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C' We will cling to the Pillars or the Temple of our Liberties, and if it must Will, we will Perish amidst the Ruins." VOLUME D.Egnl ntR ue .C- eeat8,1 % v EDGjj&FJELD ADVERTIS11, BY W. F. DURISOE, PROPRIEToRi NEW ERMS. rwo DaLLLls ast' FtFTt CFNT. per annum. tfptiL in aivantce -$3 if not paid within si.x t t fr. a the I ate of subscri ption. and . if not paid het'ore the expiration of the vrr \ll sa',scrilitions will be continued. itaileis otharvise ordered before the expira tion of the year; hut no paper will be discoti tin-xei tatil ill a;r'e.rages are paidunlessat the option of th' Publisher. Any person procuiring five responsible Sub scribers, shall receivellie paperfor one yenr, gratis. avrarsrUENTS EM r1onzpicunouslyinserted at 75 cant per square, (12 lines, or less,) for the first insertion, and 37.J for each contimnatce. Those published monthly, or quarterly. will be charged $1 per squate .dvertsemenits not having the number of insert ons markvid on them, will be continued until ordered olt - and charged accordingly. All cominunicatlions. post paid All be pronip ly and strictly attended to. CONfLJMICATIO. For the Advertiser. ARTICLE it1 LIGHT AND OPTICS. Light is one of the three imponderables, nd one of thefilfly-seven elements which com pose our globe. Such great affinity has light for: lieit and electricity, that when either of the two latter are disenga"eal, light is also diatn gaged. 0 Vision may as priperly be called the effent of a certain agent is heat is the ifect of the olp ration of ifie matter Caloric. The elfect of' light being mistaken for the cans'-, is I inagitme. partly frot this circumnstance, that the theory of light is not better understood. It is very ev ident,that vision is not the agent which prodn. ces the faculty of seeing, bit is the result of the action of a material agent, on the exiinnsion of the optic nerve-the teiina. Irm thence trans mitted to the sensorium commune, and there by the molecular actioni of the brnin, the sense of vision is produced. The most superficial Physiologist, is convinced that tho facolty or olfiactiou and taste is not the agests or materi als which produce these different sensanonn, but are the effect of the application of odoriler ons or savory partic:es upon '.he snyderian meibraue of the nose, or nicous nemibrane of the mouth. froin thence conducted to the brain, and there by a mlysterious operation of this organ, the sense o sni.ell or taste, (as in vision,) is produced. Th., islea thraut vision is the result of the molecii.ir action of thie br.tii, caut lo be supported front the o .erv.vne o certanpthittlilogical ecutiofiis of the aial econorni).. Tate anl smell are so cot;sidera bly vitiatied in certain 6ffections, that Mnasy suab atalces which were quite ngtceable, have an ,entirely different odor,, and things which in .health were sweet becomue iml diseaoe hitter, and vice versa. So int vision--ohjcts which ,corld-vat beseen ill health ce be seen dit .ease, ..(Mania aportu.) That visiotn is made .ev4dent-to the wind, by the molecnlar. or sote .other mysterious operation of the braini, and is the ed-ect atid not the canse of light, is, I thinlk, very conclusive. . Having shewni that vision 'w the effect oif some occoull ageut,nud not toe ctise oflight, I shah preieed to erpose the differenttheortes ; so accounit hor the ,phesiowein of light. It as well kiowAthrt there are two rival theories .etant to explain the different pheionmena of jight. These theoties.are called the utndula t,.ty or linygheuian, and Newtouian or Cor puscnta. "4 01 the eundn'iniry dr f Ydygheiian theory first, that an lexcessively rare subtil andi elastic tediumi or ether fills all space, and pervades' ill muateri:al bodies. oicnpyilng the intervals be tween their iolecules: nid either by passinag freely ationg thei, or boy .s extreie iray. nfferiung no re-isltance tit the iuotio ofn the earth, the planets or comets, in thei- eraits, appreciable by the most delicate astronomical ,,he:vations. aid hai hg inertia. tbut int grav imy. Seconidly, that the nlecules of the ..:her, are st-.eptible of beitig set in motion by the .1gitation of the particles of ponderable attuer, antd that wht. i any cite.is thtus se: iii nitton ai comnanicai0tes at st'nlir moction to thane aidj E cenit to it, and thus the mtiton is pro'pagitted farther anda firther. in aill directiouns, acordiig to the samte muechanical ianvs, wivtch regiulate the propagatUtinm other elaistae niedm,. as ait. water or solids, accordinag to thiei~r respective contstittionsiu. 