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■ n i r ~ GERMANY STARTS SATURDAY SEES STATE OF WAR BEGIN RUSSIAN ARMY MADE READY procession rises, the crowds listening silently with'bared heads. Then the procession 'moves forward and the demonstrations are resumed with re newed ardor. Thrilling scenes were witnessed in Paris Saturday night after the yellow placards wer ( e •• posted announcing mobilization * of France’s forces. Throngs formed processions on the boulevards, carrying flags and sing ing the “Marseillaise". In the marching crowds were groups of fnen who raised the cry, “Oon to Ber lin.” At the hotels news' of the mobil- THE Wit IT M nil IE ITEI Tfl iwEcnvE nrats A OUNCE INTO BISTORT Rossi* Wants Constantinople and England Mast Control Mediter ranean—How the Triple .Alliance and the Triple Entent Were First Evolved. German Ultimatum Remains Unan swered by Russian Government— Ambasador Asks for Reply and Re ceives Unqualified Refusal—Leaves St; Petersburg. Events in the'European crisis de veloped Saturday and Sunday with startling rapidity. The German ulti matum to Russia, demanding that Russia cease the mobilization of her army, expired at noon, and at 5:15 o'clock Saturday afternoon the Ger man emperor signed a mobilization order. At 7:30 o'clock the German am bassador at St. Petersburg, Count von Pourtales, delivered a declara tion of war in the name of his goy- , ernment to the Russian government and the entire staff of the embassy immediately left for St. ‘Petersburg.* Although after the warlike speeches delivered by the German emperor and the imperial chancellor at Berlin on Friday, no other result could be expected, hopes that the dread event might be averted had been raised by the intervention of King George in St. Petersburg, and that the fact the German reicbstag was not to be convened until Tues day, hence the actual declaration of war had not been expected for an other day or two. The rupture of diplomatic relations between Russia and Germany was dramatic. It was midnight Friday when Count von Pourtales, German ambassador to Russia, formally ask ed Foreign Minister Sazonoff that Russia cease her mobilization in twelve hours. The allotted period pased without an answer At 7 o'clock Saturday evening Count von (Pourtales again asked if Russia would cease mobilizing her forces. To this the Russian states man replied: "Insomuch as the Russian govern- men has not answered within the time you specified, It follows that Russia has declined to agree with your demands. Three times Count von Pourtales repeated the German ultimatum and each time the Russian foreign minis ter gave the same firm negatived Finally Count von Pourtales bowed and left the room. He and the mem bers of his staff at once departed from St. Petersburg by way of Fin land,^ ' According to the Vovoe Vremya, Count von Pourtales held the type written texts of two replies from Ger many. One was for the presentation in the event of Russian acceptance of the German ultimatum and the • other in case of its rejection. In his kgitation the German ambassador presented both replies to M. Sazonoff at the same time. Saturday night placards were post ed in Paris calling for general mobil ization and the German ambassador, although he had not been handed his passports, was preparing to leave the French capital. It is not known ex actly what hour Germany’s ultima tum to France asking that country to define what attitude she would as sume in case of war by Germany and Austria against Russia was to expire^ but it is believed it will not be long before diplomatic relations will be ruptured or war declared. The German emperor and his ad visers have maintained to the last that they made supreme efforts for peace and that the last of the series of Appeals from Emperor William to Emperor Nicholas was a telegram re pudiating responsibility for the ca lamity which threatened the world on the ground that while Germany was mediating with Austria-Hungary at Russia's request, Russia, by ker general mobilization, was threatening Germany’s safety. Te only redeem- - , ing feature of the darkest prospect with which Europe has been faced for half a century Is that Italy has \ declared her neutrality. How long vthat neutrality can be maintained Is exceedingly debatable question Germany’s declaration of war against Russia has provoked in the Russian capital a wonderful demon stration of patriotic enthusiasm. Saturday night the capital presents a ctable of extratordinary i. All the leading thoroughfares filled with war frenzied people, fktf ttr "portraits of t waving and grebes blazing. From time tq| time there is an out cheering and singing. - Germany and Austria of the Triple Alliance, perhaps (also with Italy, . . their third partner, in this pact of na- ization order ca-used great commo- tlon8> 8Und on one 8ide of the Euro _ tion. Visitors began to leave the hostelries en masse, but found it difficult to obtain conveyances. Cab men offered the services of their ve hicles at auction, acepting as fares the highest bidders. At a late hour Saturday night it was said that the German ambassa dor