar rangea and systematizes all the proper ties and laws which are contained in and govern water. Mechanics is that soienco which investigates tho forces by which al. bodies aro to bo kept still or put in motion, and put in a particular form or ahapo. Tho .powers which it uses are the Idver, pulley, screw,'axle, inclined plano and wedge. Botany ia tho science which treats of the structure of planta, the function of their parts, the latitude in which they grow, and their classifica tion and names. Metallurgy io more of an art than a science, and comprehends tho whole procesa of separating the ore from other matten?, and smelting and re fining the meta). Natural History ar ranges and systematizes a description of the earth and all its productions, and in cludes Zoology, Botany, Geology, Miner alogy and uah culturo* The foregoing contains a description ?,of those Sciences.which have a more in timate bearing on the advancement ol Scientific Agriculture, and by which all farmlntr - ohnratlnni? ara ^owlaJ on, in many cases the farmer not being aware of it, as I,Will now proceed to illustrate ; Snpp'csf a beginner to commence farm ing. Hojmust havo laud, and that clear ed aud fenced, a horse and plow ready ? for "fork/ Now, think how many of these Schncesi must be known by somebody before the plow can be started. To make . the irani God han modo a law there should bo placed in the earth the oro of iron ; s raiacrsiegbt then first finds the ore; then chemistry must find the composl tion ipt will make a crucible to statu beat enough to melt the ore ; tho metal .* lufgiA must bo at hand to smelt and separate the oro from earthy and othei mattera; then mathematica must ahovi how?the machinery must be made to beal it ?ito bara ; then the scionce <5f me chuica muet Bhow how to ahape lt intx "a inWahare, and mathematica muai a*in how lo make the atock to suit th< pjpw. Hero, then, somebody must knott tils whole array of' sciences before J r&w can be made and started to work ? ad still more of them must be koowr, ?fore a fence or a house can .be built flion get your eora aeed and start U ?,_? . u/i.ere at? y .vi i tn nat tn groin fn the ground or on top ? Ask the geo! LrM ?ud ue t,lu y?a that aU lho cl* /menu which God has made for food fa f plants are placed in the soil. Thet I there ia another law that talla os tba f God na? given to eeod a vitality tba / when placed in tho ground and bavt J moisture and heat? will aend o0* wt to keep weeda and grasa down and stir tho soil raako corn grow. Well, when you hsve corn ripe and shelled and sent to mill. Here you have to cult on math ematica to mafcp tbe gearing, on hydraul ics to tell you the nature and power of water for the wheels, on mechanics to execute the work, and on mineralogy to tell you the right kind of rock lo moke the mill-stones. Thia ia not all yet. Before you can make the meal into bread there Ls the mineralogist to find the oro, tho chemist to compound a prop er crucible to melt it, tho metallurgist to I smelt it, mathematica to prepare a foucV dry, and mechanics to make tho oven tl bake your bread. Now, you will perl reive that each one of these sciences is a] ?decree which God has made and partic ularly adapted to a designed end ; and Its they are all intended for our instruc tion and benefit, it would ree m that pery farmer would bo bf.nefitted just in proportion to his knowledge of them, t1 do not wish to be understood, how euer, as intending to say that all these sconces must bo understood before a man op rais?- corn or cotton. No, there is a I gnat deal wo learn from observation and [ ctjerienco. This is a valuable part of a farr.cr's knowledge. The soil so varies in cur county you cannot find any two adjdning farms, with soil exactly alike, ana even in every singlo farm thero is som! red land, some sandy, and may be sont bottom. Here each funner must lean by observation and experience whfc kind of land is best suited to a pariiular crop. Then ho must learn by triritvhat kind of plow is best suited to his toil, and each kind of plant, how often and when to plow, and how to suit his ftr.rk so as to adapt it to the seasons. Wogarn, 'oo, by woeful experience that if yat plant corn in the same field for a longEtme, without putting back the food tho fen has taken out, tho product gets and poorer, and the corn will pr?t?? much all rot. AU these things and Suny more might bo mentioned which must be learned by observation nonce. AB I montioncd nbovo, tell us that our kind Creator in the earth fourteen elements for plants, and that every plant a must take up its proportion one of these elements or the reduces will not- germinate. ? 'elements tho lime, sulphur, pot esia, phosphorus, &c, as these are named. Now, our ohser 1 convince us that if we kee^. dipper after d'pper of water UH pail, we rall come to the j time, DO if we continue" to he same field and put nothing he plant has taken out, that in time become not worth Different plants feed on dif ents-that is, they take differ ion*, some more of ono and ht" Observation has taught ?wc plant that same field in grain it will do better, and ve learned that rotation in rili keep our land in better j say. Here science and our act together. Still, it won't all the time satisfied with ing we have got. Wo must if we expect to improve Hold fast to what we have study to get moro.. card that a man made 200 ern to the acre, another two n, another made 43 bushels ho acre. These are exam D aim at ; and to ?nieceed we 9 find out how they did it, se, not forgetting that the we become with tho lawe 'has made for our use, the I rill be ablo to realise their and seien