'rThirdly, that when megiular vi bratorY motions of a proiper kinad. atre pro)pa gated-hrough the ether, and paasinig tarough. onr eyes, reach and agitate our retina, thiey ptrodutce in us the senasatiou of light, irn a uman ner hearing a motre or less close analogy to ethat ini which the vibramitin of the air affe.ct ouir auditory senses with that of sound. Fourth, that as in the doctrinte of sound, the treqgnency of the urial pulses, or the numiber ot exeer a tionas to anid fro. fromt the point of' rest, tmade by each molecule of the atir, determines the pitch or note, so in the theory of' tight, the frecnenicy of the pulses. tar itnuber of imoptu ses made oC; our nerves in a giveni titie by the etherial ionuleis, next n mttc t with thiem. determines tl\% color of light. .mnd thatt as the absolute e n~tt atf the mn,: on to anud hro oh the particles o air. deteruuintes the loudness ci the sound, so the amnptiule. or extent of the excursions of the ethietial mtoleculhes, Brrnm their parts of rest determines the brightinets iir m-i tensity of the light." Sir Jion tierschels Prin ciples of the untdi'lattory theory, SOf the coapuscutlar, oer Newtomian thieory. " Frst, that light Consists of piarticles ol mtatter, possessed with inertia.anud endoweul with at tractive forces, anad projected or emitted from all luminotas bodies. with nearly the satme velo cIty, abot 20,000 miles per second. Secood,; that these pa-rticles imupigning upont the reima, stimulate and excite vistin; the particles whose. inertia is greatest, producing the sensatin of* red, those of the least inertia of viotet, and those in which it is intermediate. the initermne diatte colors."-Sir John Herschel's principles of. ~thc CorpuscularOr Necltian Chaory. From the circumnstanice that the Newtonian, or. Corpuscutlar theory, catnnot satisfactorily account forall the phenomnena of light Philosophets have recentivimnanifested an meh nation to abaniduni the theory of Newton, and -return to the undnlitry theory whitchn ac cottnts for light. ty te vibrations or undttlt tionisof an ethuerial fluid, which .pervades all the uniiverse, antd penetrates all bodies, occupy inn in thetn the interstices bet ween their inoe te, and even pentetrating the primitive mole From not being able to do the subject ittstiee1 t I shall not it this place. enter into the discus ison of these two gieit theories, which lis Oc etpied the mind of the philosophieal world so long, and which has been handled so prolotindly by the most accomplished philosophers. i shIallConsequintly hid furewell to this neta physical branch of lmy snbject, and take up that deparinteit which relutes to Optics. Belbre the time of Pitagoras, %% ho hive! 370 years befere tie advent of onr iaviour. we have Io ccouint IIl' optics. This PIhilosOipher believed that there emenated from about bodies, certaiin kinds of visibles. which acted upoin the correa, and excited there the sensation of the v presence of objects. Plato and Eupedocles, I not bei ig content with this explication. say that i there eieeites from the object anti lhie eyes c certain eflinvia, which encounter and ingle, IL the one with the other. ini the midst of their c voyage. By this ciollission, the eflitivia which C wentitrot the eye, returited to it,exciting there b the sensdtion of the presetce of objects. The c deciples of Plato adopted this system.and taughL C the impeortait discovery that light is propagated it. uinea recta. tnd t hat the anigles of incefence ate equal to angles of reflectiolt. This was at excellat principle for establshhig a theory o. optics; -hut Aristotle. one of the deciples of' Plato.being more ora disputati thanit a ge"- t iteirictaii. in phre of securing thi4 idea. He applied it to explain vision. by a mole more conveniintly: and to know fight and its ob 9 ject Vislot is effected. according to him, by the receptio of the iniages of objects in the r eye This nate - is iot diffictlt to understand. 1 hot the mimer in which lie explims light, is i iiore difiiciilt. 