The Anderson intelligencer. (Anderson Court House, S.C.) 1860-1914, August 01, 1878, Image 1
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FARMING AND THE SCIENCES
Editor Anderson Intelligencer :
Several indications have recently In?
come prominent to iihow that the stuc
of the Sciences is becoming a neccssh
for our people, especially those of thei
who have a more intimate connectio
with farming.
I wish to have a familiar talk with m;
brother farmers, and show them, if .
can, how perfectly dependent everj
farmer is upon the knowledge of the
Sciences by somebody who can make
that knowledge known ; and how impos?
sible it is for farming to make progress
without the knowledge in somebody of
the laws which a kind Creator has pro?
vided for the benefit of hi3 creatures.
To show in a familiar way how com?
pletely dependent mankind is for their
living on somebody knowing and ex?
plaining the Sciences, I assert this, and
defy contradiction, that a man who does
not use that knowledge derived from
those laws of God called Sciences, cannot
perform one single act, except talking,
that a horse cannot do. He can without
science draw his breath and eat such
fruit as God has made grow wild. This
being a fact, I am anxious to dull the
edge of that prejudice which many good
farmers have even of talking on the
subject of the Sciences, by making it so
plain that any one who can read will
understand me.
First, then, what is the meauing of
the word Science ? The word itself sins
ply means "to know." But it has been
further applied to a collection of the
leading truths relating to any of the
laws of God, properly arranged and sys?
tematized. Thus: The leading truths
relating to that law of God which treats
of the internal structure of the earth,
its various coutenta, its various elements,
put there for food for plants and trees,
all arranged and systematized, u called
the Science of Geometry. The leading
truths of that law which treats of the
properties of mineral substances, all ar?
ranged and systematized, is culled the
Science of Mineralogy. The leading
truths relating to that law which treats
of all matters calculated by figures, and
of whatever can be measured and num?
bered, all arranged and systematized, is
called the Science of Mathematics.
Arithmetic, Geometry, Algebra, &c, arc
branches of this. The Science of Chem?
istry has for its object to discover the
nature and properties of all bodies,
which is done by decomposition and
combination. By it the elements of food
which any plant has taken from the soil
can be exactly ascertained, and by it the
soil can be analized, and whatever food
it has for plants can be also discovered.
It would seem that every farmer must
fee how important this knowledge of
this Science would be to farmers. Men
who have studied the laws relating to
Geometry and Chemistry tell us that God
has placed in the soil fourteen elements
or ingredients for food for plants. Now,
if a farmer can be :old what the corn he
plants takes up by its roots, and also ex?
actly what the soil he plants the corn in
has of the food the corn wants, then
when he knows wbat the soil lacks, be
will know what to apply.
.Hydrology is the Science which ar?
ranges and systematizes all the proper?
ties and laws which are contained in and
govern water. Mechanics is that science
which investigates the forces by which
all bodies are to be kept still or put in
motion, and put in a particular form or
sbape. The power* which it uses are
the lever, pulley, screw, axle, inclined
plane and wedge. Botany is the science
which treats of the structure of plants,
the function of their parts, the latitude
in which they grow, and their classifica?
tion and names. Metallurgy is more of
an art than a science, and comprehends
the whole process of separating the ore
from other matters, and smelting and re?
fining the metal. Natural History ar?
ranges and systematizes a description of
the earth and all its productions, and in?
cludes Zoology, Botany, Geology, Miner?
alogy and fish culture.
The foregoing contains a description
of those Sciences which have a more in?
timate bearing ou the advancement of
Scientific Agriculture, and by which all
farming operations are carried on, in
many cases the farmer not being aware
of it, as I will now proceed to illustrate :
Suppose a beginner tc commence farm?
ing. He must have land, and that clear?
ed and fenced, a horse and plow ready
for work. Now, think how many of these
Sciences must be known by somebody
before tne plow can be started. To make
the iron,God has made a law there should
be placed in the earth the ore of iron ; a
minemlogist then first finds the ore;
then chemistry must find the composi?
tion that will make a crucible to stand
heat tnough to melt the ore; the metal?
lurgist must be at hand to smelt and
separate the ore from earthy and oilier
matters; then mathematics must show
how the machinery must be made to beat
it into bars; then the science of me
chrniis must show how to shape it into
a plr.w-sharc, and mathematics must
sIdw how to make the stock to suit the
pbw. Here, then, somebody must know
tlis whole array of sciences before a
?low c:?n be made and started to work,
md still more of them must be known
tefore a fence or a house can be built,
flien get your corn seed and start to
plant. Where are you to put in grain
in the ground or on top? Ask t:ic gcol
ogist, and he tells you that all the ele?
ments which God has made for food for
plants are placed in the soil. Then
there is another law that tells us that
God has given to seed a vitality that
when placed in the ground^and have
moisture and heat, will sentKJut roots
that suck up food from thqralements
placed in the soil and grow. 'iW science
to keep weeds and grass down and stir
the soil make corn grow. Well, when
you have corn ripe aud shelled and sent
to null Here you have to call on math?
ematics to make the gearing, on hydraul?
ics to tell you the nature and power of
water for the wheels, on mechanics to
execute the work, and on mineralogy to
tell you the right kind of rock to make
the mill-stones. This is not all yet.
Before you can make the meal into
bread there is the mineralogist to find
the ore, the chemist to compound a prop
;r crucible to melt il the metallurgist to
smelt it, mathematics to prepare a foun
Iry, and mechaoics to make the oven to
jake your bread. Now, you will per?
ceive that each one of these sciences Ls a
lecree which God has made and partic
tlarly adapted to a designed end ; and
s they are all intended for our instruc
on and benefit, it would seem that
rcry farmer would be bcnefilted just in
?oportion to his knowledge of them.
