The Barnwell people. (Barnwell, S.C.) 1884-1925, August 06, 1914, Image 3
■ n
i r ~
GERMANY STARTS
SATURDAY SEES STATE OF
WAR BEGIN
RUSSIAN ARMY
MADE READY
procession rises, the crowds listening
silently with'bared heads. Then the
procession 'moves forward and the
demonstrations are resumed with re
newed ardor.
Thrilling scenes were witnessed in
Paris Saturday night after the yellow
placards wer ( e •• posted announcing
mobilization * of France’s forces.
Throngs formed processions on the
boulevards, carrying flags and sing
ing the “Marseillaise". In the
marching crowds were groups of
fnen who raised the cry, “Oon to Ber
lin.”
At the hotels news' of the mobil-
THE Wit IT M
nil IE ITEI Tfl
iwEcnvE nrats
A OUNCE INTO BISTORT
Rossi* Wants Constantinople and
England Mast Control Mediter
ranean—How the Triple .Alliance
and the Triple Entent Were First
Evolved.
German Ultimatum Remains Unan
swered by Russian Government—
Ambasador Asks for Reply and Re
ceives Unqualified Refusal—Leaves
St; Petersburg.
Events in the'European crisis de
veloped Saturday and Sunday with
startling rapidity. The German ulti
matum to Russia, demanding that
Russia cease the mobilization of her
army, expired at noon, and at 5:15
o'clock Saturday afternoon the Ger
man emperor signed a mobilization
order.
At 7:30 o'clock the German am
bassador at St. Petersburg, Count
von Pourtales, delivered a declara
tion of war in the name of his goy-
, ernment to the Russian government
and the entire staff of the embassy
immediately left for St. ‘Petersburg.*
Although after the warlike
speeches delivered by the German
emperor and the imperial chancellor
at Berlin on Friday, no other result
could be expected, hopes that the
dread event might be averted had
been raised by the intervention of
King George in St. Petersburg, and
that the fact the German reicbstag
was not to be convened until Tues
day, hence the actual declaration of
war had not been expected for an
other day or two.
The rupture of diplomatic relations
between Russia and Germany was
dramatic. It was midnight Friday
when Count von Pourtales, German
ambassador to Russia, formally ask
ed Foreign Minister Sazonoff that
Russia cease her mobilization in
twelve hours. The allotted period
pased without an answer
At 7 o'clock Saturday evening
Count von (Pourtales again asked if
Russia would cease mobilizing her
forces. To this the Russian states
man replied:
"Insomuch as the Russian govern-
men has not answered within the
time you specified, It follows that
Russia has declined to agree with
your demands.
Three times Count von Pourtales
repeated the German ultimatum and
each time the Russian foreign minis
ter gave the same firm negatived
Finally Count von Pourtales bowed
and left the room. He and the mem
bers of his staff at once departed
from St. Petersburg by way of Fin
land,^ '
According to the Vovoe Vremya,
Count von Pourtales held the type
written texts of two replies from Ger
many. One was for the presentation
in the event of Russian acceptance
of the German ultimatum and the
• other in case of its rejection. In his
kgitation the German ambassador
presented both replies to M. Sazonoff
at the same time.
Saturday night placards were post
ed in Paris calling for general mobil
ization and the German ambassador,
although he had not been handed his
passports, was preparing to leave the
French capital. It is not known ex
actly what hour Germany’s ultima
tum to France asking that country to
define what attitude she would as
sume in case of war by Germany and
Austria against Russia was to expire^
but it is believed it will not be long
before diplomatic relations will be
ruptured or war declared.
The German emperor and his ad
visers have maintained to the last
that they made supreme efforts for
peace and that the last of the series
of Appeals from Emperor William to
Emperor Nicholas was a telegram re
pudiating responsibility for the ca
lamity which threatened the world
on the ground that while Germany
was mediating with Austria-Hungary
at Russia's request, Russia, by ker
general mobilization, was threatening
Germany’s safety. Te only redeem-
- , ing feature of the darkest prospect
with which Europe has been faced
for half a century Is that Italy has
\ declared her neutrality. How long
vthat neutrality can be maintained Is
exceedingly debatable question
Germany’s declaration of war
against Russia has provoked in the
Russian capital a wonderful demon
stration of patriotic enthusiasm.