'T'le light, he says. is that which v mtlakes bodies transparetnt. beennse bodies a ire tnot so reallv-for at iight they acot pke. He iitagiine' tit the light which 'xists in transparent Inedii, is owing to the iresence of fire or some other ltminnts flutd. ' This is the coichision of Aristotle. The snecossors of' Aristotle. whto ilapl)lied teitselves to opttics. tanglt these ntiiotis as abscitely as they Imiod them. The next great tme lifter Aristotle, who appliel himself to ptics, is Eclide-s. He turned his ittemlion o th moventetit oiliglt, and to the laws If op. ics, without explaining the nattire of hght. [Hie fixed his attention tn two principal po-ints. rhese were to determittii the aillarelt mngimin de of objects. which tccording to him, de ended upon two angles. under which they a ppeared, and to meet in the vissible point of he image in mirrors, which lie believed was iormed by the concou.rse of the reflected with lie perpenlicular ray. -Wtth these two iri.0 ilyles, they attempted to esplain mmay opticlit thenotnena. and was their mailt theor of op. ies. three hundred years belore Chiist. This C heory is attribted to Enclides, ai able geoime. o .ciano. ili demonstratitions iit this stbject e trvery deli-etive, id hits uiethodl very iitri- b 7.ne.- - -- - - -0 Optics remnined stationary for more than a 'nor htndied years Diring this lig peti'd i hilousopherq tever thought of Ierfecitinlg this V nteresting department of scienci. eti Ptotny, one Itundred and filly years before d hrist. greatly ciltivaiteJ mittiletnatics, und n elering opties to be it braitch of his lfivorite i stidy, hte applied hiiself atlsoi to this science. ii lie citiposed a learned woik, wl'ich is said to lie fost, but we can form some ideai of it. froim ie fragitmits which the Opticians, hi seucs- g sore, has conserved. Ptolimy. first spenks ofa tstroioimical tefractions. and afterwards of the t ight which comes to us from the stars, thirouglh a the atmospheie. The sectiod frngment is ati explication of the excessive magiitiide of tie stars, as seen just above ti. horizon. Pholomy J! explatis this phenoitncii, in a itanner very Ii metaphysically. The soul, says he, is that Il wh ich judges that a stat is very large, rcative' R ly to the great tutimiber of objects intereosed, i vith whise comparison we form th idea of a reat distlaie. wheu the star is iear the hori. d r.on: but when it is very elevated abiove tle b lotrizoif that is near the meridita, and having p ill ohjct interised betweei the eye and t li star. we jiige that it isininitbly more distant. d T'hose wits itore aipreciated tIe opininis oi b Ptolemy. were the independeit Arabs. They a sitidied with great diligeac optics. ami coii. posed oi this siliject imany works. T':ie first c "Iwo wrote, whose name is Alfirabo. treated a of vision. which is all esseuntial palt of optics. Aouniter Arih cAlled hein-fleitin, lmt:aaged he maitter mr' extieisively He wi ole "i a iisiomt dirceta, refec.ca, ref raca, ni udi on bturning c leesis- the exattmined first. the mtovemenit of hligt, ini strait lineis; afuerwairds as it comtes no i N eye by riflectin, andii tulti mately as it makes t n impressiotn on this organ i. froim haviiing beenu ~ refracted. TLhiis attthor is the first who sp''kcj )f fminittg -leitss. ati also mtetntions that Ar- ~ cuiides wais acquaitetd with these glasses. a We tarie occasion to believe thtat the Greeks 'Cere tie invenitors if these lenise.. ini the lI comedy of the cfoutds oh Ar istophiatnes, in p have a f.ens of ulhree mies;-withtent timtidity tl whichihe so mtneh satires Socraite', wie read i that an a~tor fountd a kitnd of stone wvithi wvhich n e' nias eniabledh to paty his debts; by) expol'imtgv this stone to t lhe stun. and by its virtuie of coni r veyttmg the rays to a fos, anid by briniging thiis fornos to beair tipont the wax seal, tinder whiich 1 was written his debts. thereby meinig the seal. atid Coniseqttent y exelnpitinig himn fromi the paymieml of' his $e12. This stotne no donbi was a fragmtent of glass. which rennited in aI point, thie rays of thie sun, whoen it subistance is a kiind of biirumtg lenis. Fron Soerates to Archimnid, s, who hved. 230 years before the nativity of Jesuts Christ, t we see in hiisiory nto othfer aicconuit of these heses. nutii they were h'oiund to Lie of adimira ble use, by Arcititmides. the, however.ntetnber speaks of their iirigen' tior the improvemnetj, o their iinveiitioni With these lies, Lucian r1 sys, Archtimides burnt thme ittman fleet, at a distancue of three miles. TIhtis statettent is now tnt