I do not wish to '>e understood, bow?
er, as intending to say that all these
seuces must be uaderstood before a man
0 raise corn or cottnn. No, there is a
gat deal we learn from observation and
cerieuce. This is a valuable part of a
faicr's knowledge. The soil so varies
iilir county you cannot fiud auy two
adjning farms, with soil exactly alike,
an even in every single farm there is
socrcd land, some windy, and may be
sou bottom. Here each farmer must
leai by observation and experience
whi kind of land is best suited to a
parular crop. Ther. he must learn by
tria-hat kind of plow is best suited to
bisVil, and each kiud of plant, how
oftetud when to plou, aud how to suit
his rk so as to adapt it to the seasons.
Weiru, too, by woeiol experience that
if ytplant corn in the same field for a
longtne, without pulling back the food
the pi has taken out, the product gets
poor and poorer, aud the corn will
prettmuch all rot. All these things
and iny more might be mentioned
whiclnust be learned by observation
and eericnce. As I mentioned above,
scienls tell us that our kiud Creator
has ped in the earth fonrteeu elemcuts
! as foofor plants, and that every plant
that gvs must take up its proportion
of eve one of these elements .or the
seed itoduces will not germinate. I
mean lolemcuts the lime, sulphur, pot?
ash, raiesia, phosphorus, &e., as these
elemenarc named. Now, our obser?
vation 1 convince us that if we keep
liftiug \ dipper after dipper of water
from adl pail, we will come to the
bottomi time. So if we continue to
plant iiie same field and put nothing
back Ihthe plant has taken out, that
field w iu time become not worth
planting Different plants feed on dif?
ferent qjeuts?that is, they take differ?
ent propions, some more of one and
less of aber. Obse/vation has taught
us that ive plant that same field in
some od grain it will do better, and
thus we ve learned that rotation in
our crops ill keep out land in better
heart, a3.gay. Here science and our
observati?;ct together. Still, it won't
do to sta all the time satisfied with
what leafcg we have got. YVe must
make pro?s if we expect to improve
in farminj Hold fast b what we have
learned, wudy to sei more. J
We hazard that ;a man nUdc 200
bushels ofirn to the acre, anotlher two
bales of Ofc, another nade 43|btisbels
of wheat *ie acre. These arel exam?
ples for al)aim at; ? ?d to succeed wo
must stud) find out hew they did it,
and do liktse, not forgetticg that the
more iu?Djwe become with the laffB
our Croat0:is made for our use, the
better ?|q| be able to realize their
benefit, pi
In wha,a?vc s.iid my object is first
to try aniobusc the minds of farmers
of the no ??|at PCicntific farming is a
humbug, rlxt to encourage a belief
generallyfiRe ot,iy true way to make
progress i- Bng is to study the laws
which a kCftalur has made to regu?
late and foftthe growth of all plants.
Now, ti-fr y0U that what I have
said has t |jjmau to back it, I will
give you i; irMi from Von Htirn
boldt's Cos fjrhose authority no one
will qucstk . reads his works. He
says: ''Thdu-tes which take r.oactjve
part in thc-icral industrial move?
ments, and hi choice and preparation
of natural talices, or in the applica?
tion of mciid; and chemistry! aild
among vboiisjactivity is not appr?-1
ciated by i'l,s\, 0f society, will infa]|
libly see thcpLpcrity diminish, ju<.l
in proportio nlljoinilg Stales bccomrl
streDgtheneQdl invigi'rated under ibxl
general influ. (jf arts mil sciences." 1
If by wbahtUe writcn the preju-1
dice to seien iigriculLrc among our \
people shall \\A degre. be softened,
and the cncrgnil our ltislators shall
in any de^rcoqvljckcne to increased
exertion to i\Vlc at institution
where scicntifjrriLalturvan be taught
io all, then I 'h.lvc gai..J as much,
and even mortanll ba> hoped for.
Tomato Cai.-Ia* no js the time
for enjoying tbtvolrite sj,.R) we give
the following gi rclu-ift > preparing ;
it for table utTol a hr bushel of
skinned lomatt-vddl oi>e cjrt of good j
vinegar, one poi nflBalt, quarter of]
a pound of al ce,B aix tfons, one |
ounce of cloves \ iwl0 poutkof brown
sugar. Boil thisjassl lor tj(,e |l0urs, j
constantly stirri it\ to ke? it fr<>?> |
burning. When id, hi,rough a
fine or coarse do 0\A\ ^ ( corked
tight for use. p?W*>hit viue
gnj in this prepar%?n. \si-,>r quan?
tity can be made \ using- a ,,r0por
tion of the materi'j.
As there issom.fouble -t -inning
the tomatoes, theyny be haekv>Tiasbcd
before connnenciajfoe bou:t.xl(n tnjs
case it is best to strkn twUe> Vv^jjj, a
coarse cloth, and thi a fice 0^
Pr. Bull's Babvj|^^n-.n,lf..l
THE CHARLESTON COUPON CASES.
Charleston, July i!>, isrs.
Editor Anderson Intelligencer:
.When I determined to reply to your
first article upon this subject, I had
neither the desire nor the intention to
enter into a prolonged controversy with
you. Such controversies are of little
practical benefit, the good they accom?
plish is seldom sufficient compensation
for the bad temper they so frequently
excite.
I must, however, ask your indulgence
again, in order to enlarge somewhat up?
on several of the points submitted in my
forme/communication. I If repeat myself,
I do so with the desire to impress and
bring out more clearly those ideas, which,
as I infer from your reply, I have pre?
viously failed to make sufficiently ex?
plicit.