Saturday night the capital presents a
ctable of extratordinary
i. All the leading thoroughfares
filled with war frenzied people,
fktf ttr
"portraits of t
waving and grebes blazing. From
time tq| time there is an out
cheering and singing. -
Germany and Austria of the Triple
Alliance, perhaps (also with Italy,
. . their third partner, in this pact of na-
ization order ca-used great commo- tlon8> 8Und on one 8ide of the Euro _
tion. Visitors began to leave the
hostelries en masse, but found it
difficult to obtain conveyances. Cab
men offered the services of their ve
hicles at auction, acepting as fares
the highest bidders.
At a late hour Saturday night it
was said that the German ambassa
dor was still in Paris. Diplomatic
events happened as follows:
Baron von Schoen, German ambas
sador to France, formally notified the
FTencb premier, Rene Viviani, Fri
day evening that Germany had ad-
dre'sed an nltimatum to Russia, de
siring to know by 2 o’clock Saturday
whether Russia would discontinue
mobilization.
Baron von Schoen was directed by
his government to ask what were the
intentions of France should Russia's
reply to Germany be a refusal to de
mobilize.
The German government fixed “be
fore 1 p. m to-day” as the period
wfthin which France must answer.
Baron Von Schoen caled at 11:40 a.
m. to receive France’s reply, and was
asked by Premier Vlvlana if Ger
many could not do something to
matm
IO . Kj
each ^procession battf and a sue
hush falls over the marchers, then
the strains of the naiion&l anthem,
pong la harmony by a sect .on of the
avert war.
The Baron promised to communi
cate with Berlin and to return to the
French office at 4 p. m., which he
did.
The German reply, whatever. it
was, was submitted to the French
cabinet council, which almost imme
diately ordered a general mobiliza
tion of the French army.
WAR STRENGTH OF EUROPE.
ARMIES.
Austria.
Peace footing
. 390,000
War footing
.2,000,000
Germany.
Peace footing
. 870,000
War footing
.5,200,000
Italy.
Peace footing
.2,500,000
War footing
. 1\200,000
Total war footing of Triple
Alliance
.8,400,000
Russia.
Peace footing
.1,290,000
War footing
. 5,500,000
France.
Peace footing
. 720,000
War footing
. 4,000,000
Great Britain.
Peace footing
. 254,000
War footing
. 730,000
Total war footing of Triple
Entente
10,230,000
NAVIES.
B*uiR> Bldg
Superdreadnoughts. .. .
. 0
0
Dreadnoughts
. 2
2
Other battleships ..
. •
Armored cruisers... „. .
. 3
, .
Cruisers :. ,
. 5
3
Destroyers
. 18
. ,
Torpedo boats
. 63
27
Submarines
8
3
- -- , - -
113
35
Germany.
Superdreadnotights . . ..
. 0
3
Dreadnoughts : . . • . . .
.'17
8
Other battleships
. 30
Armored cruisers
9
• •
Cruisers
. 37
6
destroyers . . . . .. .
. 141
24
Torpedo boats
. 47
. .
Submarines
. 27
10
©
308
51
Italy.
Superdreadnoughts . . . .
. k
Dreadnoughts
4
O
Other battleships
. 11
Armored cruisers
. 10
9
Cruisers
. 13— .
Destroyers :. . . .. . . .
. 32
10
Torpedo yoats *»»»■. ..
. 97
8
Submartnes r .-- .v rr-.: ;
. 1«
- 8J
-■*»
•
185
37j
606
123
Russia.
Superdreadnoughts .. ..
• • •
4
Dreadnoughts .„. .; .,
V- . .
■ 7
Other battleships . . : .
. 13
Armored cruisers .. ..
8
Cruiser* .. .. .. .. .
. 8
6
Destroyers .. .. ....
45
Torpedo boats
. 43
• .
Submarines .. . .
. 31
18
195
88
, France.
Superdreadnoughts'
....
8
Dreadnoughts
2
Other battleships .. . .
. 27
7.
Armored cruisers <. ..
. .
Cruisers .. ,. .. .. ..
. 15
. .
Destroyers .. . i .. ...
