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-BMjB??-???? - ? isapgp SBBP-WKKKLT. L. tf ORIST'S 80SS. Publisher* % >J;amilp |)etrspapcr: jc'or the promotion of the politico!, Social, Sgrieultural and (Commercial interests of the {icoplt. !TER"tw^e?n\*?v ct?iR?NCE' K8TABMHHEU l?M YORK, 9. C.. FRIDAY. fEBHUARY 15. 1918. ~~ NO. 14 CONTROL OF Tl SOME INS AND OUTS 01 Tin- Main Point at Issue, it Service; lint the Preser Loot, to t he I liirh Poller Cultivate that Field. "Tin- r.-tilioiii] K.'irii? is ttusv : n> 1 I> ui On- I'mtoi Sl.ilis must K?tin giiiinl. Tin- si h'-im is to r?-|;:tiii |in\;it< <'0111101 ol tin- r:iil?o;ii|H :t11? ?* ' On- u.ii On t)i<- |.|<:i Ui.it til)' t.'ikintc ' o\i'i ot Oi<- loiols is onlv ;i wsir iiiois- ! ii? tin- rf.'ihi; ilo< sli'l Willi! to t:ik< jiiij iiiinis's with i oiibi'i'ms in th?? iii?tt?-r 1 I.Ill t|H|HS lO UI'I'JISI' Ol<' U il > SO lilill 1 Mh-\ iii.-iv slide l.iirK :iimun.u - . to i>i ivate control without any |i>j;i.sla- 11 Hon. I* "This must not ho permitted. The! ov> i nun nt must not return t li?- rail-!*' io:uls to private rolitiol. it her at the I ' los' ot thf wai 01 at any other time.!' < in tin- nt her hand, no one who has I' iinlhil tie- |uoh|ein i|ei-|i|\ wants I' *:;ovi i nnn nt ownership,' in the sense | that govt i mm lit owiierstli|> is under-I ' stood lodnV. I *l||.lie OW Ile|'slli|l, Ves:| hut the lailioails have alwavs heen I ' |*llhl |e| V OWI|e<|. We ha Ve h.'nl pllhlie I ' ovvnciship nailer ttie control ot tlnan-| ' lal filiates. (ioVi-l II111 ill t ownership. |1 as it is usiiall.v unih'rstooil. would I * :I (Iloi1111 to linhod V-ow lici ship iliulci I lie I * i outiol ot fiolitieal huzza ids." Is this haul to illlilel standWell. I ' N athan I.. Xuistei is a little hard to I * uinleistand at Ursl. Hut \ou will nil I' d? island Iiiiii that's the kind of niaiil' le is. Ilis inineifial oeeiifiation fori' se\eial viiirs haek lias eonsisti'd oil1 mat my himseli understood, lie is a I v i.nlio.nl investor. Not a magnate. Not I ' one ol the hlU adventurers of the Could I and Mill class, hut a man with a few I * IiiiiiiIioils ot thousands that lie didn't I I want to gamble with. He wanted toll invest it in something sale. You know I > I tie Ivpo; just tile killd Ol cuttle-on ill I the railio.nl liehl that the hii; insiders M i;o gumming lot . I' (tiily. Nathan I.. Amstcr didn't cornel i on iiiit according to scliedule. When I I I In* v trained their guns on liim. In-1 t dodt;ei|. lie dodged illto little colli ts. I Where tile llllllte|4S felt Sltre they COIlhl I ' smoke him out in a week or two They I t had alwavs heen aide to do it withll others ot the sfieeics. hut they had tlov-I t ei tackled unite such a ttervv 1 It11** I * scooter helore. lie scooted H'Otlt court I i to court. lie scooted behind illjUIIC-l lions and mandamuses and interplead-11 ings and writs of this and that, and i i linallv he scooted into the interstate!' commerce commission. One (night I; i... ,,oted riirlit into! < moriiuiK* in ;i tlirrrtorsliip (if th?* Chicago. Hock I ? lYMfln nlKfyni nii'l tr J f ikiiiiii'imI thai lie was there to light. In Newspaper mailers are <|Uite well ae- I u inaiiitei. now with I In* light lie niaile. I I* lie lovgllt tile dileetors single handed: I" ' ,.<i when that wouldn't do. he went Is hnek and had two direetois eleeted ill- I v sti.ad ot one. Igist year hi' eailie mil with lour direetors. representing tliell Aiusli i understanding. and with a loud 11 uiinoiitv voire lie won almost all tlielf points lie was fighting for. l-'or onoli tiling, he eompelled the direetors tol'l dei laie a dividend after they had said I 0 I lev eoiihln't: also lie proved that tliell I Jock Island was a prolitalile property I il attei lluv had lahelled it not hilly: hut I h two streaks ot rust and all the otherl Ii thorns that go to describe a railroad iti I | |||i pi lit ess ot lie i in: sent I led. Ill I tut it isn't tin history of the lioekla Island light wliirli I set out to tell, .lust I i now Nathan I.. A Ulster has set himself I (i to the biggest task of Ids life. It isI to put a stop forever to the sport of la Ainei tea's linatieial kings usitin thelc great puhlie serviee properties of their eountrv not as a means of earning le- I Ii gitiniate profits hut as traps lot* the in- 11 vesting piildie. In "These tinaiH'iers." he says, "are not I Ii the men who own the railroads. The I |i railroads have always heen owned h> I r tin- pulilie- l>\ ttie investing puhlie. I i 'i'lii* millions ot stockholders have liei-n I i vitally interested tit all times in tllel sueeess m the roads as paying prop |i ertles. I tut tliey have never heen or |r ganixed. They have entrusted tliej'l management of the roads not to peo-I ;i pie wlui represent them tun to sii|i|his-I ji ed supermen in the tl nam* la I world II whose interest It has heen to wreck It tin* properties instead. It "A few years ago. for instance. Itockli Island was selling at $l'i>0 ii share. All' few months ago It was selling at 11 Had the property deterioratedNo; I y according to tin* Interstate commerce! 1 commission, it was doing a bigger Is: business mid milking greater earnings I; than ever before. Hut for fifteen years|i the gang ??i tlnanclers In charge had I? not maiiiiged it. They had milked it.l.s They hiid run It not to make dividends K on the money Invested hut to draw otfl) the earnings as fast as they accrued 11 into their own palls, incidentally tnak-1 *i IDK lilt' IUIH|H|||< ! <>, .. |mi|N iis will. t "Tins.- twills were called 'holding * cnmimnles.' Tin* general public doesn't t Know wlini :i holding company If- t'all i li a pml and It niny get across more | liilekly. Ii is something which a tin- -. mi* i? i holds wlu-ii he uses a railroad ^ for ii cow. I "There wen- two of those companies, on** In Iowa and on*' In Now J?-rsoy. i Tin' Ilock Island was capitalized it * $?5.tfoo.tioo. The holding oomfianios t wor*' capitalized at $350,000,000. Thoy < Isstird tholr stook as fully paid, loit i actually no payment was made on eith- i ?