has as fe that of ev seed I mean ash, eleme vatio liftin from DQttOI plant back t field plan ti feront ont pr lesa o' us taut some o| thus w our ero heart, observa do to B what 1 make p in farai learned, Web bush MS bales of of when' plea for must stu and do 1 more in our Gre bettor benefit. In wb to try an of the n humbug, generali progress which a lute and i Now, said bas give you boldt's will questi oay n : "Til part in t monts, and of natural tlc of m among who ciated by olt libly see th in prop?rtio strengthene general influ If by xvii a dice to seien people shall and the ene in any dr ?ree exertion where scicnti to all, then I and oven mo lave said my object is first btise tho minds of farmers that scientific farming is a next to encourage a belief the only true way to make tiing is to study tho laws Creator has made to regu vc the growth of all plants.1 ?ow you that what I have vise'man to back it, I will extract from Von Hum , whose authority no ofte I fiat reids his works. Ho | glues ?hieb take noactive j g?nerai industrial move file choke find preparation nces.lpr in the applies* ?cs anti chemistry,' abd ] this activity is not appro ve* ef society, will infal prosperikr diminish, just 1 it adjoining States become j lad invigorated under the j ? of artsind sciences.1 i have writcn the preju agriculSue among our my degrk bo softened, of our iWisI atora shall quicken!! to increased provide al institution ' tgriculturlcan be taught havogaStod as much, Otan I. haft hoped for. 'p u ft is the timo we glvo preparing TQMATO CA ;t.r enjoying the following it for Ubi? skinned to vinegar, one a pound ol ounce of cloves sugar. Boil th' barning. When] fine or coarse eli tight for usa. Ml gay IQ thia prepar ti ty can be made ?j'u-ing i lion of tho materlr" As there issomltrouble in^klnninr: the tomatoes, theyfcay be merckrnasbed before comaencinitbe boilio^In this ease it ie beat to Biffa twice, S& with ft Miera? cloth, end THE CHARLESTON COUPON CASES. CHARLESTON, July 19,1878. Editor Ander ton Intelligencer : .When I determined to reply to your first article upon thia subject, I had neither the desire nor tho intention to enter ?nt o a prolonged controversy with you. Such cor'roversiea nre of little practical benefit, the good they accom plish is seldom sufficient compensation for the bad temper they so frequently excite. I must, however, ask your indulgence again, in order to enlarge oomowhat up on several of thc points submitted in my formercommunication. I If repeat myself, I do so with the desire to impress and bring out moro clearly those ideas, which, [as I infer from y^ur reply, I have pre viously failed to make sufficiently ex V.icit. I Before proceeding, however, permit rte to say that I do not think your for nnl introduction of me in your reply, wrhin the limits of, or necessary to icetimato comment on what I had writ ten It leads to the inferenco that Messrs. Lord and Inglesby, were in some way concerned in my action in this mat ter.! It is but justice to these gentlemen tha^I should state that they were in tui tiro ignorance of my having written to you,wntil the paper containing ray com munication was placed in their hands by mo. iNor aro my viewB to bo regarded as in an) way "semi-official." If there bo any rlsurdity or lack of logical certainty in them, I alone am to bo charged there with. .What was written concerning tho proceedings in question, ?B a matter of publier record and discussion in open court, knowledge of which does not de pend urun the/peculiarity of my position. That yea should havo called attention to that posnion was, as I have said, not ne cessary tj) this discussion : hl!t. T dry nnf regret your having done so, inasmuch ss you thu give me the opportunity to state that you r conclusion in tho premises is err?neo' s, and enable meto fix the whole respons: iility of my letter upon myself, where i properly and only belongs. The f tat point to which I would again call you i attention, is that tho cases un der disc ission were not "rushed to trial beforo Jadge Mackey." I aga! s answer your aiiegaron that they we 3, by stating that it was to satisfy t e Stace that these cases were not trice before Judge Wallace. The Attorne, -General came to Charleston during t >at term, and earnestly urged aa a mattenof convenience to him and the other colnsel with him, that the filing of the retu n should not be then insisted on. It ' ras after the most earnest resis tance cn'.the part of tho counsel for thc bondholders, that the delay asked for was graued ; and then only upon the promise if the Attorney-General that the Relators ikould not lose that terni of the court. Ino bondholders and their coun sel, it wqnld therefore appear, not only would ijave been willing, but were in fact very, desirous that their cases should be argued beforo a judge whose views were not known, abd at a time anterior to the ori anization of the special court. The retu n was not filed during that term, an the cases were again'continued for the r ason already stated. It BUM y must be clear to you now that Jud ;o Mackey heard the argument simply ii the course of the business of his tern, Judging from their previous conduct, it ia evident that tho relatora would lu ve pressed for a trial, at every term of c ie court until some judgo would be found willing to grant it. They had a right, pe feet and unaffected to do so, and not a can reasonably question it. Tho seco id point and one to which J ask special at icntion, is that the investigation of the co ipona, and consequently of tho bonds co lld have been had before Judge Mackey 5 s well as it can be had- beforo tho