Before proceeding, however, permit
me to say that I do not think your for?
mal introduction of me in your reply,
within the limits of, or necessary to
legitimate commeut on what I had writ?
ten It leads to the inference that
Messrs. Lord and Inglesby, were in some
way concerned in my action in this mat?
ter, it is but justice to these gentlemen
that I should state that they were iu en?
tire ignorance of my having written to
you, until the paper containing my com?
munication was placed in their hands by
me. Xor arc my views to be regarded as
in any way "semi-o?icial." If there be
any absurdity or lack of logical certainty
in then, I alone am to be charge1 there?
with. What was written concerning the
proceedings in question, is a matter of
public record and discussion in open
court, kiowledge of which does not de?
pend un?n the peculiarity of my position.
That yoi should have called attention to
that position was, as I have said, not nc
cessary to this discussion; but I do not
regret your having done so, inasmuch as
you thusgive me the opportunity to state
thatyoui conclusion in the premises is
erroneous, and enable meto fix the whole
responsibility of my letter upon myself,
where it properly and only belongs.
The first point to which I would agaiu
call your attention, is that the cases un?
der discussion were not "rushed to trial
before Judge Mackey."
I agaia answer your allegation that
they were, by stating that it was to
satisfy the State that these cases were
not tried before Judge Wallace. The
Attorney-General came to Charleston
during tlat term, and earnestly urged as
a matter of convenience to him and the
other counsel with him, that the filing of
the return should not be then insisted
on. It vas after the most earnest resis?
tance on the part of the counsel for the
bondholders, that the delay asked for
was granted ; and then only upon the
promise of the Attorney-General that the
Relators should not lose that term of the
court. The bondholders and their coun?
sel, it would therefore appear, not only
would have been willing, but were in
fact very desirous that their cases should
be argued before a judge whose views
were not known, and at a time anterior
to the organization of the special court.
The return was not filed during that
term, and the cases were again] continued
for the reason already stated.
It surey must be clear to you now
that Judrc Mackey heard the argument
simply if the course of the business bf
his term Judging from their previous
conduct, it is evident that the relators
would have pressed for a trial, at every
term of ?e court until some judge would
be found willing to grant it. They had a
right, perfect and unaffected to do so,
and none can reasonably question it.
The sccoid point and one to which } ask
special attention, is that the investigation
of the cotpons, and consequently of the
bonds cotid have been had before Judge
Mackey ?s well as it can be had before
the special court. Juries could have
been cmpinuelled in the Circuit Court;
commissions could have issued therefrom
for the examination of witnesses in any
part of the country, and all other re?
quisites CMlld have been provided there
for as thorough a sifting of the actings
and doings of the officers who issued the
consolidation bonds and of the nature of
the secu-itics, given in exchange for
them, as tan be had under the omnipo?
tent, omniscient, and omnipresent regia
of the court of claims. The investigation
of the cvmu is the investigation of the
blinds to vhich they respectfully belong ;
and the State could thus have been
saved thecxpensc necessary to the main?
tenance o.'a special court. The bond?
holders <id not avoid such an inquiry
into their bonds. There was nothing in
the reniccy which they adopted which !
precluded it. Ii was no part of the
scheme, U "harass the State," ruin her
finances, and cast contempt up-1
Bpii her extraordinary court, which
Ivith st. much magnanimity you
sAscnbu to thorn, that thoy
sAould dtdge the investigation of their I
clliims. ly their conduct they showed j
thin they stood then, as doubtless they j
statin! uov, ready to go to trial upon j
cvclry allegation of fraud in these claims, i
an?to assst in furnishing a statement of
facti for tic Supreme Court as full and
coml)li?teis any that can go up from the
court! of Caims.
Hi*. St tc itself declined the iiivestiga
in thelcilcuit Court. In stead of arc
turn w\hllji would have made its defence
certain ar;,l capable of analysis, it made
no direi-t allegation of facts constituting
frauds, im| instead contented itself with i
a general allegation which was n it a j
proper "U'fenee in such an action, and
ivhich\di?not open the way for the ex?
amination;. ,f any direct and positive is?
sue, flan reminded that fraud vitiates
every yaisaction, and it is said that I
must sttri'y be acquainted with that
dnaxim.y ido know it, but I know too
that equity will not declare void a con?
tract on the ground of fraud, where no
fraud r as been proved or attempteJ to
be proved. I do know that he who holds
a coupon bond, having about it all the
semblance of a good and valid security,
cannot be deprived of its benefit, by the
bare, naked unsupported charge of fraud,
and I also know that it was no defence
to this r.ction to allege the institution of
another court, for the trial of the issues,
when it was not even pretended that the
Uircatt Court was thereby deprived of
jurisdiction. I know all this, and it
would br? a matter of astonishment to me
if I should discover that the IXTELM
GESCER did not know it.
The IXTF.M.Kinxn-.r. seems to imagine
that I take the ground that these bonds
should be paid and their coupons received
for taxes, without any investigation, and
without regard to whether they be frau?
dulent or not. Now I wish it to be dis
distinctly understood that I assume no
such position. What I did say was that
these bondholders had a perfect right to
institute these proceedings; that they
were proceedings which had been sanc?
tioned by centuries of continued usage;
that their conduct was not unpatriotic,
because the proceedings were instituted
when they had no other remedy, and
that having begun thence, they had a
right to continue them, when they found
the new remedy incapable of giving the
relief which they had been seeking, I
am quite as much in favor of an investi?
gation of the bonds as the IXTELMOEX
CER can possibly be, and the point I spe?
cially made, and again urge, is that the
investigation could have been had in the
Circuit Court, and that the bondholders
were entirely willing that it should have
been had there. I do not wish the State
to pay fraudulent, bonds, but what I insist
on is that the bondholders had a right to
resort to an old remedy which has served
in hundreds of emergencies of the same
nature as the present; and I protest with
earnestness against the creation of a sen?
timent in opposition to their right, and
which holds good citizens forth to the
community, as wanting in patriotism,
and as injuring the State. They injure
the State far more who advocate the crea?
tion of a new tribunal, for the trial of
such ca-es. They declare to the world
that South Carolina has established
courts, and filled their bcuches, for tha
trial of controversies between her citizens
and that she will not submit to thosii
same cour:s, good enough for the citizens,
the adjudication of cases to which she
is a party.