-r. Tln-n ii|?*>n motion of If. H?>ld. i th?- entire stock Issiio of th?' N?'w J?-r- l soy ? onipan\ an?l tlio ontlro hond tssno .. * 1 tin- Iowa company woro placed with i tin- tYntral Trust company of Now < York, undor an agreement that th?>y j wciv to l?o exchanged for railway com- , pan* holdings on the hasls of $.70 In J lla- holding companies' stocks an*l < honds to. $ln*? of railway stock. I "I'lidor this agreement. If. tl. Held. | \V. It. I.*-*-*ls, J. II. Moor*' and \Y. H. i .Moore dis|H>sod of ahout $-0,000,000 of ; railway stock for which thoy received over $55,000,000 In th?- other so*-uritios. i Th*> only rovonuo of the holding com- i panics' stock canro from the *iivl*lon*ls \ of the railway company, and the stook- t holders stampeded, as expected, to ex- I change their securities. All l?ui $4.- I 000.000 of the original Uock Island i stock was thus exchanged. I HE RAILROADS DISHONEST FINANCE Seems, is Not Legitimate ration of a Fertile Field of s Who Know How Best to "Saw. uruli-r tin titjiiirnint. th?- railwa> stork was to In* la-Id I?> th?- trust ioin|um> as si-rurity for th?- Iowa mil patty's liotids. If tht* int?-ri-st on lli<- I'Otids rould not In- |>aid. tin- railwax stork would In- sold: and four men who had held only iiliout a fourth <i the railway stork had wormed h?-ms?-|vrs into a position whore they ould make tin- road pay or not pay, is it suited their interests hrst. "Thi- road paid. That is. it paid mta-hodHow much it paid these ?ui- men, tho interstate commerce -oiniiiission was unahle to toll. When ho series ol d? als which resulted in re-eiv.-rsliip was finally investigated. VI r. IP-id testified that he always l.urn I his hooks at the end of each month. **ltut the road didn't pay the stockadders. Note this letter from a ouuhkecpsie gnl. Shi- was working 0 h< Ip siip[M?rt her father, who was |earl\ Mill.I. Her father had invested . lew hundred dollars in Itock Island, vhi.-h had lie.-u drawing In per cent livid, mis. When the dividends stop ie.l. I.e. a use of liiiancial dilli.-ill ties \hi.-l. I lie girl didn't understand, she oiildn't hear to lell hei helpless I'alh r. She paid the dividends out ol li.-r >wii earnings. She kept up this deceit is long as she could, year after year. \hih- Mr. IP-id and others were hurling their hooks. "t?r this from Concord, X. II.: 'I am 1 widow, and the loss of $ssi? which I siid for my liond means a good deal to no, iis l ii 111 loo old 10 earn n jiving low." "Whs wnsn'l tin* interest being imid? iViis ii because uimi's wen* higher mt\ year mill because the roncl coilld mt raise its rates to meet them? It is hi more to the point to lead the hisor> of the Frisco deal, a precious hit it 'linnmini;.' by which the Itovk Isand had $iSti.iH)U.OliO drawn out ol its reasury to meet an obligation of the own holding enni|iany, an obligation or which the railway eompaiiy was in 10 wise responsible and from which I received no benefit. "When tin- small investors in I'oughceepsie and Concord read, away back n 1JMI3, that an agreement had been undo between the holding companies md the J. I*. Morgan company to ex'hange the stock of the St. Louis and tint Francisco Itailwny company for, '."i-- ,K" .ii.i..'. i lean anything tangible to them. Iti.mder 'his agreement is.U-tti.3ya of "risen stock was exchanged for 34,:s,3iia of the holding companies' locks and bonds, and the Frisco stock ins deposited as collateral for tie* n?nus ui iiii* iu\v?i ( ?fiu|Niu?. if it ? NrfiiiU'r, 1 'Jon, this stink was resold it It. I-'. Yoakum tor $87.50 a shale, or la.Nii.iMio. an amount insufficient to eileein tin Iowa com|>au\'s bonds, 'lie Iowa eohl|>any then issued $7.5on,oo ol these lioinls to the Itoek Island isiilwsiy company. recoiling $7,800,000 n cash, whieh the rsiilwsty comitany iad borrowed from the First National lank of New York. It was subseuetilly found that the Iowa coinpsiny iad no assets to retire these honds, ml more than $ti.ooo.iioo was taken mm the Itoek Island treasury for the impose." It was over this deal that Mr. Ainster s a stockholder, sued the Iteid-Moore onilun.ition as individuals and recovred more than $5,000,000 for the stocklolders. lie insisted, however, that lie deal was only one of a long series >f so-called financial operations which iad resulted in more than $80,000,000 nss to the toad, and that similar opcations are the rule, not the exception, n the ureal game of railroad tinaneng. "It is the chance to renew these opeations," lie said, "which the so-called ailroad managers are looking for now. I'he> are not particularly concerned diout the job of supplying freight; ind the $75,000 salaries and $100,000j tonuses to presidents and officials are nil> an item in the programme. It is In- job of irresponsible private financng which they want, for the railroads, rom the very nature of the industry, mist be continually financed. They sinnot be financed from th?;ir earnings tvery year imperatively , calls for tivater and greater extensions to meet ' I fni- lu.lli'l- tl-l'llli. ;ri>\>uiK unii.tuuf, -* tals. more traokiiKc, more up-to-date ><iuipmcnt and moiv and better rolling stock. Tho roads then. have boon otupellod to do Inisinoss with tlio tanks, and no out* oan olijifl, if tho tanks aro oallod upon, to tlioir getting idcquntc remuneration for tlioir servoos. Hut tho tendency of such a syaom is inevitably to turn the railroads ivor to tho tnonoy trust. They coaso o ho, primarily. moans of transportsion aiitl hoootno opportunities for excitation. Once get started on sucii a ?