spec al com t. Juries could have been emt innelled in the Circuit Court ; commissi ma could have issued therefrom for the i lamination of witnesses in r.ny part of t io country, and' all other re quisites c mid have been provided there j for as thc rough a sifting of the actings and doin: s of the officers who issued the consolide ion bonds and of the nature of I the eecu rities, given in exchange for them, aa un oe had under the omnipo tent, omi scient, and omnipresent regis of the cot rt of claims. The investigation of the cot \fons is the investigation of the bonds to \ hieb thoy respectfully belong ; and the State could thus have been saved the expenso necessary lo tho main tenance c I a special court. The bond holders lid not avoid such an inquiry into their bonds. There was nothing in the reme y which they adopted which __j_I t?. TI- _ --i ~e ?t.. ?/?w.uuw?a aw 4H nm, 14vs pm? vi fut? scheme, 11 "harass the State," ruin . her finances, and cast contempt up on her extraordinary court, which with BM much magnanimity you ascribe * to them, that they should d >dge tho investigation of their claims, ly their conduct they showed that they Hood thon, as doubtless they stand nc fr. ready to go to trial ?n?ib every auction of fraud in these claims,, and lo asi st in furnishing a statement of facts for i ie Supremo Court as full and complete is any that can go np from tho court of < laims. The St Ac itself declined the investiga in the Ci tail', Court. In atead of a re turn whii ti would hare made its defenco certain a d capable of analysis, it made no directWlcgation of facts constituting frahdft, ail Instead contented itself with a general allegation which waa not a proper d fence in auch an action, and which did not open the way for tho ox. nminatior of any direct <md positive is sue. I v* reminded that fraud vitiates every tra ?action, and U ia ?aid that I must mt ly be acquainted with that I maxim. Ido know it, but I koo* totf tba. ?quity will riot declare void a con tract on tho ground of fraud, where nc fraud has been proved or attempted to bo proved. I do know that ho who holds ! a coupon bond, having about it all the semblance of a good and valid security, canuot bo deprived of its benefit by the bare, naked unsupported charge of fraud, and I also know that it was no defence to this action to allege the institution of another court, for tho trial of the issues, when it was not even pretended that tho Circuit Court was thereby deprived of jurisdiction. I know ail this, and it would bo a matter of astonishment to me if I should discover that tho INTELLI GENCER did uot know ii. The INTELLIGENCER acorn* to imagine that I take the ground that these bonds should be paid and their coupons received for taxes, without any investigation, and without regard to whether they bo fr&u: dulcnt or not. Now I wUh it to bo dis distinctly understood that I assume no su'?h position. What I did say was that theso bondholders had a perfect right to instituto the30 proceedings; that they were proceedings which had been sanc tioned by centuries of continued usage ; that their conduct was not unpatriotic, because tho proceedings were instituted when they had no otner remedy, and that having begun thence, they had a right to continue them, when they found the new remedy incapable of giving the relief which they had been Bceking, I am quite as much in favor of an investi gation of the bonds as the -INTELLIGEN CEE can possibly be, and tho point I spe cially made, and again urge, is that the investigation could have been had in the Circuit Court, and that tho bondholders were entirely willing that it should have been had there. I do not wish the State to pay fraudulent bonds, but what I insist on is that tho bondholders had a right to resort to an old remedy which bas served in hundreds of emergencies Of the same nature as thc present ; and I protest with earnestness against the creation of a sen timent in opposition to their right, and which holds good citizens forth to thc community, as wanting in patriotis.?!, and as injuring the State. They injure the Stato far more who advocate the crea tion of a new tribunal, for the trial ol Buch cases. They declare to the. worlc1 that South Carolina has established courts, and filled their benches, for th? trial of controversies between her citizeni and that abe will not submit to those same courts, good enough for the citizens tho adjudication of cases to which shi is a party. My letters upon this subject have beer wiitten solely with the desire to corree an erroneous impression, and in no spiri of purposeless antagonism, and I shal write no moro. Having full confidence in tho impreg nabb strength of my positions, I rest sa tisfied that tho futuro history of thesi bonds and of the State will be their mos complete justification. SIMEON HYDE, JR. Management of Chickens, Chickens require neither food or drinl on the day on which they are hatched Both aro injurious, as they interfere witl the natural digestion of tbe yolk, whid is absorbed into tho bowels nt the porioi of hatching, and constitutes the firs food. If grits, oat meal aud the like ar r.pread before tho hen on the twenty-firs day, she is induced to leave the nesl the last-batched chickens are unable t follow, and boing weakly, frequently pei i'bh. If undisturbed, the hen ecluor leaves the nest on the twenty-first daj . while on the twenty-second day th chickens will bo fonnd strong enough t folio?? her. The plan of cramming pep per corns or grains of barley down tn throats of newly-batched chickens is es ceedingly injurious. Tho best food fe them ia sweet, coarse oatmeal, mixed ir to a crumbly paste with milk, sud a coi tain proportion of custard reade by bea ing together an egg with two tabhspoot fuis of milk, and "setting" it by a gent! beat. Custard so made is eaten wit avidity, and the chickens make rapi progress upon it. Such a preparation j far superior to the hard-boiled eggs i often employed and which is not reliai ed by tho chickens. Tho young birt are also very fond of a little cold oa meal porridgo ; milk is frequently usc I to mix tho barley or oatmeal, but j should bo remembered that it soon b comes sour in summer, and is decide? I !