My letters upon this subject have been
wiitten solely with the desire to correct
an erroneous impression, and in no spiri;
of purposeless antagonism, and I shall
write no more.
Having lull confidence in the impreg?
nable strength of my positions, I rest sa?
tisfied that the future history of these,
bonds and of the State will be their most,
complete justification.
Simeon Hype, Jr..
Management of Chickens.
Chickens require neither food or drink
on the day oil which they arc hatched.
Both arc injurious, as they interfere with
the natural digestion of the yolk, which
is absorbed into the bowels at the period
of hatching, and constitutes the first
food. If grits, oat meal and the like are
spread before the hen ou the twenty-first
day, she is induced to leave the nest,
the last-hatched chickens are unable to
follow, and being weakly, frequently per?
ish. If undisturbed, the hen seldom
leaves the nest on the twenty-first day,
while on the twenty-second day the
chickens wiil be found strong enough to
follow her. The plan of cramming pep?
per corns or grains of barley down the
throats of newly-hatched chickens is ex?
ceedingly injurious. The best food for
them is sweet, coarse oatmeal, mixed in?
to a crumbly paste with milk, and a cer?
tain proportion of custard made by beat?
ing together an egg with two tablespoon
fuls of milk, and '?setting'' it by a gentle
heat. Custard so made is eaten with
avidity, and the chickens make rapid
progress upon it. f?uch a preparation is
far superior to the hard-boiled eggs so
often employed and which is not relish?
ed by the chickens. The young birds
are also very fond of a little cold oat?
meal porridge; milk is frequently used
to mix the barley or oatmeal, but it
should bo remembered that it soon be?
comes sour in summer, and is decided?
ly injurious if employed in that state.
No more food, therefore, should be mix?
ed with milk than can he eaten iu a few
hours. Sopped bread is by no means
desirable, since it does not appear to af?
ford the necessary resistance to the nat?
ural grinding of the gizzard, and conse?
quently the chickens soon become
weakly and affected with diarrhea from
its use. In order to satisfy the hunger
of the hen, which is usually very great
when rtho leaves the nest, it is quite de?
sirable to give her us much grain as she
can consume. Then, having satiated her
own appetite, and quenched her thirst,
which at this time is considerable, she
will brood over her unfledged young and
keep them at rest whilst they are digest- j
iug the yelk that baa been absorbed just
bet?re hatching. After the first few days
some whole giain, such as small tail
wheat, or sor.ie barley, may be given to
the young brood, and it will be found to
be greatly relished, and doubtless alfon's
a wholesome oxerewe for the extraordi?
nary grinding power of the gizzard.
Chickens should either have a constant
supply of food, or be fed at very short
intervals. Tie first food should be given
at daybreak. With regard to animal
food, "there is none equal to the natural
supply of worms and insects obtained by
the hen when she is at large; small
worms or a shovelful of mold, contain?
ing ail ant's nest, may bo giveu if the
chickens are in a confined situation, and
will be found far superior to boiled egg,
chopped meat, or any mere artificial sub?
stitute. Cooping, which is frequently
employed to prevent the wanderings of
hens with chic kens, is not desirable, and
though in many cases it is a necessary
evil, yet not the less an evil.?Americanl
Citilivufor.
? When a man goes home at three a.
m., scratches n square rod of plastering
from the wall in trying to strike a light
with a nail, throws it down in disgust
and asks blessings ou all the matchmak
TYiiAiiniiiii i hi' ? ' ill il iiliiiii
OUR FLORIDA CORRESPONDENCE.
From Anderson to Florida Through the
Country?Pleasures rimI Annciyanees Inci?
dent to tho Tri".
Ai.afia, Fl,a., June 20, 1878.
Editor A mlerson IntcUigcnctr :
In my last letter I took leave of you at
Mr. Henry Hill's, in Wilkes County,
Go., promising to give you a continua?
tion of our trip at another time, which I
will try and hurry through with, so as
not to tire you too much, though I be?
lieve it is the province of editors and
newspaper men to be bored !
We left Mr. Hill's Monday morning,
(he 18th of February, and moved on for
Washington, Ga., over some of the worst
roads I ever saw, frequently up to our
axles in the mud, and sometimes leaving
the. direct road on account of places dc
scribeu L. ? that I was fearful of being
unable to pass, tllt?h jt rjid look un?
reasonable to expect worst: *\mn some 1
had gone over.
We passed through Washington about
half hour before sunset with the single?
tree of my one-horse wagon so nearly
pulled in too as to necessitate a new one,
which I ordered made, and expect to go
back for, as I wish to drive beyond town
to some convenient place near a farm
house, for my lady and the little boy
must have a room, though the others can
camp-?-in fact, rather like it. This wc
lind at Capt. J. T. Wingficld's, two miles
beyond Washington from Anderson, and
a sigh of relief escape us all as we drive
up and are told wc will be accommo?
dated. The wagons arc driven under
some large oaks in Capt. W.'s yard about
dark. My lady is helped out and asked
into the house ; the boys unhitch the
teams and prepare for camp, while I ride
back to W. with my old singletree and
irons, that there may be no more delay
in getting off in the morning than neces?
sary. I regret its being too late, and we
too much hurried on account of our ac?
cident, to see more than a passing glance
of Washington. I had been there before
on a visit, (before the war,) and had sev?
eral acquaintances, whom I should like
to sec?among them Dr. Andrews, who,
it will be remembered, was stationed
awhile at Anderson Court House, during
the war, on the examining board of
physicians. Hut it will be impossible to
do so, as our stages are necessarily short
and time too limited.