received as beitng ma fact, as it is itm. p~ossile fhr a heits, even the mutst plowerfugl, to we place this ini the class of faubles. Abot the year 1000. an Arab caled Alhauzen. joined together till ihe' ideas of Ptolemfi oii the I reflection of~ hight,. antd taught with them his own. P'tolemiy wrote oni c:ttoptrica; which is the science of the reflectioni of light. anid oifc dioptrica, which is the setene of the refractionti of light, lie slso described thie forct of spther ical glasses. atid the magnitude cof objects aI seen throngh these glasses. it the 13th centn my, a learmned imathematiciatn by the tname of1 Vitiion., attempteud in a treatie, to putt the optics oh' Alhbazen in better order. antI moret clear and intelhig ble. A few years after this,r tme Archbishop of Caniterbery compttosed a woik on Optica directa, which he called per- i spiectiva, that is to say,. the science of visionul withiut re'flectiion. or refractioni with ,r corn ~s~edtmnm ,atnintriea. but Rsimr Bayon gmve , ' new form to optics. Bacon was a gren rhilosopher, and endowed with an admirable magr1-intation. In the 16th century, John Baptist Porta, an tullian, in making experiments with light, elative to its uassing through different imedia, ioiught of stretching some tissues of* skim, and ttig the light ouly pass through a small per ratioi, and in continction with glasses, he vas enabled t fori the muiatire of' objects i Iront of this aparatus. This is the origin of the camera obscutra dhich many celebrated philosophers, as Gre- I isand. Polin cre ,lusteienrook, etc., have I erlet'ted, ioakiiig it more managable and con- i eniett, and to copy with facility all kinds of bjects. After this discovery, Porta believed I e had solved the great enig ma of' the rationale I f visioi. Believimg the eye to be a kind of J amera obscura in wnich objects are painted, . ut he knew not where this pietrrre was form. d-he believed, however, it was on the ciry s- - dine lens. Having spoken of tie origen of the princi ill discoveries of the ancients in optics, I ial ltow proceied to the other bratiches of this :ience, and first. that whicrh iclates to the dil rcicolors of bodies and the compound na ire of light. Light, notwithstanding it secms to he homeo enions, is composed of' seven primntive colors ( -violet, indign , blue, green, yellow, orange. e -d. This discover) was made by Sir Isanc a iewtoin, by letting light pass through certain ti redia, and Newton's discovery being impro- e ed, has resulted in the invention off the solar tj ectrotn. In the year 1775, a philoso:.het by a ie tname of layer. regarded all the colors ofl |ewton (the cib,-gyor of Newtoi; this word be- a g composed tf the initials of'the sever colors, id in their order of ref'rac'tion) as arising it -iom the mingling of three colors-red. yellow, A ie. (The ryb of Mayer, this word being iilar to ilic one just mentioined.) %s by a il umibination of rel and green ins certain pro ortions, produces a color perlfectly ,denticalt ith the yellow to the spectrum. and a ixture f violet and green a perfect blue. Froum this. ti oung ituagined that the miny shades of the ri ecirum are componded of' green, rel and tl oh-t, thie gri of' or Youting.) Sir David , rewster inferred frot certain experimeiits. t, rat greeii and violet are compound colors; he t Joits the hypothesis of' Mayer, which is, that i ie three homogenions colors are red, yellow z d bie. -ince' his time, most of the philes- tl diers of' distinction coincide with Brewster, a Sthse hypothesis of Dr. Mlayer. Notwi:htstaiding there is such a diversity of lor among the ionimerable bodies of which mr globe is composed. they are all compound i of' three primitive colors, red, yeiluow. and lue. 'I lie same relation exist" in the colors-. r natural bodies, n in their comiposition, and our world is composed of 54 elements by 'hose varions combinations we have such n im niety of' bjects; and if we subtract front .ese54 all tie ie'talN and earths. the remain er will be but siall; which compose the great miss of' all things. Oxygen. carbon. and hy rogenar tire prinriprl elements which forr n e most of' bodies. so as regards iumbers the a rimitive colors of fight and the elements of li uidies ire the soie-both bemg three-oxy er. carbon. and hydrogen formirntg till bodies; e d red yellow and blueall colors. The prim ive colfors are also aialogous to tire alphabet. 