>stent and the end is ruin for tho ttnall investors anti a full ttail of cream or tho money trust. "Tho money trust." ho said, "is able o get away with all this, simply be attso it is organized. Tho obvious eniody is to organize tho one section >f the American public which has i-'vor boon organized before, the small nvestors. Tho remedy is not to be ound in alvolishing Walll street and its ogitimate business in the buying and tolling of securities. The remedy is tot to be found in the aliolition of responsible ownership and turning our industries over to the tender mercies jf a political bureaucracy. I don't ooieet to public ownership so-called bemuse it is too radical. I object to it I ocai so it isn't radical enough. It is [isoudo-radicalism. the lazy substitution ot an economic phrase for the ictual correction of an economic evil. "The trouble with the railroads is not that their stockholders have been making a legitimate profit. Some of Lheir worst evils have appeared when they were making no profit at all. The trouble with Wall street la not that lirokers get commissions for the legitimate exchange of securities. The trouble with both institutions is that lh?-y have been under irresponsil. private control." As to the railroads, .Mr. Amster l<lan is a simple one. He would ha* live Federal Corporations organize l>v the government. each corporatio to take oxer s>.ll the existing railwa lines in a given territory?one for tl south, one for the northwest, etc. A the roads in u given territory thi merged into one combination, x\ would do away xvith most of th present evils of competition, duplies tion of terminals, special routing, ot While the government would organi> these systems and they would he ui der governrnei t control, their actu; ownership would be vested, as nov in private stockholders. Stock i each should he sold to the public t exchanged for present railroad liopl mgs and the government should I. the one tinam i*.T for a'l. Dividends in these Federal corpe rations, Mr. Amster thinks, should h fixed hy law with a maximum an minimum rate. There should be n opportunity to gamble for hig slakes, but each investment shoul bt* made set-lire and some encourage incut should be given to the investor to help make the enterprise succee< "And how about the actual direc lion ol the enterprises?" I asked "That,'.' he said, "should be vestei in the various interests served. Th primary interest, is umiueslionaldy th public at large. That is the reasoi for railroads?to serve the public. Th dominant voice in the directorat should be the public's. Itut the stock holders should also be represented and no scheme of public control wouh be complete without giving ade<|tiat representation to the other interest. "The other interest?" "i "ertainly," said .Mr. Amslci "Itailroad labor. I'nder governnien control it is unthinkable that tin- in torcsts of lalior shall lie ignored. Mi the other hand, it is unthinkable thu these millions of workers shall hav no voice except the strike. Striker in fact, must lie made impossible; hu it would amount almost to slavery ti pass a law to that effect ami let i go at thaV If labor is not represent ed in the actual management of th property to which it gives its life am strength, it wouldn't be democracy a all. "I^abor should not only be repre seated in the management, but pro vision should In* made for the worker acquiring dividend paying stock stock whose dividends shall he deter mined largely by the faithfulness am ellieieiiey of the labor performed I'nion labor has one valid objeetioi to oven the mos" advanced profit sharing plans today, hut this ohjee tion would disappear in such a ays tem id' public service. To-day tin prolit sharing plan may h<- used ti keep individual workers front joining the unions, and keep them fron Striking against the projlteeraHEimjlKl railrotiil lahoi toe. striking dircctl) against l,hc . ic of t lie I'niteV States. '"I'mler this system there would In no1 profiteers to arouse the envy 01 the toilers. Tile representative!-, ol the workers would sit with tip- olhet directors, not as pleaders or as antagonists, hut :is cipials whose interests are known to lie one with tin other interests concerned. And in stead of striking for higher wages when a higher income scented neces sary they would be arranging dojbtless for an additional dividend ir stock ?stock whose actual valui would he determined by their owt responsibility and loyalty in finim service." ".lust tell me." Mr. Anistrr com eluded, "if such a system isn't a nion reasonsatde form of puhlie co-opera tion than, say, the Post Ollioe is to day. In the I'ost iftice labor has n< voice at all. The general public ii served, after a fashion, but no grea body of the people care a ham whether the enterprise pays or not At the worst, the I'ost Mtlice systeti is a mess. At the best it is Prussian ism. The people of America. I an sure do not want our railroads am our essential Imiiistries to un tliu way. "And that is just what the finaneia pirates are depending upon. The; are trying to make us think that wt shall have to choose between the oh system and this spurious governnieii ownership. Of these two evils, believe, the American people wil choose neither." BIG TALK FROM KAISER. Says He Licked Russia and Will Licl the Others. In reply to an address presented b; the Burgomaster of Hamburg on th conclusion of peace with Ukraine las .Monday, Emperor William said: We have gone through hard timet Every one has had a burden to bea ?anxiety, mourning, grief, tribula tion-?and not the least he who stand before you. In him were combinei the care and griel lor the entire | eo pie in its sorrows. - We often entered false paths. Th Lord pointed out to us by a ban school the path by which we shoub go. The world, however, at the xam time has uot been on the right path We Germans, who still have ideals should work to bring about bette times. We should tight for right am morality. Our Lord God wishes u to have peace, but a peace wherer the world will strive to do what i right and good. We ought to bring peace to th world. We shall seek in every v.