was still in Paris. Diplomatic events happened as follows: Baron von Schoen, German ambas sador to France, formally notified the FTencb premier, Rene Viviani, Fri day evening that Germany had ad- dre'sed an nltimatum to Russia, de siring to know by 2 o’clock Saturday whether Russia would discontinue mobilization. Baron von Schoen was directed by his government to ask what were the intentions of France should Russia's reply to Germany be a refusal to de mobilize. The German government fixed “be fore 1 p. m to-day” as the period wfthin which France must answer. Baron Von Schoen caled at 11:40 a. m. to receive France’s reply, and was asked by Premier Vlvlana if Ger many could not do something to matm IO . Kj each ^procession battf and a sue hush falls over the marchers, then the strains of the naiion&l anthem, pong la harmony by a sect .on of the avert war. The Baron promised to communi cate with Berlin and to return to the French office at 4 p. m., which he did. The German reply, whatever. it was, was submitted to the French cabinet council, which almost imme diately ordered a general mobiliza tion of the French army. WAR STRENGTH OF EUROPE. ARMIES. Austria. Peace footing . 390,000 War footing .2,000,000 Germany. Peace footing . 870,000 War footing .5,200,000 Italy. Peace footing .2,500,000 War footing . 1\200,000 Total war footing of Triple Alliance .8,400,000 Russia. Peace footing .1,290,000 War footing . 5,500,000 France. Peace footing . 720,000 War footing . 4,000,000 Great Britain. Peace footing . 254,000 War footing . 730,000 Total war footing of Triple Entente 10,230,000 NAVIES. B*uiR> Bldg Superdreadnoughts. .. . . 0 0 Dreadnoughts . 2 2 Other battleships .. . • Armored cruisers... „. . . 3 , . Cruisers :. , . 5 3 Destroyers . 18 . , Torpedo boats . 63 27 Submarines 8 3 - -- , - - 113 35 Germany. Superdreadnotights . . .. . 0 3 Dreadnoughts : . . • . . . .'17 8 Other battleships . 30 Armored cruisers 9 • • Cruisers . 37 6 destroyers . . . . .. . . 141 24 Torpedo boats . 47 . . Submarines . 27 10 © 308 51 Italy. Superdreadnoughts . . . . . k Dreadnoughts 4 O Other battleships . 11 Armored cruisers . 10 9 Cruisers . 13— . Destroyers :. . . .. . . . . 32 10 Torpedo yoats *»»»■. .. . 97 8 Submartnes r .-- .v rr-.: ; . 1« - 8J -■*» • 185 37j 606 123 Russia. Superdreadnoughts .. .. • • • 4 Dreadnoughts .„. .; ., V- . . ■ 7 Other battleships . . : . . 13 Armored cruisers .. .. 8 Cruiser* .. .. .. .. . . 8 6 Destroyers .. .. .... 45 Torpedo boats . 43 • . Submarines .. . . . 31 18 195 88 , France. Superdreadnoughts' .... 8 Dreadnoughts 2 Other battleships .. . . . 27 7. Armored cruisers <. .. . . Cruisers .. ,. .. .. .. . 15 . . Destroyers .. . i .. ... . 84 3 Torpedo boats ..324 pean battlefield, grimly ready to taeet their foes. Russia) with England and France, bound together in the more elastic union of the Triple Entente, have un sheathed their swords in the face of the Triple Alliance. It is new a war o' giants. They will fight to the death, unless all signs fail. It will be the most stupen dous war mankind has ever known. The mind is staggered in contem plating its stupendous possibilities in carnage, in devastation, in ruin of commerce and international profit- making, in the final wounds of war which a century may not heal. Little Servia is lost sight of. She is but a cipher in the game, a pawn upon the checkerboard. Her wrongs of the past, her crimes of the present are of small importance in this Her culean struggle of titanic forces. We shall hear much of encounters on land and sea if the conflagration of a great war sweeps over Europe, lighting its torch in the nations of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. But two vital questions will be ever uppermost in the minds Petersburg, London, Vienna, Berlin, Paris and Rome, directing the affairs of their differenjLstates. They have the heritage of the past to guide them, the wise counsels left by states men long since dead and gonp, but who knew how to govern and how to guide, who learned it by success and by defeat. They have the future in tbeir minds, and policies that are worked out slowly, little by little, now a gain, now a loss. The objec tive points remain ever the same. Vital Questions Being Worked Oat. The two vital questions of this war will be: The possibility of Russia becoming so powerful that she can go to Con stantinople and stay there. The possibility of England becom ing so weakened that she can no longer adequately guard her passage to and fro through the Mediterranean Sea. These are questions, both of them older than either the Triple Alliance or the Triple Entente. They are re sponsible, as primary motives, for the formation of both of these divi sions of national powers. They will inevitably become ultimately affected one way or the other by the conse quences of this war. The arraying ot Germany and Aus tria against Russia, with whatever assistance Russia may get from her allies, is spoken of as a conflict for the supremacy of the Saxon or the Slav in Europe. But the supremacy of the Slav means nothing more or less than that the mighty Slav nation of the