. 84
3
Torpedo boats
..324
pean battlefield, grimly ready to taeet
their foes.
Russia) with England and France,
bound together in the more elastic
union of the Triple Entente, have un
sheathed their swords in the face of
the Triple Alliance.
It is new a war o' giants. They
will fight to the death, unless all
signs fail. It will be the most stupen
dous war mankind has ever known.
The mind is staggered in contem
plating its stupendous possibilities in
carnage, in devastation, in ruin of
commerce and international profit-
making, in the final wounds of war
which a century may not heal.
Little Servia is lost sight of. She
is but a cipher in the game, a pawn
upon the checkerboard. Her wrongs
of the past, her crimes of the present
are of small importance in this Her
culean struggle of titanic forces.
We shall hear much of encounters
on land and sea if the conflagration
of a great war sweeps over Europe,
lighting its torch in the nations of
the Triple Alliance and the Triple
Entente. But two vital questions
will be ever uppermost in the minds
Petersburg, London, Vienna, Berlin,
Paris and Rome, directing the affairs
of their differenjLstates. They have
the heritage of the past to guide
them, the wise counsels left by states
men long since dead and gonp, but
who knew how to govern and how to
guide, who learned it by success and
by defeat. They have the future in
tbeir minds, and policies that are
worked out slowly, little by little,
now a gain, now a loss. The objec
tive points remain ever the same.
Vital Questions Being Worked Oat.
The two vital questions of this war
will be:
The possibility of Russia becoming
so powerful that she can go to Con
stantinople and stay there.
The possibility of England becom
ing so weakened that she can no
longer adequately guard her passage
to and fro through the Mediterranean
Sea.
These are questions, both of them
older than either the Triple Alliance
or the Triple Entente. They are re
sponsible, as primary motives, for
the formation of both of these divi
sions of national powers. They will
inevitably become ultimately affected
one way or the other by the conse
quences of this war.
The arraying ot Germany and Aus
tria against Russia, with whatever
assistance Russia may get from her
allies, is spoken of as a conflict for
the supremacy of the Saxon or the
Slav in Europe. But the supremacy
of the Slav means nothing more or
less than that the mighty Slav nation
of the north,.ever winged like a huge
bird ready for flight to the sea, shall
have freedom to make its way to
Constantinople, and from thence,
through the Bosphorus and the Black
Sea, to Asia.
The Mediterranean.
And the supremacy of the Saxon,
in other words, the victory of Austria
and Germany, means nothing more
or less than that England shall lose
her liberty of passage through the
Mediterranean.
• Russia must needs go through the
Bosphorus and the^Black Sea to get
close to her Asiatic possessions. Eng
land must needs have free passage
through the Mediterranean in order
to be able, to obtain food for susti-
nence.
Austria and Germany may fight to
gether sgainst Russia on one pretext
or another, but what they want final
ly as their reward is control of the
Mediterranean Sea. Germany has no
place upon it to call her own. With
an enormous fleet, second only to
that of mighty England, Germany has
the port of Trieste and that of Flume
ufion the Adriatic, an arm of the
Mediterranean Sea. Could the two
Saxon powers prevail in this war,
.tlipy could bottle up England's food
supplies, coming to her from sll parts
of the world through the Suez Canal
and from there into the Mediter
ranean, from Egypt, over which Eng
land has a protectorate, from Aus-
Engiand
Superdreadnoughts
Dreadnoughts .. .
ther battlesbipOs .
17
tralia. New Zeagland and from India.
England raises In her own land of
Great Britain such a small part of
the food she needs dally to put upon
her tables that it could be called
nothing. With it and with nothing
more, her people would soon starve
to death. She is practically the only
country on earth so dependent. -> She
gets most of her food through the
Mediterranean Sea. Austria and Ger
many are fighting to control this, her
base of supplies. It is England's
vulnerable point, the Achilles heel of
her power. Her foes can by striking
her there, give her the wound of
death.
The Berlin Congress.