-a to do it. Such an end was achieve! yesterday in a friendly manner will an enemy which, beaten by ou armies: perceives no reason for tight ing longer, extends a hand to us an receives our hand. We clap hands Hut lie wno will not accept peace, ou on the contrary declines, pouring ou the blood of his own and of our peo pie. must be forced to have peaci We desire to live in friendship wit neighboring peoples, but the victor of (German arms 'must first be reoog nized. Our troops under the grea Hindenburg will continue to win i Then peace will come. ? D. C. Heyward, collector of in ternul revenue, has been advised tha the time for paying income tax an excess profits tax returns has bee extended to April 1. Ulid a!) affect the whole world: unles: they are dealt with in a spirit of uu selfish and unbiased justice, with : *leu to the wishes, the natural con nettions, the racial aspirations, th< security, and the |>eace of mind o the peoples involved, no pertnanen peace will have been attained. The? cannot In* discussed se|?arately am In corners. None of them constitutes a private or separate interest, fron which 'he opinion ot the world may l? shut out. Whatever affects the peact affects mankind, and nothing settle< by military force, if seftled wrong, is settled at all. It will presently hu\< to be re-opened. Nations Sit in Judgment. Is fount von Herthng not uwan WILSON REPLIES TO CZERNIN *S ;; Peace Ooly Upoo tbe Principles of Justice. y , PRESIDENT MAKES POSITION CLEAR United States Has Not Consulted Allies; But is in a Position to Speak For Itself, and President Wilson Acts as Spokesman in a Way That Leaves Nothing More to be Said^ President Wilson on Tuesday went 11 before congress with another address setting forth the position of the Cnit' ed States with reference to the recent addresses of Count von Hertling >r I the German chancellor and Count i#i t'zernin, spokesman for Austria as to the issues involved in the world war _ so far as the United States is collt cerned. The full text of the presi( dent's address is as follows: () <>n the eighth of January I had the j honor of addressing ><>u on the obj?-cts of the war as our people conceive tiiem. The prime minister of ,s Great Britain had spoken in similar I terms on the -*>th of January. To these addresses the German chancellor replied on the L'tlh. and Count Czerni'i . for Austria on the same day. It is gratifying to have our desire so promptly realized that ail exelianges of view on this great mallei should be made in the hearing of all the world. ? Count Czernln's reply, which is directed chiefly to my own address of ! the eighth of January, is uttered ill a very friendly tone. He finds In my . statement a sufficient encouraging approach to the views of his own gov ernmeni 10 jusuiy mm in neuc* mithat it furnishes a basis lor a more ?! *tailed discussion of purposes by the two governments. He is represented to have intimated that the views lawns expressing: had been communicated to me beforehand and that I was aware of them at the time he was uttering them; but in this I am sure he was misunderstood. I had received no intimation of what Inintended to say. There was. of course, no reason why he should communicate privately with me. I ant quite content to be one of his public audience. Von Hertling Very Vague. Count von Hertling's reply is. I must say, very vague and very confusing. It is full of equivocal phrases and leads it is not clear where. Hut it is certainly in a very different tone from thut of Count Czernin, and apparently of an opposite purpose. It confirms, I am sorry to say, rather than removes, the unfortunate impression made by what we had learned > ( tiie conferences at Hrest-Litovsk. His discussion and acceptance of our general principles lead him to no prae* tical conclusions. He refuses to ap- J ply them to the substantive ltemflj which n u.st constitute the body of any I final settlement. He is jealous of inI tcrnational action and of international counsel. He accepts, he says, the principle of public diplomacy, but he appears to insist that it be confined, r at any rate in his case, to generalities , and that the several particular questions of territory and sovereignty, the several questions upon whose settlement must depend the acceptance of the war. must be discussed and settled. not in general counsel, but severally by the nations most immediately concerned by interest or neigh( borhoods. He agrees that the seas should be free, Hut looks askance at ( any limitation to that freedom by , international action in the interest of the common order. He would without reserve be glad to see economic bar, tiers removed between nation ami nation, for that could in no way impede the ambitions of the military t party with which ho seems construin^ ed toy keep on terms. Neither does he ( raise objection to a limitation of arm? aments. That matter will be settled of Itself, he thinks, by the economic conditions which must follow the war. Hut the Herman colonies, he demands, | must he returned without debate. He I will discuss with no one hut the rep( resenlutives of Hussiu what disposltiou shall he made of the peoples and I the lands of the Bailie provinces: . with no one hut the government of France the "conditions" under which I French territory shall he evacuated: ( and only with Austria what shall he I done with Poland. In the determination of all questions affecting the Balkan states he defers, as I understand him, to Austria and Turkey; and with regard to the agreement to be entered Into concerning the non-Turkish peoples of k the present Ottoman empire, to ljis Turkish authorities themselves. After y a settlement all around, effected in L. this fashion, by individual burter and t concession, he would huve no objection, if I correctly interpret his state, meat, to a league of nations which r would undertake to hold the new bal. unee of power steady against internal s disturbance. I No Peace on Such Basis. It must be evident to everyone who understands what this war hus p wrought In the opinion and temper of I the world that no general, no peace I worth the intlnlte sacrifices of these e years of tragical suffering, can pos, sibly be arrived at in any such fash, ion. The method the Herman chanr eellor proposes is the same method j of the congress of Vienna. We can? not and will not return to that. What n