This morning, 19th, we arc delayed in
making a start until eleven o'clock, hence
make only about thirteen miles to-day,
over roads more or less bad. I should
not forget to mcution the kindness of I
Capt. and Mrs. J. T. Wingfield, at whose
house we stopped last night, and who
were exceedingly kind to my lady and
us all, giving us a comfortable room with
two beds and other conveniences, refus?
ing auy enumeration therefor, and ex?
pressing pleasure in being able to afford
us accommodation. These attentions,
Mr. Editor, to a traveler and a stranger
is true hospitality, and was by me highly
.r.pprcciatcd.
Wc stop to-night at Mr. Moore's, (I
fargot to get his first name,) about two
miles beyond Little River, on which Mr,
Moore has merchant mills and saw mills.
The character of the country through
this section of Georgia is considerably
broken but productive, which I judge
principally from the stubble ou the land,
a;i it is all cleared up into farms along
the roads, and no timber growth to judge
from.
Mr. Moore and family, like all Geor?
gians with whom we have conic in con?
tact, were very kind to us, the latter as?
sisting my lady iu cooking our rations
and showing other little attentions that
were much appreciated.
We start this morning, the 20th, for
WarrcntoH, and drive about three miles
beyond, to Mr. Culpcppcr's, without ac?
cident. Here we arc offered our choice
of a room in the house or a nice, cleanly,
scoured, vacant cabin in the lot with
chimney?wood and pine convenient?
and wc take the latter. Mr. Culpcppcr
is a paralytic, and, though not bed-rid?
den, both his physical and mental con?
dition give evidence of the inroads of his
disease. Mrs. C. and daughter come out
and sit with us until bed time to-night,
and this morning, the 21st, bring us out
some nice fried ham and biscuit and light
bread to add to our lunch. This is very
kind, and I should not forget to add that
in nearly every case there kindnesses are
afforded us without charge. True, I al?
ways offer to pay for them, but very sel?
dom will anything be received.
Leaving you for the present, Mr. Edi?
tor, I wiil oiler as an apology fur the
dullness of my letters that I had little
opportunity in coming on of observing
the country. It was a chill and bleak
season of the year, nearly every one
housed, and though not a great deal of
rain on us, very little sunshine, and f
put down in my note book only such lit
tlc incidents as occurred to us, that those
might know what to expect en ronfe who
are induced to follow. Hope they may
be a little more interesting ms I advance.
More won. <i. II. &
? Kale Southern is gratified. Having
heard her keepers vilified, she writes as
follows to the Savannah Xcum; Being a
convict, I might expect tlie colil embrace I
of rattling chains, striped clothe*, hurtl j
labor, coarse diet, and even the lash ; '
but not ho in my case. I am put to light,
work, cutting and making convict clothes;
not ironed as others, not draped in !
convict stripes; have good and whole-1
snme diet, such as my keepers have upon '
the family table; no threats of the lash ;
no cooking for convicts, and no such thing i
as regretting I had not brcn hung, j
Please, for the sake of a humiliated and j
unfortunate woman, correct the reports ]
in circulation, so unjust to my dear keep- ,
ers, and you will receive the thanks of
one so injured and so disgraced.
Lead, Rismuth and Zinc are immense?
ly useful in the industrial arts; and as
immensely injurious when applied to the
skidHB IfcB^orejnjm^PiiiirilijjLj
?
.MORE ABOTT SIERRA LEONE.
Freetown, as a Pleasant Contrast t?> IMs
nal Monrovia.
tutrmtuniieure AVi'v nml Omritf.
MONROVIA, June 3f 1878.
I sent Icttersby the mail steamer, which
towed us here ana started on its return
to Sierra Lcoiv: before daylight this
morr.inp. As everybody docs when writ?
ing in haste, -I omitted several interest?
ing points "bout Sierra Leone. One of
the principal of these was what nearly
everybody (more shame to thorn) is prone
to omit, when nocccssity compels some I
Omission?
RRMOIOUS MATTERS.
Churches fire plenuhil in ana anout
Frcctown. The first one noticed on ar?
rival is St. George's Cathedral, which
stands near the water side, and is a large
structure apparently of stone, (I had no
opportunity of examining closely,) with
.a tower and eloclc. It has that substan?
tial, solid look common to English
ecclesiastical edifices, (according to
the illustrated magazine*,} which always
impress one with the feeling that theirs
is indeed an tttabH*hcd church, able to
v.v.v,,ail(i attacks from within and with?
out, as liie v.Mijjngu thenuidU'CS with?
stand the assaults ui wind, weather and
lime. Over this presides an English
clergyman. I met him in the street and
recognized him immediately. I had
seen him a thousand times before, in
pictures, in society dramas and elsewhere,
cleanly shaven face, shovel hat, cravat,
coat and all. He bore his profession all
over him, and in this regard it seems as
though the English set an example
worthy of imitation by American eccles?
iastics, many of whom seem to dress
with a view of concealing their voca?
tion as much as possible. It is as well
known fact that it is often impossible to
decide on sight whether a man is a min?
ister of the Gospel or a sewing machine
agent. Those known as clergymen in?
variably command respect from every?
body, and it would he very easy for them
to be always recognizable. I saw a some?
