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Announcements of manages md deaths, and notices of a religious charade, are respectfully solicited, and will be inserted jaii.s FARMING AND THE SCIENCES Editor Anderson Intelligencer : Several indications have recently In? come prominent to iihow that the stuc of the Sciences is becoming a neccssh for our people, especially those of thei who have a more intimate connectio with farming. I wish to have a familiar talk with m; brother farmers, and show them, if . can, how perfectly dependent everj farmer is upon the knowledge of the Sciences by somebody who can make that knowledge known ; and how impos? sible it is for farming to make progress without the knowledge in somebody of the laws which a kind Creator has pro? vided for the benefit of hi3 creatures. To show in a familiar way how com? pletely dependent mankind is for their living on somebody knowing and ex? plaining the Sciences, I assert this, and defy contradiction, that a man who does not use that knowledge derived from those laws of God called Sciences, cannot perform one single act, except talking, that a horse cannot do. He can without science draw his breath and eat such fruit as God has made grow wild. This being a fact, I am anxious to dull the edge of that prejudice which many good farmers have even of talking on the subject of the Sciences, by making it so plain that any one who can read will understand me. First, then, what is the meauing of the word Science ? The word itself sins ply means "to know." But it has been further applied to a collection of the leading truths relating to any of the laws of God, properly arranged and sys? tematized. Thus: The leading truths relating to that law of God which treats of the internal structure of the earth, its various coutenta, its various elements, put there for food for plants and trees, all arranged and systematized, u called the Science of Geometry. The leading truths of that law which treats of the properties of mineral substances, all ar? ranged and systematized, is culled the Science of Mineralogy. The leading truths relating to that law which treats of all matters calculated by figures, and of whatever can be measured and num? bered, all arranged and systematized, is called the Science of Mathematics. Arithmetic, Geometry, Algebra, &c, arc branches of this. The Science of Chem? istry has for its object to discover the nature and properties of all bodies, which is done by decomposition and combination. By it the elements of food which any plant has taken from the soil can be exactly ascertained, and by it the soil can be analized, and whatever food it has for plants can be also discovered. It would seem that every farmer must fee how important this knowledge of this Science would be to farmers. Men who have studied the laws relating to Geometry and Chemistry tell us that God has placed in the soil fourteen elements or ingredients for food for plants. Now, if a farmer can be :old what the corn he plants takes up by its roots, and also ex? actly what the soil he plants the corn in has of the food the corn wants, then when he knows wbat the soil lacks, be will know what to apply. .Hydrology is the Science which ar? ranges and systematizes all the proper? ties and laws which are contained in and govern water. Mechanics is that science which investigates the forces by which all bodies are to be kept still or put in motion, and put in a particular form or sbape. The power* which it uses are the lever, pulley, screw, axle, inclined plane and wedge. Botany is the science which treats of the structure of plants, the function of their parts, the latitude in which they grow, and their classifica? tion and names. Metallurgy is more of an art than a science, and comprehends the whole process of separating the ore from other matters, and smelting and re? fining the metal. Natural History ar? ranges and systematizes a description of the earth and all its productions, and in? cludes Zoology, Botany, Geology, Miner? alogy and fish culture. The foregoing contains a description of those Sciences which have a more in? timate bearing ou the advancement of Scientific Agriculture, and by which all farming operations are carried on, in many cases the farmer not being aware of it, as I will now proceed to illustrate : Suppose a beginner tc commence farm? ing. He must have land, and that clear? ed and fenced, a horse and plow ready for work. Now, think how many of these Sciences must be known by somebody before tne plow can be started. To make the iron,God has made a law there should be placed in the earth the ore of iron ; a minemlogist then first finds the ore; then chemistry must find the composi? tion that will make a crucible to stand heat tnough to melt the ore; the metal? lurgist must be at hand to smelt and separate the ore from earthy and oilier matters; then mathematics must show how the machinery must be made to beat it into bars; then the science of me chrniis must show how to shape it into a plr.w-sharc, and mathematics must sIdw how to make the stock to suit the pbw. Here, then, somebody must know tlis whole array of sciences before a ?low c:?n be made and started to work, md still more of them must be known tefore a fence or a house can be built, flien get your corn seed and start to plant. Where are you to put in grain in the ground or on top? Ask t:ic gcol ogist, and he tells you that all the ele? ments which God has made for food for plants are placed in the soil. Then there is another law that tells us that God has given to seed a vitality that when placed in the ground^and have moisture and heat, will sentKJut roots that suck up food from thqralements placed in the soil and grow. 