** :Tj".:r?GU; if ??TJ???/C? in tuai s vat Nb more food, therefore, should be mi: ed with milk than can be eaten in a fe hours. Sopped bread Is by no meai desirable, since it docs not appear to c ford the necessary resistance to tho ns ural grinding of the gizzard, and cons quently the chickens soon becon weakly and affected with diarrhea fro its use. In order to satisfy the hung of* the hen. which is ? usually very gre when she leaves tho* nest, it is quite d sirable to give ber as much grain as s! can consume. Then, having satiated h own appetite, and quenched her thin which at this time is considerable, a' will brood over her unfledged young ai keep them at rest whilst they aro di gc; ing the yelk that baa been absorbed it before hatching. After the first few da some whole grain, such as small t wheat, or some barley, may be given the young brood, and it will be found be greatly relished, and doubtless aflbi a wholesome exerciso for tho extraor nary gt?adiug; ^ power of the pizza Cui?k??iD nh vu ul ?Uber have a consti Bupply of food, or bo fed at very sh< intorvals. Tho first food should bo giv at daybreak. With regard to ania food, there is none equal to tho natu supply of worms and insects obtained the nen Vf hen she is at largo; sm worms or a shovelful of mold, conta lug an ant's nest, may bo given if ! chickens are in a confined situatioc, a will be found far superior to boiled ?j chopped seat, or any cscro ?rtificisi v. atitute. Cooping, which is frequen omployed to prevent the wanderings hens with chickens, ia not desirable, a though in many cases it ia a neceui evil, yet not the lesa an evil.-Amerit Cultivator. - When kv man goes home at three ta., scratches a square rod of plaster] from the wall lo trying to strike a Iq with1 a hail, throws it down in dbg OUR FLORIDA CORRESPONDES CE. From Anderson to Viona*. Through tho Counti-y- Pleasure* and AnnoyiUic*-..ino* . dent to tho Trip. ALAFIA, FLA., June 20, 1878. Editor Anderson Intelligencer: In my last letter I took leave of you at Mr. Henry Hill's, in Wilkes County, Ga., promising to give you a continua tion of our trip at another time, which I will try and hurry through with, so as not to tire you too much, though I be lieve it is tho provinco of editors and newspaper men io be bored ! We left Mr. Hill's Mouday morning, the 18th of February, and moved on for Washington, Ga., over some of tho worst roads I ever saw, frequently up to our axles in the mud, and sometimes leaving *J>A4ircct road on account of places dc scribecru,--^.^ j wag fearftjl of be? unable to pass, tu^ ^ M look UQ, reasonable to expect worst ? ; T , , 1 some 1 had gono over. We passed through Washington about half hour beforo sunset with tho single tree of my one-horse wagon so nearly pulled in too ns to neces?itato a now one, which I ordered made, and expect to go back for, as I wish to drive beyond town to some convenient place near a farm house, for my lady and tho little boy must havo a room, though tho others can camplin fact, rather like it. HUB wo find at Capt. J. T. Wingfield'e, two miles beyond Washington from Anderson, aud a sigh of relief escape us all as wo drive up and aro told wo will be accommo dated. Tho wagons aro driven undet some largo oaks in Capt. W.'s yard about dark. My lady is helped out and asked into the house ; the boys unhitch thc teams and prepare for camp, whilo I ride back to W. with my old singletree anc irons, that thero may bo no mn?? delaj in getting off in tho morning than necea sary. I regret ita being too late, and w< too much hurried on account of our ac cident, to eeo more than a passing glanci of Washington. I had been there befon on a visit, (beforo tho war,) and bad BCV oral acquaintances, whom I should Uki to seo-among them Dr. Andrews, who it will be remembered, was stationei awhile at Anderson Court House, durinj tue war, on the examining board o physicians. Rut it will be impossible t do so, as our stages are necessarily ebor and time too limited. This morning, 19th, wo aro delayed ii making a start until eleven o'clock, henc make only about thirteen miles to-da} over roads more cr less bad. I shout not forget to mention tho kindness c Capt. and Mrs. J. T. Wingfield, at . hos house wo stopped last night, and wh wero exceedingly kind to my lady an us all, giving us a comfortable room wit two beds and other conveniences, refm ing buy renumeration therefor, and cs pressing pleasure in being able to affor us accommodation. These attention! Mr. Editor, to a traveler and a strange ?B true hospitality, and was by me li ?ghi appreciated. We Btop to-night ?.t Mr. Moore's, ( forgot to get his first name,) about tn miles beyond Little River, on which M Mooro has merchant mills and saw mill The character of the country throug this section of Georgia is considorahl broken but productive, which I judi, principally from tho ?tubble on tho lani as it is all cleared up into farms alor the roads, and no timber growth to jude from. Mr. Moore and family, like all Geo gians with whom we havo come in coi tact, wore very kind to us, thc latter a stating my lady in cooking our ratioi and showing other little attentions th We Btart thia morning, the 20th, f WarrentOR, and drive about three- mil beyond, to Mr. Culpeppors, without n cident. Hero, wo aro offered our choi of a room in the house or a uice, cleanl scoured, vacant cabin in the lot wi chimney-wood and pine convenient and wo take tho latter. Mr. Culpopr. is a paralytic, and, though not bed-ri den, both bia physical and mental co ditton give evidence of the inroad* of 1 disease. Mrs. O. and daughter come c and sit with tis until bed time to-nlg . '_i ?US- -- - ?1-O?