what distinguished preacher once at a
secular meeting which he had opened
with prayer, leaning over the platform
railing habited in a rough overcoat and
slouch hat, smoking a cigar, and in no
way distinguishable from Tom, Dick and
Harry, who similarly attired and unem?
ployed, swore and talked smut all around
him, totally ignorant of who and what
he was. Besides the cathedral there are
twelve or more church buildings in Sier?
ra Leone of less architectural pretensions,
belonging to Methodists, Baptists, Pres?
byterians, and other denominations. All
oi* these, I was informed, are attended
by congregations of lair numerical
strength, composed, of course, of the
civilized and educated natives, with a
sprinkling in nearly all of Europeans or
their descendants. When I met the
English clergyman above alluded to,
he was apparently returning from
AN* liXKCUTION'
which took place on Friday, The sub?
ject of the operation was a civilized na?
tive, a member of a Protestant Church,
and a man of previously good character,
who had arisen one night, killed one or
two persons, and nearly hacked the life
out of" others. English courts have never
put faith in the temporary insanity busi?
ness, and this interesting personage was
duly convicted, sentenced and hanged
without fusst or feathers. He seemed
perfectly sane, and made the usual
speech declaring his assurance of heaven.
I heard one old black woman remark
with manifestations of considerable dis?
gust that she could'nt be made to believe
that the murderer would go to sit down
with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob while
the murdered, cut off unwarned and un?
prepared, descended to the pit of infinite
horrors. At least she tried to say that,
and it does seem as if there was some
reason in her remark. The execution
was witnessed by a crowd of about 1,500,
natives, Europeans, Mussulmans, Chris?
tians and heathens, all of whom preser?
ved the utmost decorum throughout. In
the course of his remarks, just previous
to the falling of the trap, the condemned
man warned his fellow natives that they
were standing in their own light, and in?
juring themselves by the disposition
shown by some of them to oppose Euro?
pean influence. ( Everything not pure na?
tive African is called "European.") There
is some feeling of this sort, but I don't
think it amounts to much, although I
heard one native of some prominence
quoted as having said that he hated
everything with a drop of European blood
in it'. Such cases, however, are proba?
bly very rare. 1 really cannot sec what
the people have to complain of. They
arc
Nor HEAVILY TAXED, WEM. CoVKItNKI?,
protected, given enough to do, it they want
to werk, their coininercc trade encourag?
ed and every possible measure is ap?
parently taken to insure their comfort
and welfare, spiritual and temporal. Be?
sides all this they have that crowning
glory and blessing, the privilege of abus?
ing anybody and everybody as much as
they please, which is what I conceive to
\be the real meaning and intent of tltusc
watch words which have passed about
the camp-fires of humbug Irom time im?
memorial almost?"Free Speech and a
free I'ress". So, really, it does look as if
they ought to be reasonably happy and
contented, and I think thai they are. <)!'
course, they don't hang ail of the crimi?
nals in Sierra Leone, but they make
crime a rather serious business. About
the town, in several places, I met gangs
of men, in blue and white striped suits,
bearing the word "Convict" across the
back of the shoulders in large while let?
ters. They were invariably at work at
something, and were guarded. < hie
guard, I noticed, bore a "cat," which
probably helped to keep the prisoners
laboring. Among the convicts [saw no
\\ lute man.
TJIK I'lTllMC HH NTAIN: .
Another feature of Sierra Leone which
I omitted mentioning is the [>itblic Ibiiu
tains or hydrants which stand on tlie
corners in several places. (The idiots
who wrote the English grammars have
Tailed to show as yet how yon can speak
vf a number of "fountains," plural, com?
posing a "feature/' singular, and make a
smooth sentence. The fact is I have
discovered thai when a plural firms a
singular, the ellect is apt to be singular
? a ? a ? a ? that is ? the fact is
that exactly how plural fountains can be
made to form a singular feature is one of
those singular features of English gram?
mar that no fellow ean lind nut. 'I bis is
a grammatical parenthesis, and may be
skipped by the reader greatly to bis own
edification. I As I was going to say when
thousand school boys and girls, aided,
abetted and incited by parents and teach?
ers writing to criticise my grammar,
these plural fountains form ipiitc a fea?
ture, the cfloct of which is heightened by
the continual presence in and about
them of.swarms of hall, seven-eighths and
eight-eighths nude boys and girls splash?
ing around and catching water in thier
thrice each day. I think they generally
go in with their clothe* (another En?
glish linguistic idiotcy; why isn't there a
regular singular for '?clothes'' to answer
the*requirements of people who wear on?
ly one garment?) on, and either remove
ihem, or it, in the water, or keep them,
or it, on. They, or it, do not, or docs
not, sutler from wetting.
THK TORNADO.
Another feature is the tornado, which
comes almost every day during the rainy
season, from May "to October. It rises
away up in the still mysterious interior
somewhere, and .comes sweeping down,
sometimes hardly stronger than a good
land breeze, sometimes furiously, bring?
ing a driving rain with it. It generally
lasts from a quarter to half an hour, and
cools the atmosphere delightfully.
T'VO BURIALS.
I spoke in my last of the two deaths
which occurred aboard while at Sierra
Leone. The two bodies were taken
ashore and buried in consecrated ground,
being each accompanied by a few friends.
It seems the very essence of the "sarcasm
of fate" that these poor creatures should
have come thousands of miles to Africa
only to die in sight of its shores, and find
their graves in its longed-for soil. The
?mii? of an undertaker charged ?5.12
(about *:2S) for tho two burials, which
were as simple and plain as could be.
Neither of the families of the deceased
could raise the $14 to pay their share,
and the captain was obliged to advance it.
A vorn OF THANKS.