One must take a swift glance to the
Berlin congress of 1878 to find the
foundation stone upon which is built
the structure of diplomatic relations
in Europe to-day. That congress was
called because Russia had been victo
rious over the Turks for more than a
year and was preparing to enter Con
stantinople and stay there. England
was at that time the power which
forbade Russia take this step. It
would so augment Russia's power as
to disturb the balance in Europe, as
well as virtually annihilating the
Turkish Empire in Europe. England
was determined that it should not be.
A British fleet entered the Dar
danelles and anchored in view of
Constantinople and in view of the
Russians. ^Negotiations were then be
gun between England and Russia and
the congress of Berlin was the result.
Its terms were signed July 13, 1878,
and included:
The payment of a war indemnity
to Russia in return for which Russia
w~aY~to' leave Constantinople to the
Turks
2. The occupation of Bosnia and
Herzegovinia by Austrian troops, put
there only to maintain order for Tur
key, to whom these states belonged.
3. The recognition of Servia and
Montenegro as independent states.
The Treaty of Berlin was broken by
Austria when in 1909 she seized Bos
nia and Herzegovinia from the feeble
hands of Turkey and made them her
own. It was broken by Germany
when the Kaiser rattled his sword in
St. Petersburg and told the Czar that
Germany would stand by Austria in
this stealing of states.
Will it now be broken by Russia by
the seizure of the long-covered Con
stantinople? Will England be driven
by the desperation engendered by her
own perils at the Mediterranean to
the point of allowing Russia to go
now to Constantinople? This war
will answer both questions, in part,
certainly, perhaps in full.
The Triple Alliance.
The Triple Alliance was formed in
1883 between Austro-Hungary, Ger
many and Italy for the purpose of
checking the encroachments of Rus
sia and France. By its provisions
the three powers were bound to sup
port one another in certain contin
gencies. Its terms were made more
definite in 1887, although Its exact
terms have never been divulged. The
Alliance was renewed in 1902 and in
1907. The period of its last renewal
extended to June 14, 1914. The world
has been led to believe that it has
again been renewed for another
twelve years. There are indications
that Italy feels at liberty to contem
plate withdrawing from the Triple
Alliance. Secret negotiations seem to
be going on to enroll her with the
Triple Entente. ' She has never been
a contented partner with Austria and
Germany
Metternich, Austria's most famous
Prime Minister, who died in 1858
called Italy “merely a geographical
expression”. At that time Metternich
was correct, as far as Italy’s inter
national importance was concerned
Italy was torn by internal dissen
sions, and Austria was in possession
of its beloved city of Venice as well as
its whole province of Lombady. They
lay close to Austria and to Triest
Austria’s Adriatic port of to-day
Then came Italian unity under Vic
tor Emmansel I and Garibaldi. The
French* in fighting the Austrians in
Italy, won victories for Italy’s new
king and kingdom. At the battle of
Solferino, Napeolen III routed tbe
Austrians and then took Italy under
French protection. Soon after that
same the troublous times of iPrussia
and Aiiftrfk In which Italy took a
part, and strangely enough, received
her reward from Bismarck’s hands
The iron Chancellor was not accus
tomed to fulfill ^is promises so well
A Bismarck Prophecy.
Bismarck,-soon after he entered
the Prussian service of state, made an
extraordinary speech in Parliament
that Prussia could never be great- tin
til she had had three wars, one with
Denmark, one with Austria and one
with France. Older heads told him
he was talking nonsense. But
soon as he came Into power the wars
began.
Denmark had no ling, the succes
sion was disputed. Prussia offered
her candidate for the throne. Den
mark ref pled to accept him. Pruseta
went to war under' the pretext Aus
tria was, told by Bismarck that if she
helped Prussia at this time, she
should receive a part of the Danish
WORLD-WIDE WAR
- BREAKS IN EUROPE
wlg-Holstein. and could help to make
the people of that province content
ed to remain under Prussian rule.
Francis Joseph, the aged Emperor
of Austria, who is now presiding at
the war councils in the direction of
hostilities against Servia and Russia
—he can not have forgotten how Ger
many, now his ally, tricked him and
Austria in that war against Denmark.
In 1866 Francis Joseph declared war
against Prussia to force from it the
territory Austria had been promised.
Bismarck had tricked Francis Joseph
before, n(p» he tricked him again. It
was Bismarck’s business tq provoke
Austria into this war against Prus
sia. Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden,
Hesse, Saxony and Hanover, all states
now of the German Empire, fought
for Austria and against Prussia in
this war. Italy was Prussia’s only
ally. The war lasted seven weeks.