-i *-J -71- ..--Z -D) -~ - VOL., ~..MB^ US ? some nico fried hain and biscuit and luj bread to add to our lunch. Thia is vt kind, and I should not forget to add tl in nearly every case there kindnesses i afforded ua without charge. True, I ways offer to pay for them, but very t dom will anything be received. Leaving you for the present, Mr. E tor, I will offer as an apology for dullness of my letters] that I had lit opportunity in coming on of observ tba country. It was a chili and bli Bcoson of thc year, nearly every < housed, and though not a great deal rain on us, very littlo sunshine, an put down in my note book only such tie incidents as occurred to us, that th might know what to expect en route \ are induced to follow. Hope they r be a little more interesting aa I advai fiore anon. 0. H. ? -Kate Southern is gratified. iia\ heard her keepers rilitlcd, aha?write follows to the Savannah Newt: Bell convict. I might expect the cold embi of rattling chains, striped clothes, L labor, coarse diet, and even the la bnt not so in my case. I am put to ll work, cutting and making convict clot not ironed aa others, not draped convict stripes ; have good aud wh some dies EUCh aa my keepera have u the family cabio ; no threats or the I? no cooking for convicts, ant) no such tl HUI regretting I had not bren' ht Please, for the sake of a humiliated i unfortunate woman, correct the rep In circulation, so unjust to my dear kt er?, and yon will receive the thank one so injured and so disgraced. Lead, Bismuth and '??nc aro immei ly useful tn 'he industrial arts: and HO?K ?B03T SIERRA. ?JE??IE. t! . (T; Freetown, a? i? |?le?MK?t Contrant to PU- g nat Monrovia. rt 7 - ,~ *' Cunstpontsnee New? and Qjurter. j, XoNBOVXA. Juue 8,1873. t] I sent lettersby tb? ?ail eteatner, which 0 towed us boro au*' ?tarted ou ita return n to Sierra LOOP? before daylight this morning. Ajf*veryuody doe? when writ ing in hastj/* omitted several interest ing poitits4Dou.t Sierra Leone. Ono of c the prlrn<pal of these was what nearly J everybody (morc?bame to them) is prone to onytt, when neccessity compote Borne * omission- ? RELIGIOUS MATTERS. Churches aro plentiful in and about J Freetown. Tho first one noticed on ar ? rival is St. George's Cathedral, whicb c stands near the water Bide, and in a largo structure apparently of steno, (I had no opportunity of examining closely,) with ? a tower and clock. It has that eubstan- 1 liai, solid look common to English ecclesiastical edifices, (according to I tho illustrated magazines,) which always 1 impress ono with tho feeling that their's < is indeed an established church, able to 1 " "r^vd attncks from within and with- < ?? ?A*T* ""Y^Ungs ino-~^ivcs with- ? stand tho assaults orwimi, weather nun- - time. Over this presides an English I clergyman. I met him in tho street and \ recognized him immediately. I had . seen bim a thousand times before, in 1 pictures, in society dramas and elsewhere, < cleanly shaven face, shovel hat, cravat, coat and all. Ho bore his profession ali i over him, and in this regard it seems as I though the English rot, an examole ; worthy of imitation by American ect'-?s iastics, muny of whom seem to drops with a view of concealing thoir voca tion ns m'-'ch as possible It is as well known fact that it is often impossible to decido on sight whether a man is a min ister of the Gospel or a sowing machine agept. Those known as clergymen in variably command respect from every body, and it would be vory easy for them to be always recognizable. I saw a some what distinguished preacher once at a secular meeting which he had opened with prnynr. leaning ever the platform t railing habited in a rough overcoat and 1 slouch bat, Btnoking a cjgar, and is nc way distinguishable from Tom, Dick and Harry, who similarly attired and unem ployed, Bworo and talked smut all around Lim, totally ignorant of who and what he was. Besides tho cathedral there aro twelve or moro church building in Sier ra Leone of less architectural pretensions, belonging to Methodists, Baptists, Pres byterians, and other d?nominations. AU of these, I was informed, aro attended by congregations of fair numerical ?tr?ngth, composed, of course, of ibo civilized and educated natives, with a sprinkling in nearly all of Europeans or their descendants. When I met tho Euglish clergyman abovo alluded to, he was apparently returning from AN EXECUTION which took place on Friday. The sub ject of thc operation jv as a civilized na tive, a member of a r rotes tant Church, and a man of previously good character, who bad arisen one night, killed one or two porsons, and nearly backed the life out of others. English courts have never put faith in the temporary insanity busi ness, and this interesting perBonago was duly convicted, sentenced and hanged without fuss, or feathers, He seemed perfectly sane, and meue the usual speech declaring bla assurance of heaven. I heard one ola black woman remark with manifestations of considerable dis gust that she could'ut bo made to believe