'iW science to keep weeds and grass down and stir the soil make corn grow. Well, when you have corn ripe aud shelled and sent to null Here you have to call on math? ematics to make the gearing, on hydraul? ics to tell you the nature and power of water for the wheels, on mechanics to execute the work, and on mineralogy to tell you the right kind of rock to make the mill-stones. This is not all yet. Before you can make the meal into bread there is the mineralogist to find the ore, the chemist to compound a prop ;r crucible to melt il the metallurgist to smelt it, mathematics to prepare a foun Iry, and mechaoics to make the oven to jake your bread. Now, you will per? ceive that each one of these sciences Ls a lecree which God has made and partic tlarly adapted to a designed end ; and s they are all intended for our instruc on and benefit, it would seem that rcry farmer would be bcnefilted just in ?oportion to his knowledge of them. I do not wish to '>e understood, bow? er, as intending to say that all these seuces must be uaderstood before a man 0 raise corn or cottnn. No, there is a gat deal we learn from observation and cerieuce. This is a valuable part of a faicr's knowledge. The soil so varies iilir county you cannot fiud auy two adjning farms, with soil exactly alike, an even in every single farm there is socrcd land, some windy, and may be sou bottom. Here each farmer must leai by observation and experience whi kind of land is best suited to a parular crop. Ther. he must learn by tria-hat kind of plow is best suited to bisVil, and each kiud of plant, how oftetud when to plou, aud how to suit his rk so as to adapt it to the seasons. Weiru, too, by woeiol experience that if ytplant corn in the same field for a longtne, without pulling back the food the pi has taken out, the product gets poor and poorer, aud the corn will prettmuch all rot. All these things and iny more might be mentioned whiclnust be learned by observation and eericnce. As I mentioned above, scienls tell us that our kiud Creator has ped in the earth fonrteeu elemcuts ! as foofor plants, and that every plant that gvs must take up its proportion of eve one of these elements .or the seed itoduces will not germinate. I mean lolemcuts the lime, sulphur, pot? ash, raiesia, phosphorus, &e., as these elemenarc named. Now, our obser? vation 1 convince us that if we keep liftiug \ dipper after dipper of water from adl pail, we will come to the bottomi time. So if we continue to plant iiie same field and put nothing back Ihthe plant has taken out, that field w iu time become not worth planting Different plants feed on dif? ferent qjeuts?that is, they take differ? ent propions, some more of one and less of aber. Obse/vation has taught us that ive plant that same field in some od grain it will do better, and thus we ve learned that rotation in our crops ill keep out land in better heart, a3.gay. Here science and our observati?;ct together. Still, it won't do to sta all the time satisfied with what leafcg we have got. YVe must make pro?s if we expect to improve in farminj Hold fast b what we have learned, wudy to sei more. J We hazard that ;a man nUdc 200 bushels ofirn to the acre, anotlher two bales of Ofc, another nade 43|btisbels of wheat *ie acre. These arel exam? ples for al)aim at; ? ?d to succeed wo must stud) find out hew they did it, and do liktse, not forgetticg that the more iu?Djwe become with the laffB our Croat0:is made for our use, the better ?|q| be able to realize their benefit, pi In wha,a?vc s.iid my object is first to try aniobusc the minds of farmers of the no ??|at PCicntific farming is a humbug, rlxt to encourage a belief generallyfiRe ot,iy true way to make progress i- Bng is to study the laws which a kCftalur has made to regu? late and foftthe growth of all plants. Now, ti-fr y0U that what I have said has t |jjmau to back it, I will give you i; irMi from Von Htirn boldt's Cos fjrhose authority no one will qucstk . reads his works. He says: ''Thdu-tes which take r.oactjve part in thc-icral industrial move? ments, and hi choice and preparation of natural talices, or in the applica? tion of mciid; and chemistry! aild among vboiisjactivity is not appr?-1 ciated by i'l,s\, 0f society, will infa]| libly see thcpLpcrity diminish, ju<.l in proportio nlljoinilg Stales bccomrl streDgtheneQdl invigi'rated under ibxl general influ. (jf arts mil sciences." 1 If by wbahtUe writcn the preju-1 dice to seien iigriculLrc among our \ people shall \\A degre. be softened, and the cncrgnil our ltislators shall in any de^rcoqvljckcne to increased exertion to i\Vlc at institution where scicntifjrriLalturvan be taught io all, then I 'h.lvc gai..J as much, and even mortanll ba> hoped for. Tomato Cai.-Ia* no js the time for enjoying tbtvolrite sj,.R) we give the following gi rclu-ift > preparing ; it for table utTol a hr bushel of skinned lomatt-vddl oi>e cjrt of good j vinegar, one poi nflBalt, quarter of] a pound of al ce,B aix tfons, one | ounce of cloves \ iwl0 poutkof brown sugar. Boil thisjassl lor tj(,e |l0urs, j constantly stirri it\ to ke? it fr<>?> | burning. When id, hi,rough a fine or coarse do 0\A\ ^ ( corked tight for use. p?W*>hit viue gnj in this prepar%?n. \si-,>r quan? tity can be made \ using- a ,,r0por tion of the materi'j. As there issom.fouble -t -inning the tomatoes, theyny be haekv>Tiasbcd before connnenciajfoe bou:t.xl(n tnjs case it is best to strkn twUe> Vv^jjj, a coarse cloth, and thi a fice 0^ Pr. Bull's Babvj|^^n-.n,lf..l THE CHARLESTON COUPON CASES. Charleston, July i!>, isrs. Editor Anderson Intelligencer: .When I determined to reply to your first article upon this subject, I had neither the desire nor the intention to enter into a prolonged controversy with you. Such controversies are of little practical benefit, the good they accom? plish is seldom sufficient compensation for the bad temper they so frequently excite. I must, however, ask your indulgence again, in order to enlarge somewhat up? on several of the points submitted in my forme/communication. I If repeat myself, I do so with the desire to impress and bring out more clearly those ideas, which, as I infer from your reply, I have pre? viously failed to make sufficiently ex? plicit. Before proceeding, however, permit me to say that I do not think your for? mal introduction of me in your reply, within the limits of, or necessary to legitimate commeut on what I had writ? ten It leads to the inference that Messrs. Lord and Inglesby, were in some way concerned in my action in this mat? ter, it is but justice to these gentlemen that I should state that they were iu en? tire ignorance of my having written to you, until the paper containing my com? munication was placed in their hands