4 by the differen"t joining of the 26 letters, are rined the man y books which treat of ar infi ite nhier of'subjec., and is by the diffiereint , ining together of these primitive elements in j teratire, new ideas imay he advanced which ii c worl never has before heard of'; so inl s :iece, by the differenit mingling of the prir a ve coilors, red, yellow and blue, arid the ele rentriry subhstaines, carbon. oxygen and hyt rogei, we may generate new colors and new odies, which never has before existed. Thle rimitive colors are also very like tinuers- E is by the nine dignits and cypher, that the r ifferent numbers are i'xpressed and as num era progress ad infinitmin in the ascending id dece'ding scale, so with colors Trhe different colors of' bodies are owirig to( eraimi rays of light being reflected and the tlers absorbed; ir examrnple. aniy red surbstaice, s carmine or verimillion is sir because the ther two rays. blue nid yellow, are absorbed. .d the re r'ay rrflece--the blue and yellow doriS arce accornmed'i f'or on the saime prrmtciple. i 'ranisarenicy' is owing to alt thiree ..ay's passr ug thrroigh withamr besirig obstriteted-"-black, r' their all beinig nbsorbed, mand whritertess to I three rays beiing reflected; iandr the difi'eret itermeiate colors to ai cominiationr of' differ nt proponrt'ifns of' the reflecte~d rays. Thters re oer brainchies o.f optics. surch as the pala zation, abri'atiirn. re'etionr. and inf'erence of'. gi. whrir'h I .in necessardi~y comipelled to res ovetlrt iront having plates tor explainii wmnn : int as these suibj'ect5sire sr ittencte it inimprsible f'or toe by words aloni to give y defirite idea of' ithm TVhose however, ro are curions on these points. I refer to tire gulai systemit onr optics. There is anthtfer sitbject connrected widtr op. e, wh'lich though mrr'e eof an art than a pecr riee, on which it imay tnot be onut of' place to rake' a few remrarks-it relates ter Dargnerro ;r'. This in a term apphedt to a proncess by I fichi imrages are imtpressed" urpona prlates if' I ilver. fromr the lens of a camerra obsran - 'iris rece'nt discovery was tiade bry tinguerro, t igeniorns Parisian artiziin. I shaill not in r is article aittemnpt to exlfinit the thOOi7 ry f tire ricess of' taking nuanges, as this would pro rg the preseirt urr ticle beyond iill dire boiinds; tuf I irmagirno there are riot rmanry who tire st rqiesitive is to wishl it' I shrill, in as brief' a inuner as possible, describe the aparatris and anriplatinrs in takitng ' the Drguerrotype." f it the first place, the operator must have a eeri instrinrn'nt, on tire primciple of' a carmers1 bscura. Secondly, a snificienmt nnmber of' fates; these are mnade' by coratimg copper hates with pure silvei' It wouild be better n Dagierrtype takers to prurcharse these L fates f'rom a gildirng f'actory, as at these places I hey are mad~e to greater prorfection than he oneld possibly make them himaself'; tire plates fter having been made. are highly polished . vith diluted iiitr'ic acid; af'ter tis. theo plate is rhjeted to the diil'used vaptor of' iodine--the I 'late is ow ready fotr thre receptioin of' obrjectsc.r a the corirae of'a few secondis, afteig sitting f'or be image. thed #Iate is'removed. a'nd' thougha be image canriot~ibh s'eeni. yet it is indelibly eceive. arid may be mradle visible ,by subject erg ir to the - apor r1nrtmere'tiry .nfter this it is rnmersed in a solution of' hnyo(ijphite eof' soda,. td fially the plate iscbiiled inirdistil led water' nd allowed to dry. The picture isnrow qmite :..:le mi..nI ,ret, and is eady f'or frnimit1e. i t LAwS oF SOUTH CAROLINA. An Act to alter the sittings of the Courts of aw, in certani Districts. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of lepresentatinm,. now met and sating in Gen. tral Assemby, and by the authority of the ,ame, That hereater the Courts of Common leas and General Sessions foi the several Die aicts, within the Northern, Middle and Eas ern Cicitts.hereafter mentioned, shall be held it the times fallowing. respectively instead of he times nnvprovided by law; thatis to say, or the Distnets of Richland, Edgefield, Spar aanburg and Oerterfield, on the let Mondays n March and October in every year, to sit two veeks for the District s or Richland and Edge ield, .and one week for the Districts of Spar. nburg and'Chesterfield at each term; for the )istricts of Unisn and