that the murderer would go to sit down with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob while the murdered, cut off unwarned and an Ercparcd, descended to tho pit of infinite orrors. At least she tried to say that, and it does seem as if there was aomo reason in her remark. The execution was witnessed by a crowd of about 1,600, natives, Europeans, Mussulmans. Chris tians and heathens, all of whom preser ved tho utmost decorum throughout. In tho courso of his remarks, just previous to the falling of tho trap, the condemned man warned his fellow natives that they were standing in their own light, and in juring themselves by tho disposition shown by some of them to oppose Euro pean influence. (Everything not pure na tive African is called "European.") There is some feeling of this se-t. but I don't think it amounts to much, although I heard one native of some promiucuuo quoted as having said that he hated everything with a drop of European blood in it. Such cases, however, are proba bly very rare. I really cannot see what tho people have to complain of. They aro NOT HEAVILY TAXED, WELD GOVERNED, protected, given enough to do. if they want to work, their commerce trade encourag ed and overy possible measure is ap parently taken to insure their comfort and welfare, spiritual and temporal. Be sides all this they have that crowning glory and blessing, tho privilege of abus tog anybody and everybody as much as they please, which is what I conceive to \bo the real meaning and intent of thou* Watch words which have passed about the camp-fires of humbug from time im memorial almost-"Free Speech and n free Press". So, really, it does look as if they ought to bc reasonably happy and contented, and I think that they are. Of course, they don't hang all of tho crimi nals in Sierra Leono, hut they make crime a rather serious business. About tho town, in several places, I met gangs of men, in blue and white striped suits, bearing the word "Convict" across the back ot tho shoulders in largo white let ters. They were invariably at work at something, and wero guarded. One guard. I noticed, boro a "cat," which [trobaoly helped to koop the prisoners aboring. Among tho convicts I saw no white man. THE PUBLIC FOUNTAIN8. Another feature of Sierra Leono which I omitted mentioning is the public foun tains or hydrants which stand oft the corners in toveral places. (The idiots who wrote tl.o English grammars have failed tu show as ver. how you caa speak of a number of "fountains," plural, com posing a "feature," singular, and make a smooth sentence. The fact is, I have discovered that when a plural forms a singular, tho effect is apt to be singular - a - a - a - that is - the fact is that exactly how plural fountains can be made to form a singular feat uro is one of those singular features of English gram mar that no. feuloW can find ont. Thia is a grammatical parenthesis, and may bo pkippgd by the reader greatly to his owa edification.) As I was going to say when interrupted ?by the vision of som o five thousand mnhonj. hoya end girls, aided, abetted and incited by parents und teach ers writing to criticise in? grammar, these plural fountains form ' quite a. fea ture, the effectof which Ia heightened by the continual presence in abd ?bout Hiern of swarms of half, seven-olahtln And irice Cf-c?i day. I thiuk they guRorsHy o in with their clothes (another En Liah linguine idiotcy: why isn't there a ?gular singular for "clothes" to answer ie*requirement* of people who wear on T ono garment" ) on, and either remove lem, or it. in tho water, or keep them, r it, on? They, or it, do not, or dues ot, 'suttor from wetting. THE TORNADO. Another feature is tho tornado, which omes almost every day during too rainy sinon, from May to October. It rises way up in tho still mysterious interior amewhore, and .comes sweeping down, ametimea hardly stronger than a good iud breeze, sometimes furiously, bring ag a driving rain with it. It generally ?ata from a quarter to half ac nour, and oohs tho atmosphere delightfully. " TWO BURIAI.S. I I ?r-kc in my last of the two deaths j ?hich occurred aboard while at Sierra ..cone. The two bodies were taken shore and buried in consecrated ground, icing each accompanied by a few monds, t seems the very essence of tho "sarcasm f fnto" that these poor creatures should lave come thousands of mllc3 to Africa inly to die in sight of its shores, sud find heir graves in Us longed-for Boil. The -amii ol au ?nudcrtaker charged ?0.12 about $28) ibr- tho tr.-o burials, which vero as simple and plain aa could bo. Seither of tho families of tho deceased :ould rniBo tho $14 to pay their share, md tho captain was obliged to advance it. A VOTE OP TH ANKH. Wc left Sierra Loone with Rome regret, br wo were treated with great kindness md consideration by everybody, and had snjoyod tho abundance of fresh meats, regotublcs and fruits, and the walks t'omit tho streets, always full of anima ion and buRtlo, intensely. Beside this, ?ve received there from everybody the most discouraging reports of Monrovia. [ interviewed several ex-Liberians, and received the most unfavr.,.