by me. Xor arc my views to be regarded as in any way "semi-o?icial." If there be any absurdity or lack of logical certainty in then, I alone am to be charge1 there? with. What was written concerning the proceedings in question, is a matter of public record and discussion in open court, kiowledge of which does not de? pend un?n the peculiarity of my position. That yoi should have called attention to that position was, as I have said, not nc cessary to this discussion; but I do not regret your having done so, inasmuch as you thusgive me the opportunity to state thatyoui conclusion in the premises is erroneous, and enable meto fix the whole responsibility of my letter upon myself, where it properly and only belongs. The first point to which I would agaiu call your attention, is that the cases un? der discussion were not "rushed to trial before Judge Mackey." I agaia answer your allegation that they were, by stating that it was to satisfy the State that these cases were not tried before Judge Wallace. The Attorney-General came to Charleston during tlat term, and earnestly urged as a matter of convenience to him and the other counsel with him, that the filing of the return should not be then insisted on. It vas after the most earnest resis? tance on the part of the counsel for the bondholders, that the delay asked for was granted ; and then only upon the promise of the Attorney-General that the Relators should not lose that term of the court. The bondholders and their coun? sel, it would therefore appear, not only would have been willing, but were in fact very desirous that their cases should be argued before a judge whose views were not known, and at a time anterior to the organization of the special court. The return was not filed during that term, and the cases were again] continued for the reason already stated. It surey must be clear to you now that Judrc Mackey heard the argument simply if the course of the business bf his term Judging from their previous conduct, it is evident that the relators would have pressed for a trial, at every term of ?e court until some judge would be found willing to grant it. They had a right, perfect and unaffected to do so, and none can reasonably question it. The sccoid point and one to which } ask special attention, is that the investigation of the cotpons, and consequently of the bonds cotid have been had before Judge Mackey ?s well as it can be had before the special court. Juries could have been cmpinuelled in the Circuit Court; commissions could have issued therefrom for the examination of witnesses in any part of the country, and all other re? quisites CMlld have been provided there for as thorough a sifting of the actings and doings of the officers who issued the consolidation bonds and of the nature of the secu-itics, given in exchange for them, as tan be had under the omnipo? tent, omniscient, and omnipresent regia of the court of claims. The investigation of the cvmu is the investigation of the blinds to vhich they respectfully belong ; and the State could thus have been saved thecxpensc necessary to the main? tenance o.'a special court. The bond? holders <id not avoid such an inquiry into their bonds. There was nothing in the reniccy which they adopted which ! precluded it. Ii was no part of the scheme, U "harass the State," ruin her finances, and cast contempt up-1 Bpii her extraordinary court, which Ivith st. much magnanimity you sAscnbu to thorn, that thoy sAould dtdge the investigation of their I clliims. ly their conduct they showed j thin they stood then, as doubtless they j statin! uov, ready to go to trial upon j cvclry allegation of fraud in these claims, i an?to assst in furnishing a statement of facti for tic Supreme Court as full and coml)li?teis any that can go up from the court! of Caims. Hi*. St tc itself declined the iiivestiga in thelcilcuit Court. In stead of arc turn w\hllji would have made its defence certain ar;,l capable of analysis, it made no direi-t allegation of facts constituting frauds, im| instead contented itself with i a general allegation which was n it a j proper "U'fenee in such an action, and ivhich\di?not open the way for the ex? amination;. ,f any direct and positive is? sue, flan reminded that fraud vitiates every yaisaction, and it is said that I must sttri'y be acquainted with that dnaxim.y ido know it, but I know too that equity will not declare void a con? tract on the ground of fraud, where no fraud r as been proved or attempteJ to be proved. I do know that he who holds a coupon bond, having about it all the semblance of a good and valid security, cannot be deprived of its benefit, by the bare, naked unsupported charge of fraud, and I also know that it was no defence to this r.ction to allege the institution of another court, for the trial of the issues, when it was not even pretended that the Uircatt Court was thereby deprived of jurisdiction. I know all this, and it would br? a matter of astonishment to me if I should discover that the IXTELM GESCER did not know it. The IXTF.M.Kinxn-.r. seems to imagine that I take the ground that these bonds should be paid and their coupons received for taxes, without any investigation, and without regard to whether they be frau? dulent or not. Now I wish it to be dis distinctly understood that I assume no such position. What I did say was that these bondholders had a perfect right to institute these proceedings; that they were proceedings which had been sanc? tioned by centuries of continued usage; that their conduct was not unpatriotic, because the proceedings were instituted when they had no other remedy, and that having begun thence, they had a right to continue them, when they found the new remedy incapable of giving the relief which they had been seeking, I am quite as much in favor of an investi? gation of the bonds as the IXTELMOEX CER can possibly be, and the point I spe? cially made, and again urge, is that the investigation could have been had in the Circuit Court, and that the bondholders were entirely willing that it should have been had there. I do not wish the State to pay fraudulent, bonds, but what I insist on is that the bondholders had a right to resort to an old remedy which has served in