north,.ever winged like a huge bird ready for flight to the sea, shall have freedom to make its way to Constantinople, and from thence, through the Bosphorus and the Black Sea, to Asia. The Mediterranean. And the supremacy of the Saxon, in other words, the victory of Austria and Germany, means nothing more or less than that England shall lose her liberty of passage through the Mediterranean. • Russia must needs go through the Bosphorus and the^Black Sea to get close to her Asiatic possessions. Eng land must needs have free passage through the Mediterranean in order to be able, to obtain food for susti- nence. Austria and Germany may fight to gether sgainst Russia on one pretext or another, but what they want final ly as their reward is control of the Mediterranean Sea. Germany has no place upon it to call her own. With an enormous fleet, second only to that of mighty England, Germany has the port of Trieste and that of Flume ufion the Adriatic, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea. Could the two Saxon powers prevail in this war, .tlipy could bottle up England's food supplies, coming to her from sll parts of the world through the Suez Canal and from there into the Mediter ranean, from Egypt, over which Eng land has a protectorate, from Aus- Engiand Superdreadnoughts Dreadnoughts .. . ther battlesbipOs . 17 tralia. New Zeagland and from India. England raises In her own land of Great Britain such a small part of the food she needs dally to put upon her tables that it could be called nothing. With it and with nothing more, her people would soon starve to death. She is practically the only country on earth so dependent. -> She gets most of her food through the Mediterranean Sea. Austria and Ger many are fighting to control this, her base of supplies. It is England's vulnerable point, the Achilles heel of her power. Her foes can by striking her there, give her the wound of death. The Berlin Congress. One must take a swift glance to the Berlin congress of 1878 to find the foundation stone upon which is built the structure of diplomatic relations in Europe to-day. That congress was called because Russia had been victo rious over the Turks for more than a year and was preparing to enter Con stantinople and stay there. England was at that time the power which forbade Russia take this step. It would so augment Russia's power as to disturb the balance in Europe, as well as virtually annihilating the Turkish Empire in Europe. England was determined that it should not be. A British fleet entered the Dar danelles and anchored in view of Constantinople and in view of the Russians. ^Negotiations were then be gun between England and Russia and the congress of Berlin was the result. Its terms were signed July 13, 1878, and included: The payment of a war indemnity to Russia in return for which Russia w~aY~to' leave Constantinople to the Turks 2. The occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovinia by Austrian troops, put there only to maintain order for Tur key, to whom these states belonged. 3. The recognition of Servia and Montenegro as independent states. The Treaty of Berlin was broken by Austria when in 1909 she seized Bos nia and Herzegovinia from the feeble hands of Turkey and made them her own. It was broken by Germany when the Kaiser rattled his sword in St. Petersburg and told the Czar that Germany would stand by Austria in this stealing of states. Will it now be broken by Russia by the seizure of the long-covered Con stantinople? Will England be driven by the desperation engendered by her own perils at the Mediterranean to the point of allowing Russia to go now to Constantinople? This war will answer both questions, in part, certainly, perhaps in full. The Triple Alliance. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1883 between Austro-Hungary, Ger many and Italy for the purpose of checking the encroachments of Rus sia and France. By its provisions the three powers were bound to sup port one another in certain contin gencies. Its terms were made more definite in 1887, although Its exact terms have never been divulged. The Alliance was renewed in 1902 and in 1907. The period of its last renewal extended to June 14, 1914. The world has been led to believe that it has again been renewed for another twelve years. There are indications that Italy feels at liberty to contem plate withdrawing from the Triple Alliance. Secret negotiations seem to be going on to enroll her with the Triple Entente. ' She has never been a contented partner with Austria and Germany Metternich, Austria's most famous Prime Minister, who died in 1858 called Italy “merely a geographical expression”. At that time Metternich was correct, as far as Italy’s inter national importance was concerned Italy was torn by internal dissen sions, and Austria was in possession of its beloved city of Venice as well as its whole province of Lombady. They lay close to Austria and to Triest Austria’s Adriatic port of to-day Then came Italian unity under Vic tor Emmansel I and Garibaldi. The French* in fighting the Austrians in Italy, won victories for Italy’s new king