ib cti siune now is win jifuic ui mc s world. What we are striving for Is e new e international order based upon the y broad and universal principles of right d and justice?no mere peace of shreds I, and patches. Is it possible that Count r von Hertling does not see that? Does _ not grasp it, is in fact living in his ,j thought in a world dead and gone? , Has he utterly forgotten the reich, stag resolutions of the nineteenth of lt July, or does he deliberately ignore them? They spoke of the conditions , of a genera) peace, not of national h aggrandizement or of an arrangement y between state and state. The peace of the world depends t upon just settlement of each of the t >. veral problems to which I adverted in my recent address to the congress. I. of course, do not mean that the . peace of the world depends upon the it acceptance of any particular set of d suggestions as to the way in which n those problems are to be dealt with. I mean only that thorn problems each ne is speaKing Hi me court 01 mankind, that all the awakened nations of the world now sit in judgmen; cn what every public man ol whatever nation,* may say on the issues of a-conllict which has spread to every region of the world." Tht reichstag resolutions of July themselves frankly accepted the decisions of that court. There shall be no annexations, no contributions, no punitive damages. Peoples are not to be handed about from one sovereignty to another by an international conference or an understanding between ri\#als and antagonists. National aspirations must be respected; peoples may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. 'Selfdetermination" is not a mere phrase. It is an imperative principle- of action, which statesmen will henceforth iggeneral peace for the asking, or by the nu-re arrangements of a peace conference, it cannot lie pieced together out of individual understandings between powerful states. All the parties to this war must join in the settlement of every issue anywhere involved in it; because what we are seeking is it peace that we can all unite to guarantee and maintain and every item of it must lie submitted to the common judgment whether it lie right ami fair, an act of justice, rather than a bargain between sovereigns. Tht* Xt.-iln* hn? rtn fliwirt* tn interfere in European affairs or to act as arbiter in European territorial disputes. She would disdain to take advantage of any internal weakness or disorder to impose her own will upon another people. She is quite ready to be shown that the settlements she lias suggested are not the best or the most enduring. They are only her own provisional sketch of principles, and of the way in which thl-y should be applied. Hut she entered this war because she was made a partner, whether she would or not, in' the sufferings and indignities iiLtllcfed by the military masters of Germany, against the peace and security hf mankind; and the conditions of Mace will .touch her us ncurly us BrTTtfrmjiii *'iy mngF imnww w which is entrusted a leading part in trte maintenance of civilization. She cannot see her way to peace until the causes of this war are removed, its renewal rendered as nearly as may l?e impossible. Whence War Sprang. Tliis war had its roots in the disregard of the rights of small nations and of nationalities which lacked the union and the force to make good their claim to determine their own allegiance and their own forms of political life. Governments must now be entered into which will render such tilings impossible for the future; ami those covenants must lie backed by the united force of all the nations that love justice and are willing to maintain it at any cost, if territorial settlements and the political relations of great populations which have not the organized power to resist are to be determined by the contracts of the powerful governments which consider themselves most directly affected, as fount von Hortling proposes, why may not economic questions alsoi' It has come aliout in the altered world in which we now find ourselves that justice and the rights of peoples affect the whole field of international dealing as much as access to raw materials and fair and equal conditions of trade. Count von Iiertling wants the essential liases of commercial and industrial life to he safeguarded li> common agreement and guarantee, hut he cannot expect that to lie conceded him if the other matters to bt determined by the articles of peart me noi nunuieu in inr .-vimc nu> itr items in the final accounting. He cannot usk the benefit of common agreement in the one field without according it in the other. I take it foi granted that he sees that separate ami selfish compacts with regard to trade and the essential materials of manufacture would nfford no foundatior for ponce. Neither, he may rest assured, will separate and selfish compacts with regard to provinces an<' peoples. Czernin Seems to See. Count Czernin seems to see the fundamental elements of pence with cleai eyes and does not seek to obscure them. He sees that an independent Poland, made up of all the Indisputably Polish people who lie contigeoui to one another is a matter of European concern and must of course In conceded: that Belgium must be evac uated and restored, no matter whai sacrifices and concessions that ma; involve; and that national aspiration! must be satisfied, even within hi! own empire, in the common interest of Europe and mankind. If he ii silent about questions which touch th< interest nnd purpose of his alliei more nearly man niry luui u imw- v Austria otily, it must of course be be saune he feels constrained, I suppose to defer to Germany and Turkey ir the circumstances. Seeing and con ceding, as he does, the essential prin cipies involved and the necessity o: candidly applying them, he naturall; feels that Austria can respond to th< purpose of peace as expressed by th< United States with less embarrass inent than could Germany. He woulc probably have gone much farther hac It not been for the