hundreds of emergencies of the same nature as the present; and I protest with earnestness against the creation of a sen? timent in opposition to their right, and which holds good citizens forth to the community, as wanting in patriotism, and as injuring the State. They injure the State far more who advocate the crea? tion of a new tribunal, for the trial of such ca-es. They declare to the world that South Carolina has established courts, and filled their bcuches, for tha trial of controversies between her citizens and that she will not submit to thosii same cour:s, good enough for the citizens, the adjudication of cases to which she is a party. My letters upon this subject have been wiitten solely with the desire to correct an erroneous impression, and in no spiri; of purposeless antagonism, and I shall write no more. Having lull confidence in the impreg? nable strength of my positions, I rest sa? tisfied that the future history of these, bonds and of the State will be their most, complete justification. Simeon Hype, Jr.. Management of Chickens. Chickens require neither food or drink on the day oil which they arc hatched. Both arc injurious, as they interfere with the natural digestion of the yolk, which is absorbed into the bowels at the period of hatching, and constitutes the first food. If grits, oat meal and the like are spread before the hen ou the twenty-first day, she is induced to leave the nest, the last-hatched chickens are unable to follow, and being weakly, frequently per? ish. If undisturbed, the hen seldom leaves the nest on the twenty-first day, while on the twenty-second day the chickens wiil be found strong enough to follow her. The plan of cramming pep? per corns or grains of barley down the throats of newly-hatched chickens is ex? ceedingly injurious. The best food for them is sweet, coarse oatmeal, mixed in? to a crumbly paste with milk, and a cer? tain proportion of custard made by beat? ing together an egg with two tablespoon fuls of milk, and '?setting'' it by a gentle heat. Custard so made is eaten with avidity, and the chickens make rapid progress upon it. f?uch a preparation is far superior to the hard-boiled eggs so often employed and which is not relish? ed by the chickens. The young birds are also very fond of a little cold oat? meal porridge; milk is frequently used to mix the barley or oatmeal, but it should bo remembered that it soon be? comes sour in summer, and is decided? ly injurious if employed in that state. No more food, therefore, should be mix? ed with milk than can he eaten iu a few hours. Sopped bread is by no means desirable, since it does not appear to af? ford the necessary resistance to the nat? ural grinding of the gizzard, and conse? quently the chickens soon become weakly and affected with diarrhea from its use. In order to satisfy the hunger of the hen, which is usually very great when rtho leaves the nest, it is quite de? sirable to give her us much grain as she can consume. Then, having satiated her own appetite, and quenched her thirst, which at this time is considerable, she will brood over her unfledged young and keep them at rest whilst they are digest- j iug the yelk that baa been absorbed just bet?re hatching. After the first few days some whole giain, such as small tail wheat, or sor.ie barley, may be given to the young brood, and it will be found to be greatly relished, and doubtless alfon's a wholesome oxerewe for the extraordi? nary grinding power of the gizzard. Chickens should either have a constant supply of food, or be fed at very short intervals. Tie first food should be given at daybreak. With regard to animal food, "there is none equal to the natural supply of worms and insects obtained by the hen when she is at large; small worms or a shovelful of mold, contain? ing ail ant's nest, may bo giveu if the chickens are in a confined situation, and will be found far superior to boiled egg, chopped meat, or any mere artificial sub? stitute. Cooping, which is frequently employed to prevent the wanderings of hens with chic kens, is not desirable, and though in many cases it is a necessary evil, yet not the less an evil.?Americanl Citilivufor. ? When a man goes home at three a. m., scratches n square rod of plastering from the wall in trying to strike a light with a nail, throws it down in disgust and asks blessings ou all the matchmak TYiiAiiniiiii i hi' ? ' ill il iiliiiii OUR FLORIDA CORRESPONDENCE. From Anderson to Florida Through the Country?Pleasures rimI Annciyanees Inci? dent to tho Tri". Ai.afia, Fl,a., June 20, 1878. Editor A mlerson IntcUigcnctr : In my last letter I took leave of you at Mr. Henry Hill's, in Wilkes County, Go., promising to give you a continua? tion of our trip at another time, which I will try and hurry through with, so as not to tire you too much, though I be? lieve it is the province of editors and newspaper men to be bored ! We left Mr. Hill's Monday morning, (he 18th of February, and moved on for Washington, Ga., over some of the worst roads I ever saw, frequently up to our axles in the mud, and sometimes leaving the. direct road on account of places dc scribeu L. ? that I was fearful of being unable to pass, tllt?h jt rjid look un? reasonable to expect worst: *\mn some 1 had gone over. We passed through Washington about half hour before sunset with the single? tree of my one-horse wagon so nearly pulled in too as to necessitate a new one, which I ordered made, and expect to go back for, as I wish to drive beyond town to some convenient place near a farm house, for my lady and the little boy must have a room, though the others can camp-?