Marlborough, on the econd Monday in March and October in ev ry year, to sit two weeks for the Distaict of Jnion and one week for the District of Marl orough at each term; for. the .Districts of ewberty and.Darlington. on third Monday in arch and October in every .year. to sit one eek at each term; foi the D stricts of f'air eld, Lexington and Marion, on the -fourib onday in March and I October in every year, >sit one week at each term; for the Districts fChester. Stanter, and Horry. on the first londay after the fourth Monday in March and ctober in every year, to sit for one week at ach term; foaihe Districts of York, Kershaw d Georgetown, on the second Monday after ie fourth Monday in March and Octeber in very year, to sit one week at each term ; for ie Districts of Lancaster and -illiamsburg, n the third Mouulay after the fbrth Monday a .larch and October in every year. to sit ror ne week at eheh term - For the District of |arleston. on the fiit"Monday in May, in very year. instead of the second Monday in larch to sit vis weeks. Sec. 2 That all suits and process which itll have been' made returnable to the Cours rany of the said Districts. at the times hereto >re provid, d by law, shall respectively be le-^ al and valid. to all intents and purposes, for se Courts next to be held in the sair Districts .spectively, aceo'rdintg to the provisions of is Act; and that all persons who have been aminoned. or many hereafter be sumansoned. > attend the Ciarts of any of the said Dis icts. as jurors or witnesses. or who now are r who shall. hereatter be bound in. recogni ance to appearat any- of the said Courts, at te times heretofore provided by law, shall be nd are hereby reqnired to attend or appear at w Courts of lie said Districts, respectively, ext to be held aceording to the provisions of -is Act. Sec. 3. Thar Spnrtanbnrg be, and is hereby Ided to the Northern Circuit. An AfIIieatiiiipersonIs practicing lehicine under the Botanic or Thompso ian system to receive conpensatron for leir %:ervices. Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the honoralFe ie Senate and House of Represetatives ow mea and sitting in Gem-eral Assembhly, nd by the authority of the same. That ereafter all persas now practicing, or .ho may hereafter practice Medicino ac arding to the Botanic .,r Thoahp.onian ystem, shall have the privilege of-an ing reasonable charges foir their services. nd may sue for and recover such char es before any tribunal having competent risdiction: Provided that nothing here i contained-. shall confer upon any person practicing such privileges unless he be graduate of a legally oroaized Thomp. onian College ofr Medicine, anrid shall onine himself to the use or administra n of such Medicines only as properly elong or are embraced in the Thompso in system or medicie. An Act to provide for the more effectual nllection of Taxes fiom Free persons of olor. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and louse of Representatives. now met and iting in Geteral Assembly, and hy the uahority of the same, That it shall bo be duty of evely free negro, maillato, or iestizoe withina this State, between the gem of fifteen and fifty years (exCept uca as shall be clearly proved to the stat faction of the Collector to be incapable mm aaims or otherwisDe of providing a ivelihod,) to make due return of thenm elves to the Tax Collector of the Dis ric, itn which they reside, for the purpose f paying such Capitation Tax as is or nay be imposed on them by law; and it hull he lawful for anty maemherof a fain ly to make returns for the other members f tec family, or for any female or any ic or inafirm petro ho make return by aagent, and such return shall be receivedl s lawful by the Tax Caoliector. Se. 2. In case any free negro, mulat a, or mjestizoe shatll not make such rat u~rn within the time prescribedl by law for t paymencrt of the Tax imposed alt the resent session, or hereafter, upon her or li. stch free naegro.