We left Sierra Leone with Rome regret,
for we were treated with great kindness
and consideration by everybody, and had
enjoyed the abundance of fresh meats,
vegetables and fruits, and the walks
about the streets, always full of anima?
tion and bustle, intensely. Besides this,
we received there from everybody the
most discouraging reports of Monrovia.
I interviewed several ex-Liberians, and
received the most unfavorable accounts
of this country, in comparison with which
they seemed to regard Sierra Leone as an
earihly paradise. But we had to come,
and we came. I cannot close without
again speaking of the kindness expe?
rienced from the Govcrnor,aud from Mr.
Broadhurst, the American representa?
tive, an Englishman.. It was unremit?
ting, and displayed in a thousand ways,
and everybody aboard the A/.or has rea?
son to be" extremely grateful to those gen?
tlemen. When I have goticit my bear?
ings here a little, I will write what I
know about Liberia.
A. B. Williams.
Crop Review,
The New York ilunhl has telegrams
from all portions of the country, anil is
able, therefore, to give an accurate and
thorough review of the growing crops.
The outlook is most satisfactory, and
everything promises cheap bread in 1ST!).
There is now under plow in the United
States an area of not less than 50,000,
UOU acres, being a greater amount of
hind under cultivation than ever before.
This land is principally planted in
grain. There is an increase of 2,000,
UU<> acres planted in wheat over IS77.
The crop, moreover, is in a very prom?
ising condition. The Coast States, Cali
tornia, Virginia, etc., with the exception
of Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee, show
a poor crop, but in all the Central and
Western States, the great wheat growing
States of the Union, the outlook is grand.
Kansas, it is thought, will lead oil' with
45,000,000 bushels, the largest wheat
crop by 50 per cent, ever raised in any
State of the Union.
Most of the other Western States show
an increase in the expected wheat crop;
in Wisconsin this increase is estimated
at fully one sixth ; in Iowa, at one-fourth;
in Minnesota at three-tenths; in Ne?
braska, at four-tenths. The condition of
the crops in these States is almost without
parallel. It is cstimaied that this coun?
try will raise between 390,1100,000 and
120,000,000 bushels. Of this, 235,000,
U00 is needed for home consumption,
45,000,000 for seed, leaving a surplus of
from 110,000,000 to 140,000,000 bush?
els for export.
The wheat crop of the rest of the
world this year is poor. The crop is a
failure in Germany, Belgium and Hol?
land ; is behindhand in France, and is
poor in India. We will, therefore, send
a larger amount of wheat abroad this
year than usual. It is impossible, how?
ever, that we can ship as much as 140,
000,000 bushels.
There arc 50,000,000 acres of land
planted with corn. The crop, therefore,
will be larger than last year. The other
grains, barley and rye, are of small im?
portance, but of these also the acreage
this year is larger than in 1877, and the
condition far superior.
Tobacco is the only staple that will
show an actual decrease in production
this year. The excessive crop of last
year and the small prices paid discouraged
the farmers, and the consequence is a
decrease in the acreage planted in to?
bacco.
With this single exception, the crops
of 1S7S will exceed those of any previ?
ous year in the history of this country.
Charleston's Trade with Africa.
?It gives us great pleasure to announce
the gratifying fact that, as one of the re?
sults of the A/.or's eventful trip, an order
lia.i been received by 1.iL Mall iv Co., of
Charleston, for lumber, sashes, doors,
blinds, nails, and other material for the
erection of a number of huii-cs at Mon?
rovia. This order was seen red for
Charleston by our special correspon?
dent, Mr. A. It. Williams, who certainly
lost no lime in making known the ad?
vantages of this city as the shipping port
for African trade.
Such material as is now to he sent out
to Monrovia has hitherto been bought in
England, ami there is no doubt that
Charleston can supply it more cheaply,
while the cost of shipment will be less.
Messrs. Hall & Co. have engaged freight
room on the A/or, which vessel, accord?
ing to the calculation of the Kxodus Asso?
ciation, may ero<s the bar any day, as she
was ordered to remain no lunger than
fifteen days at Monrovia. There is no
reason why the Charleston merchants
and manufacturers should not send out
an assortment of samples by the Azor,
anil in this way secure a lV*othold in a
new field. If the action of the AV//> ami
Courier, in sending Mr. Williams to
Liberia, shall cause the emigrants, in fu?
ture, to be properly cared lor, and shall,
in addition, give to Charleston the imjiort
and export of the "Black Republic,"
the work of the Xeirn <tn<! < 'mirier will
have been richer in substantial advanta?
ges than we could have ventured to hupe.
? It happened in this wise : They
were coining oil' the steamer across the
plank together. She was afraid the
plank would tip and she should fall. He
said, ''Never fear. In that ease we shall
die together." She looked into his face
and said, "If it's all the same to Provi?
dence, I should much prefer to live to?
gether." ^And the next week the knot
m__**^lm1m1?imii **kt\m? i i i ttmm?t
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TO CORRKSPOSpRSTS.?In order to reeclve
attention, communications* nmsl !?? accompanied
hy the true name and address of Ihn writer. He.
jecled manuscripts will not he relumed, unless the
necessary stamix are furnished tu rc|iay llic postage
thereon.
Kir We are not responsible for the rlcwsand
opinions of our corres|ion*Ients.
All communications should Itcaddresscd to"F.d
itor? Intelligencer." and all checks, drafts, money
orders, Ac, should he made payable toil.pier
of K. I!. Mb" It KAY a CO.,
Anderson,?. C.
RANDOLPH OF ROANOKE.
Tlte Extraordinary Vigor <>f a Dying Man.