-in fact, rather like it. This wc lind at Capt. J. T. Wingficld's, two miles beyond Washington from Anderson, and a sigh of relief escape us all as we drive up and are told wc will be accommo? dated. The wagons arc driven under some large oaks in Capt. W.'s yard about dark. My lady is helped out and asked into the house ; the boys unhitch the teams and prepare for camp, while I ride back to W. with my old singletree and irons, that there may be no more delay in getting off in the morning than neces? sary. I regret its being too late, and we too much hurried on account of our ac? cident, to see more than a passing glance of Washington. I had been there before on a visit, (before the war,) and had sev? eral acquaintances, whom I should like to sec?among them Dr. Andrews, who, it will be remembered, was stationed awhile at Anderson Court House, during the war, on the examining board of physicians. Hut it will be impossible to do so, as our stages are necessarily short and time too limited. This morning, 19th, we arc delayed in making a start until eleven o'clock, hence make only about thirteen miles to-day, over roads more or less bad. I should not forget to mcution the kindness of I Capt. and Mrs. J. T. Wingfield, at whose house we stopped last night, and who were exceedingly kind to my lady and us all, giving us a comfortable room with two beds and other conveniences, refus? ing auy enumeration therefor, and ex? pressing pleasure in being able to afford us accommodation. These attentions, Mr. Editor, to a traveler and a stranger is true hospitality, and was by me highly .r.pprcciatcd. Wc stop to-night at Mr. Moore's, (I fargot to get his first name,) about two miles beyond Little River, on which Mr, Moore has merchant mills and saw mills. The character of the country through this section of Georgia is considerably broken but productive, which I judge principally from the stubble ou the land, a;i it is all cleared up into farms along the roads, and no timber growth to judge from. Mr. Moore and family, like all Geor? gians with whom we have conic in con? tact, were very kind to us, the latter as? sisting my lady iu cooking our rations and showing other little attentions that were much appreciated. We start this morning, the 20th, for WarrcntoH, and drive about three miles beyond, to Mr. Culpcppcr's, without ac? cident. Here we arc offered our choice of a room in the house or a nice, cleanly, scoured, vacant cabin in the lot with chimney?wood and pine convenient? and wc take the latter. Mr. Culpcppcr is a paralytic, and, though not bed-rid? den, both his physical and mental con? dition give evidence of the inroads of his disease. Mrs. C. and daughter come out and sit with us until bed time to-night, and this morning, the 21st, bring us out some nice fried ham and biscuit and light bread to add to our lunch. This is very kind, and I should not forget to add that in nearly every case there kindnesses are afforded us without charge. True, I al? ways offer to pay for them, but very sel? dom will anything be received. Leaving you for the present, Mr. Edi? tor, I wiil oiler as an apology fur the dullness of my letters that I had little opportunity in coming on of observing the country. It was a chill and bleak season of the year, nearly every one housed, and though not a great deal of rain on us, very little sunshine, and f put down in my note book only such lit tlc incidents as occurred to us, that those might know what to expect en ronfe who are induced to follow. Hope they may be a little more interesting ms I advance. More won. <i. II. & ? Kale Southern is gratified. Having heard her keepers vilified, she writes as follows to the Savannah Xcum; Being a convict, I might expect tlie colil embrace I of rattling chains, striped clothe*, hurtl j labor, coarse diet, and even the lash ; ' but not ho in my case. I am put to light, work, cutting and making convict clothes; not ironed as others, not draped in ! convict stripes; have good and whole-1 snme diet, such as my keepers have upon ' the family table; no threats of the lash ; no cooking for convicts, and no such thing i as regretting I had not brcn hung, j Please, for the sake of a humiliated and j unfortunate woman, correct the reports ] in circulation, so unjust to my dear keep- , ers, and you will receive the thanks of one so injured and so disgraced. Lead, Rismuth and Zinc are immense? ly useful in the industrial arts; and as immensely injurious when applied to the skidHB IfcB^orejnjm^PiiiirilijjLj ? .MORE ABOTT SIERRA LEONE. Freetown, as a Pleasant Contrast t?> IMs nal Monrovia. tutrmtuniieure AVi'v nml Omritf. MONROVIA, June 3f 1878. I sent Icttersby the mail steamer, which towed us here ana started on its return to Sierra Lcoiv: before daylight this morr.inp. As everybody docs when writ? ing in haste, -I omitted several interest? ing points "bout Sierra Leone. One of the principal of these was what nearly everybody (more shame to thorn) is prone to omit, when nocccssity compels some I Omission? RRMOIOUS MATTERS. Churches fire plenuhil in ana anout Frcctown. The first one noticed on ar? rival is St. George's Cathedral, which stands near the water side, and is a large structure apparently of stone, (I had no opportunity of examining closely,) with .a tower and eloclc. It has that substan? tial, solid look common to English ecclesiastical edifices, (according to the illustrated magazine*,} which always impress one with the feeling that theirs is indeed an tttabH*hcd church, able to v.v.v,,ail(i attacks from within and with? out, as liie v.Mijjngu thenuidU'CS with? stand the assaults ui wind, weather and lime. Over this presides an English clergyman. I met him in the street and recognized him immediately. I had seen him a thousand times before, in pictures, in society dramas and elsewhere, cleanly shaven face, shovel hat, cravat, coat and all. He bore his profession all over him, and in this regard it seems as though the English set an example worthy of imitation by American eccles? iastics, many of whom seem to dress with a view of concealing their voca? tion as much as possible. It is as well known fact that it is often impossible to decide on sight whether a man is a min? ister of the Gospel or a sewing machine agent. Those known as clergymen in? variably command respect from every? body, and it would he very easy for them to be always recognizable. I saw a some? what distinguished preacher once at a secular meeting which he had opened with prayer, leaning over the platform railing habited in a rough overcoat and slouch hat, smoking a cigar, and in no way distinguishable from Tom, Dick and Harry, who similarly attired and unem? ployed, swore and talked smut all around him, totally ignorant of who and what he was. Besides the cathedral there are twelve or more church buildings in Sier? ra