Prussia ended it at the battle of Sa-
dowa in Bohemia, and ended at the
same time, and forever, Austria's
dominance among the Germanic
state, assuming that place herself.
And, after the third war of Bis
marck's prophesy, the war with
France, in 1870, Prussia became the
head of the German Empire.
Germany's leadership.
Every child in the school room
knows of that Franco-Prusslan war
of 1870, when the victorious troops
of the Germans entered Paris and
proclaimed William I German Em
peror at Versailles, exacting as a war
indemnity from France such an enor
mous sum
Submarines
78 19
852 32
Armored cruisers
Cruiser* ,. ,-,Vr'.
Destroyers .<
Torpedo boats .
Submarines . a
20
36
19
Austria-Hungary and Germany Take
Up Active Arms Bgalnet Krmace
and Russia—Hostilities Have Be-
gun and Greatest Modern War ia
la Progress.
Four great powers of Europe—
Austria-Hungary, Russia, France and
Germany—are engaged in actual war
fare, but two of them, Germany and
France, have not openly declared war
against each other, as far as is known,
but have not even severed dlplomatie
relations. This is despite the fset
that Germany’s ultimatum to France
either has been ignored or rejected
The explanation of this would a|H
pear to be that Germany and France
are each seeking to throw upon the
other the onus of beginning a war
. DI . ■. that may plunge all Europe into
^ BUmiarck expected blood8hed . , n {act> whlle th « na _
the paying of It would cripple France tlong of E are fl at ^
for generation., exacting.iw the po^ | other . 8 threaU th ar , Tiai
session of France s fairest provinces 1
of Alsace and Lormrine. That'is a
wound which still remains taw and
bleeding on France’s breast. It will
never be healed until France has
FOUR GREAT POWERS Of
TERRIBLE BATTLE
GREAT BRITAIN
MAY ENTER
l
each other in protesting their desire
to maintain peace.
In thla curious situation Franca,
.cording to British opinion, has the
A , strongest justifleatisn. She was the
taken vengeance upon Germany and la8t t0 mob[ltM and
seemo to have
has Alsace an_d Lorraine back again. | taken the KreatMt ^e^utlons to
The Triple Enteote
I
The Triple Entente, that friendly t
1 J
tfc
i avoid frontier collialons.
On the other hand Germany, In ad-
bond be ween Rua.ia, England and dtUon to lnTad , ng Franeh terrltory
, WhlCh Edw r rd , without making a formal declaration
VII of England has left to posterity. L f war ha , Ttolated thfl nelltMkm y of
He was the moving spirit in Us for- Luxemburg and decllnaa t0 ^
mation. It began with an agreement
entered into between Great Britain
and F'rance In 1904, and was com
promise to reaped Belgian neutrality.
The efforts of tbe British ambao-
sador at Berlin to secure suck
pleted by an agreement wtth Russia pI<K]Ke bav « ^ waatad . It t. dU l-
and the two others in 1907.
Its formation was actuated by sev
eral things, but chiefly by the growth
of Germany’s naval power. That
could be interpreted only as a men
ace to England, for England la the
supreme lord of the seas. Edward
VII, the uncle of Emperor William II,
used his powers of diplomacy to good
advantage to protect England against
William's designs. Russia and
France had long been friends.
England's admittance into the bond
with them has made the Triple En
tente a formidable force to reckon
with.
Do Austria and Germany strike
now, under the flimsiest pretext, be
cause they are afraid to wait longer,
when the Triple Entente will be
stronger still? Do Rursla, with the
support of Germany and England,
■trike now because they are afraid,
too, to wait for Germany’s navy itlll
more to expand?
Will Italy remain in the Triple Al
liance, or will she deliver her friend
ship over to the Triple Entente? Eng
land has long been making overtures
to Italy. England wants her friendly
services to help guard the Mediter-
raneon Sea. Great Britain can not
spare ships to guard it herself. She
has to have them massed in the North
Sea, to meet any sudden attack the
German new-born but mighty fleet
might make. Otherwise Emperor
William would be landing with his
army upon the English coast. Thfe
English firmly believe that he seek's
to be crowned in Westminster Abbey
as the Lord of the British Isles.