and kingdom. At the battle of Solferino, Napeolen III routed tbe Austrians and then took Italy under French protection. Soon after that same the troublous times of iPrussia and Aiiftrfk In which Italy took a part, and strangely enough, received her reward from Bismarck’s hands The iron Chancellor was not accus tomed to fulfill ^is promises so well A Bismarck Prophecy. Bismarck,-soon after he entered the Prussian service of state, made an extraordinary speech in Parliament that Prussia could never be great- tin til she had had three wars, one with Denmark, one with Austria and one with France. Older heads told him he was talking nonsense. But soon as he came Into power the wars began. Denmark had no ling, the succes sion was disputed. Prussia offered her candidate for the throne. Den mark ref pled to accept him. Pruseta went to war under' the pretext Aus tria was, told by Bismarck that if she helped Prussia at this time, she should receive a part of the Danish WORLD-WIDE WAR - BREAKS IN EUROPE wlg-Holstein. and could help to make the people of that province content ed to remain under Prussian rule. Francis Joseph, the aged Emperor of Austria, who is now presiding at the war councils in the direction of hostilities against Servia and Russia —he can not have forgotten how Ger many, now his ally, tricked him and Austria in that war against Denmark. In 1866 Francis Joseph declared war against Prussia to force from it the territory Austria had been promised. Bismarck had tricked Francis Joseph before, n(p» he tricked him again. It was Bismarck’s business tq provoke Austria into this war against Prus sia. Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse, Saxony and Hanover, all states now of the German Empire, fought for Austria and against Prussia in this war. Italy was Prussia’s only ally. The war lasted seven weeks. Prussia ended it at the battle of Sa- dowa in Bohemia, and ended at the same time, and forever, Austria's dominance among the Germanic state, assuming that place herself. And, after the third war of Bis marck's prophesy, the war with France, in 1870, Prussia became the head of the German Empire. Germany's leadership. Every child in the school room knows of that Franco-Prusslan war of 1870, when the victorious troops of the Germans entered Paris and proclaimed William I German Em peror at Versailles, exacting as a war indemnity from France such an enor mous sum Submarines 78 19 852 32 Armored cruisers Cruiser* ,. ,-,Vr'. Destroyers .< Torpedo boats . Submarines . a 20 36 19 Austria-Hungary and Germany Take Up Active Arms Bgalnet Krmace and Russia—Hostilities Have Be- gun and Greatest Modern War ia la Progress. Four great powers of Europe— Austria-Hungary, Russia, France and Germany—are engaged in actual war fare, but two of them, Germany and France, have not openly declared war against each other, as far as is known, but have not even severed dlplomatie relations. This is despite the fset that Germany’s ultimatum to France either has been ignored or rejected The explanation of this would a|H pear to be that Germany and France are each seeking to throw upon the other the onus of beginning a war . DI . ■. that may plunge all Europe into ^ BUmiarck expected blood8hed . , n {act> whlle th « na _ the paying of It would cripple France tlong of E are fl at ^ for generation., exacting.iw the po^ | other . 8 threaU th ar , Tiai session of France s fairest provinces 1 of Alsace and Lormrine. That'is a wound which still remains taw and bleeding on France’s breast. It will never be healed until France has FOUR GREAT POWERS Of TERRIBLE BATTLE GREAT BRITAIN MAY ENTER l each other in protesting their desire to maintain peace. In thla curious situation Franca, .cording to British opinion, has the A , strongest justifleatisn. She was the taken vengeance upon Germany and la8t t0 mob[ltM and seemo to have has Alsace an_d Lorraine back again. | taken the KreatMt ^e^utlons to The Triple Enteote I The Triple Entente, that friendly t 1 J tfc i avoid frontier collialons. On the other hand Germany, In ad- bond be ween Rua.ia, England and dtUon to lnTad , ng Franeh terrltory , WhlCh Edw r rd , without making a formal declaration VII of England has left to posterity. L f war ha , Ttolated thfl nelltMkm y of He was the moving spirit in Us for- Luxemburg and decllnaa t0 ^ mation. It began with an agreement entered into between Great Britain and F'rance In 1904, and was com promise to reaped Belgian neutrality. The efforts of tbe British ambao- sador at Berlin to secure suck pleted by an agreement wtth Russia pI<K]Ke bav « ^ waatad . It t. dU l- and the two others in 1907. Its formation was actuated by sev eral things, but chiefly by the growth of Germany’s naval power. That could be interpreted only as a men ace to England, for England la the supreme lord of the seas. Edward VII, the uncle of Emperor William II, used his powers of diplomacy to good advantage to protect England against William's designs. Russia and France had long been friends. England's admittance into the bond with them has made the Triple En tente a formidable force to reckon with. Do Austria