Leone of less architectural pretensions, belonging to Methodists, Baptists, Pres? byterians, and other denominations. All oi* these, I was informed, are attended by congregations of lair numerical strength, composed, of course, of the civilized and educated natives, with a sprinkling in nearly all of Europeans or their descendants. When I met the English clergyman above alluded to, he was apparently returning from AN* liXKCUTION' which took place on Friday, The sub? ject of the operation was a civilized na? tive, a member of a Protestant Church, and a man of previously good character, who had arisen one night, killed one or two persons, and nearly hacked the life out of" others. English courts have never put faith in the temporary insanity busi? ness, and this interesting personage was duly convicted, sentenced and hanged without fusst or feathers. He seemed perfectly sane, and made the usual speech declaring his assurance of heaven. I heard one old black woman remark with manifestations of considerable dis? gust that she could'nt be made to believe that the murderer would go to sit down with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob while the murdered, cut off unwarned and un? prepared, descended to the pit of infinite horrors. At least she tried to say that, and it does seem as if there was some reason in her remark. The execution was witnessed by a crowd of about 1,500, natives, Europeans, Mussulmans, Chris? tians and heathens, all of whom preser? ved the utmost decorum throughout. In the course of his remarks, just previous to the falling of the trap, the condemned man warned his fellow natives that they were standing in their own light, and in? juring themselves by the disposition shown by some of them to oppose Euro? pean influence. ( Everything not pure na? tive African is called "European.") There is some feeling of this sort, but I don't think it amounts to much, although I heard one native of some prominence quoted as having said that he hated everything with a drop of European blood in it'. Such cases, however, are proba? bly very rare. 1 really cannot sec what the people have to complain of. They arc Nor HEAVILY TAXED, WEM. CoVKItNKI?, protected, given enough to do, it they want to werk, their coininercc trade encourag? ed and every possible measure is ap? parently taken to insure their comfort and welfare, spiritual and temporal. Be? sides all this they have that crowning glory and blessing, the privilege of abus? ing anybody and everybody as much as they please, which is what I conceive to \be the real meaning and intent of tltusc watch words which have passed about the camp-fires of humbug Irom time im? memorial almost?"Free Speech and a free I'ress". So, really, it does look as if they ought to be reasonably happy and contented, and I think thai they are. <)!' course, they don't hang ail of the crimi? nals in Sierra Leone, but they make crime a rather serious business. About the town, in several places, I met gangs of men, in blue and white striped suits, bearing the word "Convict" across the back of the shoulders in large while let? ters. They were invariably at work at something, and were guarded. < hie guard, I noticed, bore a "cat," which probably helped to keep the prisoners laboring. Among the convicts [saw no \\ lute man. TJIK I'lTllMC HH NTAIN: . Another feature of Sierra Leone which I omitted mentioning is the [>itblic Ibiiu tains or hydrants which stand on tlie corners in several places. (The idiots who wrote the English grammars have Tailed to show as yet how yon can speak vf a number of "fountains," plural, com? posing a "feature/' singular, and make a smooth sentence. The fact is I have discovered thai when a plural firms a singular, the ellect is apt to be singular ? a ? a ? a ? that is ? the fact is that exactly how plural fountains can be made to form a singular feature is one of those singular features of English gram? mar that no fellow ean lind nut. 'I bis is a grammatical parenthesis, and may be skipped by the reader greatly to bis own edification. I As I was going to say when thousand school boys and girls, aided, abetted and incited by parents and teach? ers writing to criticise my grammar, these plural fountains form ipiitc a fea? ture, the cfloct of which is heightened by the continual presence in and about them of.swarms of hall, seven-eighths and eight-eighths nude boys and girls splash? ing around and catching water in thier thrice each day. I think they generally go in with their clothe* (another En? glish linguistic idiotcy; why isn't there a regular singular for '?clothes'' to answer the*requirements of people who wear on? ly one garment?) on, and either remove ihem, or it, in the water, or keep them, or it, on. They, or it, do not, or docs not, sutler from wetting. THK TORNADO. Another feature is the tornado, which comes almost every day during the rainy season, from May "to October. It rises away up in the still mysterious interior somewhere, and .comes sweeping down, sometimes hardly stronger than a good land breeze, sometimes furiously, bring? ing a driving rain with it. It generally lasts from a quarter to half an hour, and cools the atmosphere delightfully. T'VO BURIALS. I spoke in my last of the two deaths which occurred aboard while at Sierra Leone. The two bodies were taken ashore and buried in consecrated ground, being each accompanied by a few friends. It seems the very essence of the "sarcasm of fate" that these poor creatures should have come thousands of miles to Africa only to die in sight of its shores, and find their graves in its longed-for soil. The ?mii? of an undertaker charged ?5.12 (about *:2S) for tho two burials, which were as simple and plain as could be. Neither of the families of the deceased could raise the $14 to pay their share, and the captain was obliged to advance it. A vorn OF THANKS. We left Sierra Leone with Rome regret, for we were treated with great kindness and consideration by everybody, and had enjoyed the abundance of fresh meats, vegetables and fruits, and the walks about the streets, always full of anima? tion and bustle, intensely. Besides this, we received there from everybody the most discouraging reports of Monrovia. I