Of Jo'.in Randolph's eccentricity Iiis
latest biographer, Mr. Boudin, tells many
curious instances. One of these con
eirns the visit made by Col. T. S. Flour
ney and. his father at Roanoke in the
year 1829, Col. Flourney being then a
lad. John Randolph's body servant
invited them into a bed-chamber, where
they found the brilliant Virginian ap?
parently very ill. He said, in response
to Mr. riourney's inquiries, "John, I am
dying; I shall not live through the
night." Col. Floumey adds : "My father
informed him that we were on our way
to Halifax court. He requested us to
say to the people on Monday, court day,
that be was no longer a candidate for the
convention; that be did not expect to
live through the night, certainly not till
the meeting of the convention. Hofooh
began to discuss the questions of reform
and the proposed changes in the consti?
tution. Becoming excited, he seemed to
forget that he was a dying man. In a
short time we were invited to tea, and- ?
when we returned to his room we found
him again in a 'dying' condition. But,
as before, be soon began to discuss the
subject of the convention ; and becoming
more animated, he rose up in bed?my
father and myself being the only audi?
tors?and delivered one of the most
interesting speeches, in conversational
style, that it was ever my good fortune
to hear, occupying the time from S:V)
until midnight.
"The next morning, immediately after
breakfast, Mr. Randolph sent "for us
again. We found him again in a 'dying'
condition. He stated to us that he was
satined that he would not live through
the day, and repeated his request that
my father would have it announced to
the people of Halifax that he declined
being a candidate for the convention.
Once more he became animated while
discussing the conventicm, and kept us
till 10 o'clock at his house. When we
were about to start he took a solemn
leave of us, saying: 'In all probability
you will never see me again.' Before we
reached Clark's Ferry, five miles distant,
I heard some one coming on horseback,
pushing to overtake us, which proved to
be Mr. Randolph, with Johnny in a
sulky following. The next morning,
Monday, he rode nine miles to court,
where an immense crowd of people had
gathered to hear him. He addressed
them in the open air in a strain of argu?
ment and sarcastic eloquence rarely
equalled by any one."
Why We Have Hot Weather.
The sun was in apogee and the earth
in aphelion this morniug at 24 minutes
after3 o'clock; that is, the earth reached
the part of her orbit in which she is at
the greatest distance from the sun. For,
strange as it may seem, the earth is now
three millions of miles further from the
sun than she was on the 1st of last Jan?
uary. Taking the most approved esti?
mation of the sun's distance, and using
round numbers to express the same, the
distance between the sun and earth is at
present ninety-three millions of miles,
while in mid wiuter the two bodies are
uinety millions of miles apart. The
question naturally arises as to the reason
why we do not have the coolest weather
when the sun is farthest away. Tints is
easily explained, for the sun's ray.5 fall
perpendicularly upon the earth in mid?
summer, and obliquely in mid-winter:
the intensity of the heat far overbalanc?
ing the difference in the distance. The
summerheat is, however, tempered by
the greater distance of the central lire,
for in the southern hemisphere, where
the sun is in perigee at midsummer, the
heat is intensified, and the temperature
is higher in Australia and Southern Af?
rica than in corresponding latitudes
north of the equator. It is well we
were not living about thirty-six hundred
years before the creation of Adam for
the suit was then in perigee during the
northern summer, ami in apogee during
the northern winter. Sir John Herschel
estimates that the northern summer at
that distant period of the world's histo?
ry was twenty-three degrees hotter, and
the northern winter twenty-three degrees
colder than it is at present. Every in?
habitant of the north temperate zone has
therefore reason to be grateful that the
sun is in apogee at this season, for what
would become of the poor mortals who
have beeu simmering in the intense iieat
of the last five days if they were requir?
ed to bear a temperature of from ten to
twenty degrees higher than the nine?
ties, in which the thermometer has been
mercilessly reveling?
The Habit of Reading.
"I have no time to read," is the com?
mon complaint, and especially of wo?
men, whose occupations are such as to
prevent continuous book perusal. They
cannot devote as much attention to books
as they are compelled to devote to their
avocations, that they cannot read any?
thing. But tin.; is a great mistake. It
isn't the books we finish at a sitting,
which always do us the most good.
Those we devour in odd moments, half a
ilozcn pages at a time, often give us more
satisfaction and arc more thoroughly di?
gested than those we make a particular
ellbrt to read. The men who have made
?heir mark in the world, have generally
been the men who have in boyhood
funned the habit of reading at every
available moment, whether for live min?
utes or five hours.
It is the habit of reading, rather than
the time at our command, that helps 11
on the road to learning. Many of the
most cultivated person.-, whose names
have been famous as students, have given
?inly two or three hours to their books.
If we make use of spare minutes in the
midst of our work, and read a little, if
but a page or a paragraph, we shall li id
our brains quickened, ami our toil light?
ened by just so much increased satisfac?
tion as the book gives us. Nothing helps
along the monotonous daily rounds so
much a- fresh and striking thoughts, to
be considered while our hands are busy.
A new idea from a new volume i-> like
oil, which reduces the friction of the ma?
chinery of Hie. What we remember "f
brief glimpses into bunks, often serves as
a Stimulant to action, ami becomes one
of the most precious deposits in the treas?
ury oi our recollection. All knowledge
i- made up of small parts, which would
seem insignificant in themselves, but
which taken together, are valuable
weapons for the mind, and substauti tl
armor for the soul. The odd minutes
which we are inclined to waste, if care?
fully husbanded for instruction, will, in
the long run, make golden hours and
golden days, that we shall he ever thank?
ful for.?Delta, Journal and Farmer.
? A contemporary referred in his lo?
cal columns to a "bracelet lost by an es?
timable young lady of our city," and re?
quested the fiudcr^toj^^^^^^jjr^jsj