and Germany strike now, under the flimsiest pretext, be cause they are afraid to wait longer, when the Triple Entente will be stronger still? Do Rursla, with the support of Germany and England, ■trike now because they are afraid, too, to wait for Germany’s navy itlll more to expand? Will Italy remain in the Triple Al liance, or will she deliver her friend ship over to the Triple Entente? Eng land has long been making overtures to Italy. England wants her friendly services to help guard the Mediter- raneon Sea. Great Britain can not spare ships to guard it herself. She has to have them massed in the North Sea, to meet any sudden attack the German new-born but mighty fleet might make. Otherwise Emperor William would be landing with his army upon the English coast. Thfe English firmly believe that he seek's to be crowned in Westminster Abbey as the Lord of the British Isles. Italy's Position. France is now guarding the Medi terranean for England , Italy could help and the work would still be better done, so England thinks. Bismarck declared that Prussia gave Italy her independence by forc ing Austria to give up to her Venice and Lombardy. But it was by a BJs- marcklan trick which prevented Na poleon III from doing this for Italy, himself. The Italians are grateful to France and Napoleon III. They feel no debt of gratitude to PrussOu They detest the very name of Austrian. An Austrian army officer could not hope to spend a day in Rome without being openly insulted on the streets. An Italian army officer in Vienna would meet the same fate. To-day In Rome, tbe Queen of Italy is sadly mourning the humiliation which Aus tria Is meting out to Servia, the land of her own race and people. Seryia’s Queen, If alive to-day, would be the sister of Ttaly'a Queen. The old King of Montenegro was the father of both. Italy will not help Austria and Ger many to spread rain and devastation province of Schleswig-Holstein, whiChi'n Servia if Italy’s Queen can make It cult to see how Great Britain caa avoid being drawn into tha conflict to protect Belgian and Dntck neu trality. Short of actual formal mo bilization the British government la taking all necessary steps to moot a situation unprecedented In the na tion's history. The greatest suspense England has known In a century was In evidence Sunday. For hours tha cabiaet was In council. The whole country thought It waa wrestling with th* question whether Great Britain should take up arms In support of tha triple entente. The British government took three measures for defence. None ia incon sistent with the policy of remaining outside the conflict if that should bn- her policy. Tbe naval reserves and naval marine pensioners ware called! out; the territorials, assembled at the! training camps for annual practice,, were ordered to their headqasters; the home secretary prohibited flights over tbe entire Kingdom and terri torial waters, except by military craft. ^ ^ Great Britain would feel obliged to take these measures with a great war raging close to her shores, even if there were no question of her partic ipation. Censors took charge of all the cable offices In the kingdom Sun day night. All code messages were prohibited and telephonic communl- catlon with the continent was stopped entirely. The King issued a proclamation de claring a moratorium for a month and the suspension of the Banking: Act Monday was assured. Parlia ment probably will pass a bill for a loan for defensive purposes to the amount of $250,000,000. • The newspapers of England are confronted with the possibility of a paper famine. Lord Charles Beres- ford has issued a letter calling upon the country “to pay a debt of bonor to France”. He declares that Great Britain would forever be disgraced in the eyes of Europe if she failed. There was a scene of great en thusiasm outside Buckingham Palace Sunday night. Five or six thousand persona gathered before the palace, sang the national antehm and called for King George, who, with Queen ’ Mary, apepared on the balcony and bowed In response to cheers given for him and for Fhnce. had betaagmUto PruariaAAA yews b*» etherwiae. i*a*y wlH 593 100 1,340 fore. Austria helped to fight Prus- ■ia's battles on land and sea, bnt when the war waa finished and Den mark, humbled and Conquered, had to give up Sohleswfg-Holsteip, it all went to Prussia, no part of It to Austria. The present Enfpreet of Germany. William I Us const)rt, sits beside her busha*4 upon his throne 3301 because she was a princess of Pchlea- Triple Alliance and Join the Triple Entente If the cah bring ft'to paae. Warburg to Go. Banker Pan! M. Warburg, who had refuted to appear before the Senate committee when Hit name waa eent In at a member of the Federal Reserve Board has decided to appear in per- Horses Burned to Death When tbe Lockhart stables at Gaff ney were burned at Gaffney Wednes day five horses and two autos were burned up. • . w nsidershle speculation is < ed as to whether the Anglo-Japan lee treaty may not draw Japaa into the European war. ' ^ Drowned ta North James Towles. 11- a well kaown planter^ Point, drowned Thuraday ■ting la the North