interviewed several ex-Liberians, and received the most unfavorable accounts of this country, in comparison with which they seemed to regard Sierra Leone as an earihly paradise. But we had to come, and we came. I cannot close without again speaking of the kindness expe? rienced from the Govcrnor,aud from Mr. Broadhurst, the American representa? tive, an Englishman.. It was unremit? ting, and displayed in a thousand ways, and everybody aboard the A/.or has rea? son to be" extremely grateful to those gen? tlemen. When I have goticit my bear? ings here a little, I will write what I know about Liberia. A. B. Williams. Crop Review, The New York ilunhl has telegrams from all portions of the country, anil is able, therefore, to give an accurate and thorough review of the growing crops. The outlook is most satisfactory, and everything promises cheap bread in 1ST!). There is now under plow in the United States an area of not less than 50,000, UOU acres, being a greater amount of hind under cultivation than ever before. This land is principally planted in grain. There is an increase of 2,000, UU<> acres planted in wheat over IS77. The crop, moreover, is in a very prom? ising condition. The Coast States, Cali tornia, Virginia, etc., with the exception of Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee, show a poor crop, but in all the Central and Western States, the great wheat growing States of the Union, the outlook is grand. Kansas, it is thought, will lead oil' with 45,000,000 bushels, the largest wheat crop by 50 per cent, ever raised in any State of the Union. Most of the other Western States show an increase in the expected wheat crop; in Wisconsin this increase is estimated at fully one sixth ; in Iowa, at one-fourth; in Minnesota at three-tenths; in Ne? braska, at four-tenths. The condition of the crops in these States is almost without parallel. It is cstimaied that this coun? try will raise between 390,1100,000 and 120,000,000 bushels. Of this, 235,000, U00 is needed for home consumption, 45,000,000 for seed, leaving a surplus of from 110,000,000 to 140,000,000 bush? els for export. The wheat crop of the rest of the world this year is poor. The crop is a failure in Germany, Belgium and Hol? land ; is behindhand in France, and is poor in India. We will, therefore, send a larger amount of wheat abroad this year than usual. It is impossible, how? ever, that we can ship as much as 140, 000,000 bushels. There arc 50,000,000 acres of land planted with corn. The crop, therefore, will be larger than last year. The other grains, barley and rye, are of small im? portance, but of these also the acreage this year is larger than in 1877, and the condition far superior. Tobacco is the only staple that will show an actual decrease in production this year. The excessive crop of last year and the small prices paid discouraged the farmers, and the consequence is a decrease in the acreage planted in to? bacco. With this single exception, the crops of 1S7S will exceed those of any previ? ous year in the history of this country. Charleston's Trade with Africa. ?It gives us great pleasure to announce the gratifying fact that, as one of the re? sults of the A/.or's eventful trip, an order lia.i been received by 1.iL Mall iv Co., of Charleston, for lumber, sashes, doors, blinds, nails, and other material for the erection of a number of huii-cs at Mon? rovia. This order was seen red for Charleston by our special correspon? dent, Mr. A. It. Williams, who certainly lost no lime in making known the ad? vantages of this city as the shipping port for African trade. Such material as is now to he sent out to Monrovia has hitherto been bought in England, ami there is no doubt that Charleston can supply it more cheaply, while the cost of shipment will be less. Messrs. Hall & Co. have engaged freight room on the A/or, which vessel, accord? ing to the calculation of the Kxodus Asso? ciation, may ero<s the bar any day, as she was ordered to remain no lunger than fifteen days at Monrovia. There is no reason why the Charleston merchants and manufacturers should not send out an assortment of samples by the Azor, anil in this way secure a lV*othold in a new field. If the action of the AV//> ami Courier, in sending Mr. Williams to Liberia, shall cause the emigrants, in fu? ture, to be properly cared lor, and shall, in addition, give to Charleston the imjiort and export of the "Black Republic," the work of the Xeirn <tn<! < 'mirier will have been richer in substantial advanta? ges than we could have ventured to hupe. ? It happened in this wise : They were coining oil' the steamer across the plank together. She was afraid the plank would tip and she should fall. He said, ''Never fear. In that ease we shall die together." She looked into his face and said, "If it's all the same to Provi? dence, I should much prefer to live to? gether." ^And the next week the knot m__**^lm1m1?imii **kt\m? i i i ttmm?t LEGAL ADVERT18ISG.?Vt* arccompelled to require cash payments for advertising ordered by Executor*, Administrators and .oilier fiduciaries, aw! herewith append the rates fur the ordinary notices), which will only be inserted when the money comes with the order: Citations, two insertion!), - *".0ft Estate Notices, three insertions, - - LMM Final Settlements, fire insertions - - :t.00 TO CORRKSPOSpRSTS.?In order to reeclve attention, communications* nmsl !?? accompanied hy the true name and address of Ihn writer. He. jecled manuscripts will not he relumed, unless the necessary stamix are furnished tu rc|iay llic postage thereon. Kir We are not responsible for the rlcwsand opinions of our corres|ion*Ients. All communications should Itcaddresscd to"F.d itor? Intelligencer." and all checks, drafts, money orders, Ac, should he made payable toil.pier of K. I!. Mb" It KAY a CO., Anderson,?. C. RANDOLPH OF ROANOKE. Tlte Extraordinary Vigor <>f a Dying Man. Of Jo'.in Randolph's eccentricity Iiis latest biographer, Mr. Boudin, tells many curious instances. One of these con eirns the visit made by Col. T. S. Flour ney and. his father at Roanoke in the year 1829, Col. Flourney being then a lad. John Randolph's body servant invited them into a bed-chamber, where they found the brilliant