embarrassments o Austria's alliances and of her depend^ ence upon Germany. The Test, After AH. After all, the test of whether it it rble for either government to g( further in this comparison o Ytasws is simple and obvious. Th< principles to be applied are these: f i < First. That each i>art of the ttnal Til - settlement must be based upon the es- IU i sential justice of that particular case . and upon such adjustments as are jy?, ? most likely to bring a peace that will I' be permanent; t Second. That peoples and provinces are not to be bartered about from pj.. I sovereignty to sovereignty as if they < were mere chattels and pawns in a i game, even the great game, now for- De; - ever discredited, of the balance of C . power; but that. C I Third. Kvery territorial settlement ( ? involved in the war must be made in . the interest and for the benefit of the 0f populations concerned and not us a u p part of any mere adjustment or coin- jps , promise of claims amongst rival ?v| f states; and, Fourth. That all well defined na- not tional aspirations shall be accorded j?. r the utmost satisfaction that can oe accorded them without introducing for I new or perpetuating older elements of j,aa . discord and antagonism that would ter he likely in time to break the peace j0* . of Kurope and consei|Uently of the p,.r world. art, A general peace erected upon such a i , foundations can be discussed. I'ntil am] . such a peace can he secured we have wa, no choice but to go on. So far as we |?a can judge, these principles that we nal regard as fundamental are already ra|, | everywhere accepted as imperative |aw except among the spokesmen of the coll military and annexationist party in a t tiermany. If they have anywhere tha else been rejected, the objectors have ja}( not been sufficiently numerous or in- tne liiicntial lo make their voices audible, g,,,. The tragical circumstances is that mu this one party in tiermany is uppur- 0th ently willing and able to send mil- jac lions of men to their death to prevent vvas what all the world now sees to he tun just. A > No Change of Course. j,u|j I would not lie a true spokesman of ant] the people of the I'nited States if 1 the did not say once more that we en- this tered this war upon no small occasion. cou and that we can never turn back from tug a course chosen upon principle. Our visi resources are in part mobilized now. |jie and we shall not pause until they are m,,| mobilized in their entirety. Our ar- to | mics are rapidly going to the fighting COn front, and will go more and more evk rapidly. Out' whole strength will lie ai)D put into this war of emancipation-- ant emancipation from the threat and at- the tempted mastery of selfish groups of jutj autocratic rulers?whatever the dittl- Ure culties and present partial delays. We' Gve , are indomitable in our power of inde- pup pendent action and can in no circum- doe stances consent to live in a world gov- re!r erned by intrigue and force. We be- tH.Si lleve that our own desire for a new Wh< international order under which tea- jts son and justice and the common in- .sjot terests of mankind shall prevail is the t;. desire of enlightened men everywhere, gov ( Without tiutt new order the world will can ' |>e without nenre Mf,. will lack tolerame conditions of existence Mc and development. >ert Having set our hand to the task of put achieving it, we shall not turn back. Hoi I hope thut it is not necessary for not me to add that no word of what I best have said is intended as a threat, the That is not the temper of our people, net I have spoken thus only that the wjn whole world may know the true spirit ,.|\ of America?thut men everywhere her may know that our passion for Justice jos and for self-government is no mere dut passion of words hut u passion which, of once set in action, must he satisfied. vvh< The power of the United States is a ni0| menace to no nation or people. It rhn will never be used in aggression or f.r for the aggrandizement of any Hellish t.as, interest of our own. It springs out fnr of freedom anil Is for the service of freedom. . C * *? * pol GENERAL NEWS NOTES. pie! tho Record of Current Happenings Col- of lected from Various Sources. nin The Ohio river at t'incinnati on ^ot I Monday, reuehed a Hood stage of 60.5 feet, and was rising two feet an hour. 'ne The high river was caused in part ' u i by an ice gorge below the city. 1 nin The death on Sunday of Abdul ( Humid, former sultan of Turkey, | jj from inllaminatlon of the lungs, is U|| announced in a dispatch from t'on- ^ slantinople by way of Vienna. A j.cr state funeral was held. jnj( One hundred and five deaths or- j; curred in New York city, due to ah| ' pneumonia in the forty-eight hours wa ending Mond-v night, it has been |,ut 1 announced T>y the department of Qf ' health, showing an increase of 42 far 1 over the same period a week ago. I^r <?ne hundred and sixteen claims aft for damages, amounting to several Wi hundred thousand dollars, have been of filed against tin* city of Rochester, X. fou V., by parents of children who became wir severely ill after administration by a It I city physician of a toxin for suscept- inti iliilit v nf tlitihthpriii fthf Maximum wholesale prices for "la poultry in New York and vicinity ,,ei have been fixed as follows by the rP!l . Federal food administration: Fowls. ,f-r , 3fi rents: chickens und young roost- ^ , ers. 35 cents: old roosters, 27 cents: . r lan turkeys, ducks and geese, 3u cents. , lteginning Monday and until May 1, the killing of fowls and pullets is for. bidden. ? am Ground glass, mixed with feed, j-j t caiused the death of seventeen horses wj| ; of a t'nlted States infantry supply aj( , company which arrived at Waco. far s Texas, last Sunday from Fort Ogle- for I thorpe, Ga., according to military au- ers 3 thorities. The animals were found |IU, > dead in the cars and examination of |,|a , their feed disclosed the pulverised f glass. Government agents are investi- pjC . gating. KO< A statement has been issued by J. fall i P. Cotton, chief of the meat division we; of the food administration, urging cot - pork raisers to make special effort out f this year to bring about a large pro- rer , duction and saying that he favors a ed i minimum price in order to protect cer ? the producers in their industry- He da] - says that S15.50 per 100 pounds ready mil 1 for market would be a reasonable ed 1 price as a minimum if the market is ag< f normal, but insists that the price da] - should in fact at all times be at the yes ratio of 13 to 1?the farmer to re- ed ceive for pork 13 times as much as Mo s he has paid for corn to feed hogs, pei ) The ratio has been heretofore 12 to ces f 1. but Mr. Cotton thinks that 13 to 15 ? 