\blo accounts af this country, in comparison with which !,licy seemed to regard Sierra Leoue as an ..?arillly paradise. But wo had to come, md wo came. I cannot close without ngain speaking of tho kindsess expe rienced from thu Governor, and from Mr. Broadhurst, ibo American representa tive, an Englishman.. It was unremit ting, and displayed in a thousand ways, and everybody aboard the Asor haB rea son to be extremely grateful to those gen tlemen. When I hnve gotten my bear ings here a little, I will write what I know about Liberia. A. B. WILLIAMS. Crop Review. Tho New York Herald has telegrams from ail portions of the country, and is able, therefore, to give nu accurate aaa thorough review of the growing crops. Tho outlook is most satisfactory, and everything promisea cheap bread in 1879. There is now under plow in the United States an area of not less than 60,000, DOO acres, being a greater amount of land under cultivatiou than ever before. This land is principally planted in. grain. Thero is an increase of 2,000, 000 acres planted in wheat over 1877. Tho crop, moreover, is in a very prom ising condition. Tho Coast States, Cali fornia, Virginia, etc., with the exception of Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee, show a poor crop, but in ali the Central and Western States, tho great wh^at growing States of the Union, tho outlook is grana. Kansan, it is thought, will lead off with ?5,000,000 bushels, tho largest wheat srop by 60 por cent, ovor raised in any 3tato of the Union. Most of the other Western States show in increase, in tho expected wheat crop : tu Wisconsin this incrcaso is estimated it fully one sixth ; in Iowa, at one-fourth ; in Minnesota at three-tenths; in Ne braska, at four-tenths. Tho condition of tho crops in these States is almost without parallel. It ia estimated that this coun try will raise between 890.000,000 and 420,000,000 bushels. Of this, 235,000, D00 is needed for homo consumption, 46,000,000 for aeed, leaving a surplus of from 110,000,000 to 140,000,000 bush els for export. The wheat crop of the rest of the world this year is poor. Tho crop is a failure in Germany. Belgium ana Hol land : is behindhand in Franco, arid is poor in India. We will, therefore, send o. larger amount of wheat abroad this yearinan usual. Itis impossible, how ever, that we can nhlp os much as 140, 000.000 bushel?. There are 60,000,000 acres of land planted with corn. The crop, therefore, will be larger than last year. The other grains, barley and rye, are of small im portance, but of these also the acreage this year is larger than in 1877, and the condition far superior. Tobacco is the only staple that will show an actual decrease in production this year. The excessivo crop of last year and the small prices paid discouraged; the fanners, and the consequence ia a decrease in the acreage planted in to-; bacco. With thia single exception, the crops of 1878 will exceed those of any nr??i om year in tne history of this country. CHARLESTON'S TRADE WITH AFRICA.. -It gives us great pleasure to announce the gratifying fact that, as ono of th? re sults of tue Azor's eventful trip an order I has been received by T, H. Hall A Co., of Charleston, for InkJet, sashes, doors, blinds, nails, and other material for tho erection of a number of bouses at Mon rovia. Thia order Was secured for Charleston by our special correspon dent, Mr. A. B. Williams, who certainly lost no time in making known tho ad vantages of this city a? the shipping port for African trade. Such material as is now to be sent out to Monrovia has hitherto been bought in England, and there ia no doubt that Charleston can supply it moroch'japly, while the cost of shipment will \<i lesa,1 Messrs. Hall & Co. have engaged freight room on thc Azorf which veasol, accord ing to the calculation of the Exodus Asso ciation, may cross* the baran^dny, as she w*5 ordered tc rcmaia nu mnger than fifteen days at Monrovia. There is no reason why tho Charleston merchants and manufacturer.! should not send out an assortment of samples by tho Azor, and iu this way secure a foothold in a new field. If the action of {h^News and Oiurier, in sending Mr. Williams to Liberia, shall cause tho emigrants, in fu ture, to be property cared for, ana shall, ? in addition, give to Charleston the Import j and export of the "Black Republic,"- { the work of tho News and Cbwux- will have been richer in . substantial advanta ge? than we could have ventured to hope. *~~ It happened in dm wiso t They Were coming off the steamer across tho' plank together. She was afraid tho plant would ?ip ap J.sh o should fall. .He Muixo cub prfBUDts for ?4? rftittof piertAhy ad feerewith append the rat?? tor tho H??y lotte?, .which wUl ODJT bs icoortod V-. "O tbt ooney cotaco with tbo order : Citation?, two insertion*, - - - . - E?Ut? Nolie?*, thro* inWTtlon?, - ? M* yinal Settlement*, fi?? lowsrtton? ? - M9 TO <X>BJUtWtfosifT^*?r**t to rWfi mention, tommuDlciiionr mu*t bo ?coo ra pm led ?y tb? tnl? atm* ab?, .*4d***? ?? thej*rit*s. Ke ected mnnuscrh la will not bo returned,onie? th? accessary ?tamp? ar. turn tabed to ro poy ibo pocUg . 'kJo^'w* are not totponsible tor th? views sad )pinIon? of om eorrewndent*. _. All communications should bo ?ridrOowd tV'Kd Itor* Intelligencer," and all ehecb*, drano, nionoy jnuT, dc, .bouia VB 8^BalWc?0^" Anderson, 8.0. Xl AS DOLPH OF ROANOKE. Hte- JfertrjwnUn?ry Vigor ot a Vying Mon, Of John Raudolph's eccentricity bia tatest biographer, Mr. Boudin, tells many curious instances. One of these con corno the visit made by Col. T. 8. Flour uey and. his father at Roanoke in the year 1?29, Col. Flourney being then a (ad. John Randolph's body servant invited them into a bed-chamber, where they found the brilliant Virginian ap parently very itt..1 He said, in response to Mr. Flourney'e inquiries, "John, I am dying ; I shall not live through the night." Col. Flourney odds: "My?s/der informed bim that we were on our wary to Halifax court. He requested ta to say to the people on Monday, court day, that he was no longer a enndidatcfor the convention ; that ne did not expect to HTS through the night, certainly