Virginian ap? parently very ill. He said, in response to Mr. riourney's inquiries, "John, I am dying; I shall not live through the night." Col. Floumey adds : "My father informed him that we were on our way to Halifax court. He requested us to say to the people on Monday, court day, that be was no longer a candidate for the convention; that be did not expect to live through the night, certainly not till the meeting of the convention. Hofooh began to discuss the questions of reform and the proposed changes in the consti? tution. Becoming excited, he seemed to forget that he was a dying man. In a short time we were invited to tea, and- ? when we returned to his room we found him again in a 'dying' condition. But, as before, be soon began to discuss the subject of the convention ; and becoming more animated, he rose up in bed?my father and myself being the only audi? tors?and delivered one of the most interesting speeches, in conversational style, that it was ever my good fortune to hear, occupying the time from S:V) until midnight. "The next morning, immediately after breakfast, Mr. Randolph sent "for us again. We found him again in a 'dying' condition. He stated to us that he was satined that he would not live through the day, and repeated his request that my father would have it announced to the people of Halifax that he declined being a candidate for the convention. Once more he became animated while discussing the conventicm, and kept us till 10 o'clock at his house. When we were about to start he took a solemn leave of us, saying: 'In all probability you will never see me again.' Before we reached Clark's Ferry, five miles distant, I heard some one coming on horseback, pushing to overtake us, which proved to be Mr. Randolph, with Johnny in a sulky following. The next morning, Monday, he rode nine miles to court, where an immense crowd of people had gathered to hear him. He addressed them in the open air in a strain of argu? ment and sarcastic eloquence rarely equalled by any one." Why We Have Hot Weather. The sun was in apogee and the earth in aphelion this morniug at 24 minutes after3 o'clock; that is, the earth reached the part of her orbit in which she is at the greatest distance from the sun. For, strange as it may seem, the earth is now three millions of miles further from the sun than she was on the 1st of last Jan? uary. Taking the most approved esti? mation of the sun's distance, and using round numbers to express the same, the distance between the sun and earth is at present ninety-three millions of miles, while in mid wiuter the two bodies are uinety millions of miles apart. The question naturally arises as to the reason why we do not have the coolest weather when the sun is farthest away. Tints is easily explained, for the sun's ray.5 fall perpendicularly upon the earth in mid? summer, and obliquely in mid-winter: the intensity of the heat far overbalanc? ing the difference in the distance. The summerheat is, however, tempered by the greater distance of the central lire, for in the southern hemisphere, where the sun is in perigee at midsummer, the heat is intensified, and the temperature is higher in Australia and Southern Af? rica than in corresponding latitudes north of the equator. It is well we were not living about thirty-six hundred years before the creation of Adam for the suit was then in perigee during the northern summer, ami in apogee during the northern winter. Sir John Herschel estimates that the northern summer at that distant period of the world's histo? ry was twenty-three degrees hotter, and the northern winter twenty-three degrees colder than it is at present. Every in? habitant of the north temperate zone has therefore reason to be grateful that the sun is in apogee at this season, for what would become of the poor mortals who have beeu simmering in the intense iieat of the last five days if they were requir? ed to bear a temperature of from ten to twenty degrees higher than the nine? ties, in which the thermometer has been mercilessly reveling? The Habit of Reading. "I have no time to read," is the com? mon complaint, and especially of wo? men, whose occupations are such as to prevent continuous book perusal. They cannot devote as much attention to books as they are compelled to devote to their avocations, that they cannot read any? thing. But tin.; is a great mistake. It isn't the books we finish at a sitting, which always do us the most good. Those we devour in odd moments, half a ilozcn pages at a time, often give us more satisfaction and arc more thoroughly di? gested than those we make a particular ellbrt to read. The men who have made ?heir mark in the world, have generally been the men who have in boyhood funned the habit of reading at every available moment, whether for live min? utes or five hours. It is the habit of reading, rather than the time at our command, that helps 11 on the road to learning. Many of the most cultivated person.-, whose names have been famous as students, have given ?inly two or three hours to their books. If we make use of spare minutes in the midst of our work, and read a little, if but a page or a paragraph, we shall li id our brains quickened, ami our toil light? ened by just so much increased satisfac? tion as the book gives us. Nothing helps along the monotonous daily rounds so much a- fresh and striking thoughts, to be considered while our hands are busy. A new idea from a new volume i-> like oil, which reduces the friction of the ma? chinery of Hie. What we remember "f brief glimpses into bunks, often serves as a Stimulant to action, ami becomes one of the most precious deposits in the treas? ury oi our recollection. All knowledge i- made up of small parts, which would seem insignificant in themselves, but which taken together, are valuable weapons for the mind, and substauti tl armor for the soul. The odd minutes which we are inclined to waste, if care? fully husbanded for instruction, will, in the long run, make golden hours and golden days, that we shall he ever thank? ful for.?Delta, Journal and Farmer. ? A contemporary referred in his lo? cal columns to a "bracelet lost by an es? timable young lady of our city," and re? quested the fiudcr^toj^^^^^^jjr^jsj