1 would make the market normal loo and fix a reasonable standard. va x " 7/1-.- ... -v-.'. < < st -iv/:,--.... ; ILD BY LOCAL EXCHANGES is Happenings Id Neighboring Communities. VUENSEI) fOl" QUICK HEADING iling Mainly With Local Affairs of Iherokee. Cleveland, Gaston and .hestsr Counties. Chester Reports.*, Feb. 11: Friends t- will be deeply grieved to learn the death of Mr. J. Lewis White. 0 after a brave buttle to regain health, passed away at seven lock this morning at Saluda, X. Funeral services will be held at in tomorrow at Hopewell A. K. church, of which the father of the eased, Rev. John A. White, was so long the honored and useful tor Little Stewart Boyd, daughof Mr. und Mrs. F. M. Boyd, of inston, alio is here on a visit to grandmother, Mrs. M. M. Stew, on Church street, was bitten by I mil dog Thursday, and painfully I 1 severely injured. The animal < * killed and Its head sent to t'oltim for examination, which fortu- i ?? ,,r i 11-8. The child was plo)ing on the n on the First liuptist church, in puny witti other children, when >ull iluk. owned by a negro buy t drives for Mr. C. H. Ferguson, hed from behind the wagon across lawn and bit the child on the e. The animal was without a Mile, and is said to have bitten er children previously, oilicer kson killed the dog. and its head > sent to Columbia for cxuminui, with the result above stated leutlenian who has ligured in the ities of the county in times past. I is thoroughly posted on all of ins and outs of the business, said i morning that the action of the nty legislative delegation in directum! requiring the county superit* to turn over the chaingang to highway commission lor six nths or more each year is going l>recipitute u tight this summer, in iparison with which any previous lence of political belligeruncy will ear exceedingly mild and pleasHe said thnt the argument that chaingang is an expensive illation, and that as a financial mensturning the force of convicts r to the highway commission to he J at regular rates is a wise step s not appeal to many who live in lute sections, who regard their I eliance for road improvement ?n the eliuingung is diverted from regular programme The decl1 of Hailroad Commissioner John Iticliards to make the race for ernor leaves the liehl open for didates for railroad commissioner j might?hi.ve- felt?Hmu? hards was entitled to u second 11; and we here and now arise to in nomination Chester's Mayor, 11 i. Z. Vance Davidson, who would 1 only make one of the a blot and t titled railroad commissioners in state's history, hut has the monism and the ability to make a ining race .Miss Itehecca Walkwho was spending a few. days c with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. . A. Walker, after her arduous les in connection with the nursing two meningitis cases?both of mi have recovered?has been sumned back to Oharlottc to take rge of another case. Miss Walkvolunteered her services in these es, and has been warmly praised her bravery. iaffney Ledger, February 12: The Ice force of the town was oeeu1 Saturday night in rounding up He who were under the influence "John Barleycorn." John Jengton and Lamuel Teague were h taken into custody und gave id for their appearance. These n hud been drinking I'eruna and nalca ginger Felix Johnson < arrested Saturday night for rung over Jeff Scruggs at the ctatTney < e Stock stnliles Willi bis autoino>. Johnson was arrested and put a bond of one hundred dollars for appearance in mayor's court, uggs is In the local hospital. His i r ir.u uro unt (jprimiM f'Yil. T Butler, recently lost a very value cow. Veterinary C. H. Bobbins s called to hw her before she died, was not able to diagnose the cause the trouble. She was sent to the in of a Mr. White, who is an ext with cows, but she died shortly er she was taken to the farm. Mr. lite being curious as to the cause the death disserted the body, and nd embeddled In her heart a rusty e nail about two inches in length. Is probable that the nail was taken 0 the stomach of the cow while ( was feeding, and the wonder is it she lived so long after the nail ictrated her heart. How the nail ohed the heart is one of the mysies which cannot be explained. * * * ? Cleveland Star, February 12: Cleved county farmers have ordered ough Farm Demonstrator fJIdney, , tons of nitrate of soda which the i-ernrnent will import from Chili 1 sell to the farmers of the south at > per ton f. o. h. port cities. This I cost (32,850 with freight to be led. This indicates that Cleveland i mors are making great preparations the coming year. About 600 farmplaced orders and others wanted to r but were too late or application nks ran out Since the weather i improved, there is considerable king of cotton in the county. A >d deal was left in the fields last I and on account of the severe nther of eight weeks' duration. It ild not be gathered, but a vigori effort is being made to gather the nainder of the crop, although tintand soiled, because It brings 30 its a pound At Orovcr Sun^ r morning at 6 o'clock, Mr. Benjar? F. Turner, one of the most valucltizens of the county, died at the i of 70 years, having been sick two re with pneumonia. He was burled terday, the funeral being conductby Revs. W. R. Beach of King's untain, and J. W. Bailey of Cowis, 8. C. Mr. Turner was a suesful merchant who retired about yzara ago and since then'has been king after his varied Interests. He a man of considerable means, hi -4I."