Italy's Position.
France is now guarding the Medi
terranean for England , Italy could
help and the work would still be
better done, so England thinks.
Bismarck declared that Prussia
gave Italy her independence by forc
ing Austria to give up to her Venice
and Lombardy. But it was by a BJs-
marcklan trick which prevented Na
poleon III from doing this for Italy,
himself. The Italians are grateful to
France and Napoleon III. They feel
no debt of gratitude to PrussOu They
detest the very name of Austrian.
An Austrian army officer could not
hope to spend a day in Rome without
being openly insulted on the streets.
An Italian army officer in Vienna
would meet the same fate. To-day In
Rome, tbe Queen of Italy is sadly
mourning the humiliation which Aus
tria Is meting out to Servia, the land
of her own race and people. Seryia’s
Queen, If alive to-day, would be the
sister of Ttaly'a Queen. The old King
of Montenegro was the father of both.
Italy will not help Austria and Ger
many to spread rain and devastation
province of Schleswig-Holstein, whiChi'n Servia if Italy’s Queen can make It
cult to see how Great Britain caa
avoid being drawn into tha conflict
to protect Belgian and Dntck neu
trality. Short of actual formal mo
bilization the British government la
taking all necessary steps to moot a
situation unprecedented In the na
tion's history.
The greatest suspense England has
known In a century was In evidence
Sunday. For hours tha cabiaet was
In council. The whole country
thought It waa wrestling with th*
question whether Great Britain
should take up arms In support of tha
triple entente.
The British government took three
measures for defence. None ia incon
sistent with the policy of remaining
outside the conflict if that should bn-
her policy. Tbe naval reserves and
naval marine pensioners ware called!
out; the territorials, assembled at the!
training camps for annual practice,,
were ordered to their headqasters;
the home secretary prohibited flights
over tbe entire Kingdom and terri
torial waters, except by military
craft. ^ ^
Great Britain would feel obliged to
take these measures with a great war
raging close to her shores, even if
there were no question of her partic
ipation. Censors took charge of all
the cable offices In the kingdom Sun
day night. All code messages were
prohibited and telephonic communl-
catlon with the continent was stopped
entirely.
The King issued a proclamation de
claring a moratorium for a month
and the suspension of the Banking:
Act Monday was assured. Parlia
ment probably will pass a bill for a
loan for defensive purposes to the
amount of $250,000,000. •
The newspapers of England are
confronted with the possibility of a
paper famine. Lord Charles Beres-
ford has issued a letter calling upon
the country “to pay a debt of bonor
to France”. He declares that Great
Britain would forever be disgraced
in the eyes of Europe if she failed.
There was a scene of great en
thusiasm outside Buckingham Palace
Sunday night. Five or six thousand
persona gathered before the palace,
sang the national antehm and called
for King George, who, with Queen ’
Mary, apepared on the balcony and
bowed In response to cheers given for
him and for Fhnce.
had betaagmUto PruariaAAA yews b*» etherwiae. i*a*y wlH
593 100
1,340
fore. Austria helped to fight Prus-
■ia's battles on land and sea, bnt
when the war waa finished and Den
mark, humbled and Conquered, had
to give up Sohleswfg-Holsteip, it all
went to Prussia, no part of It to
Austria. The present Enfpreet of
Germany. William I Us const)rt, sits
beside her busha*4 upon his throne
3301 because she was a princess of Pchlea-
Triple Alliance and Join the Triple
Entente If the cah bring ft'to paae.
Warburg to Go.
Banker Pan! M. Warburg, who had
refuted to appear before the Senate
committee when Hit name waa eent In
at a member of the Federal Reserve
Board has decided to appear in per-
Horses Burned to Death
When tbe Lockhart stables at Gaff
ney were burned at Gaffney Wednes
day five horses and two autos were
burned up. • . w
nsidershle speculation is <
ed as to whether the Anglo-Japan lee
treaty may not draw Japaa into the
European war. ' ^
Drowned ta North
James Towles. 11-
a well kaown planter^
Point, drowned Thuraday
■ting la the North