not till tho meeting of tbo convention. He soon began to discuss tho questions of reform and tho proposed changes in the consti tution. Becoming excited, he seemed to forget that he was & dying man. In a short time we were invited to tea, and* * when we returned to bia room tro found him again in a 'dying1 condition. But, au before, he Boon began tb discuss the subject of tho convention ; and becoming more animated, he rose up in bed--my father and myself being the only audi tors-md delivered 'one of tho most interesting speeches, io conversational style, that it was ever my good' fortune to hear, occupying the time from 8:80 until midnight, "The nest morning, immediately after breakfast. Mn .Randolph sent for ua again. We found him again in & 'dying' condition. He stated to us that he was fin tined that he would not live through the day, and repeated his request that, my father would have it announced to the people of Halifax that, he declined being a candidate for the convention. Once more he became animated while discussing the convention, and kept us till 10 o'ciock at his house. When wo were about to start he took a solemn leave of us, saying : In all probability you will ncT?r see H?C wgainr ? o Toro wo reached Clark's Farry. five railes distant, I beard some ono coming on horseback,. ?nabing to overtake us, wrfich proved to e Mr. Randolph, with Johnny in a Bulky following. Tbe next morning, Monday, he rode nine miles to court, where an immense crowd of people baa gathered to bear him. He addressed them ia the open'air in a strain of argu ment and sarcastic eloquence rarely equalled by any one." Why We Have Hot Weather. The Bun was in apogee and tb-? earth itt aphelion this morning at 2? minutes after3 o'clock; thrt the earth reached the pirt of her orbit! in which she is at the greatest distance from the sun. For, strange as it may Boem, the earth ia now three millions of miles further from the su u than ehe was On the ist of last Jan uary. Tak??g ?u? ujost vpproved esti mation of tho sun's distance,. and using round numbera to express the same, tbo distance between the eau and earth is at present ninety-three millions of miles, while ic mid winter tho two bodies are ninety millions of irles apart. The question naturally arises as to the reason why we do not have tb j coolest weather when the sun is farthest away. Thia is easily explained, for tho sun's rayB fall perpendicularly upon the earth in mid summer, and obliquely In mid-winter; tho intensity of tho heat far overbalanc ing the difference in the distance. The summerbeat is, however, tempered by the grcator distant of tho central' fire, for in the southern hernia-; vere, where the sun is in perigee at midsummer, tho' heat is intensified, and the temperature is higher in Australia and Statuera Af rica than in correspondim* latitudes ncrth of the equator. It is well we . were not living about thirty-six hundred years before the creation of Adam for the sun was then in perigee during tho northern summer, and in apogee during the northern winter. Sir John Herschel estimates that the northern' summerat that distant period of tho world's histo ry was twenty-three degrees hotter, and loo northern winter twenty-three degrees colder than it is at present.. Every in habitant of the nnrtb teraperato zone has thereforo reason to be grateful that the san is in apogee at this season, for what would become of the poor mor?ais who have been simmering in tho Intense heat of tho last five days if they wero requir ed to bear a temperature of from ten to twenty degrees higher than the nine ties, in which the thermometer has been mercilessly reveling? Tho Habit of Beading. 1 "I have no time to read,'-' ls the com mon complaint, and especially of wo men, whose occupations are such as to prevent continuous book perusal. They cannot devote as much attention to books as they are compelled to devoto* to their j avocations, thai t??nv rtAnr?^ -ry j thing. But Uiis is a great mistake, lt ' isn't the books wo finish at a sitting, which always do us tho most good. Those wo devour in odd moments,1 half a dozen pages at a time, Often give hs more satisfaction and are more thoroughly di gested than thoso wo make a particular effort.to read. The men who have made their mark in tho world, have generally been thu men who have in . boyhood formed the habit of reading at every available moment, whether for fi yo min utes or five hours. It is tho habit of reading, . rather than the time at our command, that helps us on the road to learning. Many Of tho most cultivated persons, whoso names have been famous aa aluden ta, have gi vee only two or three hours to their books. If we make oso of spare minutes in the midst of our work, and read a Utile, if but a pago or a paragraph, we shall find our brains quickened, and our toil light ened by just so much increased satisfac tion as ino book gives os. Nothing helps along thc rnorjotoTiOGS u?ily rounds so much as fresh and striking thoughts, to be considered while our banda aro busy. A new idea from a new volume ii liso I oil. which reduces tho friction of tho ma chinery of Uf?. What we remember of \ brief glimpses into books, often serves as j a atimub' jt to action, and becomes ono ' of the most precious doposKa in the Creas* ' ury ot our iccolloction. " Ali knowledge is made up of small parto, which would asem insignificant .lu themst-! -, . , u: which iaL-e.n togotlior or* *aIi>aKirt weapon.'* for the mind, and eut>?i:uitiat armor for tim'soul. Tho- odd minute ::?rK-.-cd to w?etc, if cure fuliy husbanded i. . -.'// vUosi, will, the long ruo, make golden ?av?, that wo SHAII '