!1- . 'V. v.v.v... oiV lino business qualities. a tender and loving father, active ill church affair* and a valuable and generous hearted citizen in every way. A well known Shelby citizen stated yesterday that he was one of the tinest all-round men in the county. For 3j or to years he was a deacon of the Baptist church. The attendance at the funeral was large and the llor.il offering was a rich and beautiful tribute to Ins worth and standing. His wife has been desperately ill for awhile ind the news of her husband's death was withheld until Just before the funeral. Surviving are the following children: Marvin Turner, banker, of tiustonia, Mrs. \V. S. Martin of Kichburg. S. 1\. Mrs. V. V. Toms of i liver. S. Mrs. Charles Washburn ot Shelby; Mrs. K. Outes, Rutherfordton: Misses Bessie, Vera, tlllis. Oath i-nne ana Lucy M. I timer ot uustoniu. DARING BRITISH AIRMAN Single Handed Heid Back Enemy Attack for a Day. A stirring story of how one daring British aviator, like u "guardian angel, IteKl u|i for a whole day repeated -netny attacks upon a weak and .-rumbling British line at C'anibrui n the height of the desperate struggle there by using lour airplanes, me after another as the) were torn ind crippled by enemy tire, has just -oine to light. It shows that some of the most taring, dangerous airplane work of he past year has been ill the new iehl of attacking enemy infantry from the air. The lieriuans were trying to re.'over a portion of tile lost lillldelljurg line. pushing with a great ivciglit of men and guns at a point .dure it was very difficult for the Itritish to bring up reserves. The Itl'itisll battalion op|>osing the attack tiad gone 10 earth hi little isolated ;roups among the shell holes, grimly Jetermincd to iiiing on to the end. The iierman masses had already noved across No Mun's Land into the wittered earthworks that once formid the British bring line, other misses were moving up in support, imi already the nearest shell holes vere heaving utid. boiling over with he restless heads und shoulders of lien about to renew the advance. Phe barrage of the British guns was leavy but at close quarters only in"antry can stop the progress of infantry and the lire from tli<* British shell holes hud grown weak and draggling. it looked as if the K-anty British line would he overvhelmed hy sheer weight of numhers. The lire from the Oermans Inereas . (I until the utr was alive with their >ulletx. It wax the concentrated lire vhich ulwuys precedes the ruxli to lose <|Uarter?. 'i'he blue-gray figures vere ulready beginning to appear tbove the xhell holes, their loose flupuniform. ff... .nn.l 11 living them the appearance of denunx, when suddenly 'into the xmoke ind murk of battle there dived a British airplane. Fifty feet from the ground it flutened out and skidded along the line. Jropping its bombs, among the bewildered (lermanx. Wheeling swift y at the tlank of the attack, it came ikimming back like a swallow chargng a swarm of Hies, its machine ;uns entielding the advancing foe ami Iriving him buck to his burrows. A storm of German bullets swept through the planes, and a black lame-centered burst of enemy shrapnel smothered the airplane in vapor rhe watching infantry saw splinters fall from its quivering frame and the d I very fabric of the underuingx was torn in several places by shell splinters. But the daring pilot finished his course and vanished Into the smoke ['louds, leaving the panic-stricken enemy clinging to his shell holes too shaken and thinned to press the attack further. Little by little, however, the tierman supporters came up, advuncing by short rushes over the open, reinforcing their comrudcs by twos und threes In spite of British tire. Scores und scores of their dead littered No Man's Uml. hut Kriuluti Ity the strength of the attacking line was made good, and the shell holes again began to heave und boil, as men rose from their lower cover und laid hold of the rims to assist them over the top. Then suddenly they were over any way, little spurts of humanity belched out of the crater field, coalescing into u seething blue-gray, rushing mass, hojs'lessly outweighing the handful of British defenders. But before the mass could gain full momentum, a familiar snoring hum sounded above the din of buttle, und out of the lowlying huze swept the hovering airplane, a new machine but with the same pilot as before. His bombs dropped among the advancing Hermans. dispersing those who escaped the flying fragments, and his ma Hint- sunn nwc|ii inviil uut ui hiriii into the shell holes. A half hour pussed, and again the enemy attempted to attack, this time hesitatingly and with diminishing spirit. Again the airplane appeared, and the first rattle of his guns sent the Germans Into cover again. A German airplane dashed down to drive him away but another British machine from the protecting patrol came down on the German's tall and sent him cart-wheeling behind his own lines. There were other German machines in the fighting but the watchful British fighters made the enemy airmen shy of losing their altitude and the daring British pilot kept his guard over the threatened line without further interference. Many times he swept down on the Germans that day, crumpling up ev-' ery attempted attack with his fire, rendering portions of their positions untenable with his bombs; often madly in the air* gusts from a barrage salve, just as often performing wilder manoeuvers to confuse tKe gunners and riflemen who searched for him incessantly. Three times his airplane was so badly damaged that he had to nurse Its failing strength back to his aerodome. But each time he returned on a new machine, encouraging the British infantry by his example, and scattering death and confusion among their foes. He was flying his fourth machine when darkness settled down, putting an end to the conflict, with the Germans securely checked. V