-mtallat to or mesti air shall be double taxed, atnd the Tax ollectoar shall he anthorized to issue ex eationa as in enses where any white per on shall ftail to make retortn. Sec. 3. The Tax imposed upon any ree negro, mullattee or mnestizos mnay be ai by him or her at the time of making is or her return. A Act to abolish the punishment of, eat a in cases of forgery and counterfei . Be it enacterh y the Honorable the citnaie and House of Representatives, ow met and sitting in General Assembly ad by the authority -same. That in all aes where the punishment of death is rposed hy' law upon any person who ball be convicted of falsely making, for 'ing, 0orterfeiting, or causing, or pro. oring to be faitely, made, forged or con -rfeied; tar of williogly acting or assistin~g ra the false making, forging or counterfel ing of any writing or instrument of w ri .... nnor ungO ublishainst as trtie any false, forged or counterfeited writing, or instrument of writing, or of fasely making, forging, counterfeiting. altering. chaning, defacing, or erasing, or causing or procur ing to be falsely made, forged, counter feited. altered, changed, defaced, or erased, any record or plat of land, or of willingly acting or tssisting in any of the premises, with an intention to defraud any person, or of counterfeiting. or uttering, or attempting to pass, knowing it to be counterfeit, any gold or silver coin or of making or keeping in possession any stomp dye or mould for coining; the said punishment is hereby abblished; and in lieu thereof, the person cotvicted shall be sentenced to he whipped thirty nine lashes, and to be imprisoned not less than one year nor more than seven years, and also, to pay such fine as may be judged expedi ent, at the discietion of the Judge who May try the case. PUBLIC MEETING. The public meeting yesterday morning was very respectfully attended. His Honor t he Mayor pro. tem. presiding. and J. H. Dukes, Esq.. acting as Secretary. 11 was ably addressed by Messrs. Mem minger, Hunt, Phillips and Seymour. which prompted the passage of the reso lutions unanimously introduced by the first named gentleman. 'rhe preamble and resolutions were ordered to be published in the city paper and those of columbia. The citizens of Charleston have heard with unfeigned regret, of the sufering in the upper Districts of our State, occasion by the failure of the Provision crop of'.he last season. Tne distress which such a ralamity must produce, is increased by the fact that our country has been so peculiarly blessed with abundant grain crops. that the people are entirely tnpre pared to meet on rare and unexpected an emergency. The first and immediate effiect which it has produced, has been a hasty emigration of those whose needs'si ties were stronger than the ties which hound them to their domestic hearths. From the District of Sparranhurg alone it is ascertained that upwards of two thou sand personsuhave already Red front the. destitution whi'dh' aelted them, to seek in the West some rieanseof support. The condition of many ' thoso wh6' remain may be conceived when it is known, that in the whole districtt. not more tha ione sixth.of the usual provision crnp has been marld, Wihile in many neighborboods t here are entire fields which have produced si-ardsly a single ear of corn. In this calaniity several of thb adjacent districts have shared, and though. perhaps, not to the same extent, yet so great is the desti lotion, that they are unable to provide for suerers among themselves, much less for those in other districts. Throughout this region of country, with the exception of Greenville antid perhaps of Pendleton District, the distress is such as to call forib the active Pyipaties of our people. In these circumstance, the people of Charleston, both in.the City and on the Neck, would do injistice to their own feelings, if they did not at once unite in giving their expression, and cone forward to the relief of their fellow citizens., Resolred, That the .cisiiZens of the iwo Parishes of St. Philips atnd St. Michaels, do hereby tender to their fellow citizens of the Upper Districts of our State, their kintliest sympathies for the smiffering pro duced aiongst them by the failure of their. provision *rop. and w'ill dni aHy ntribute their aid'to alleviate that suffe. ring. Resolved, That a Committee of twenty citizens h appointed in e-, eh, War'd of the City, and two Committees on the Neck, for the purpose of taking up the contribtu tion of the people two parishes, in aid of the sufferinig in the Upper Districts; and that the Committ~ees do immediately pro cedd aronlhdii theii- respective precincts to execute the duty entrusted to them. Resoleed, That the Chairman of these Committees, with the acting Mayor of the city, he co.stituted an Executive Comn mitteo, to-.recejveal the .contrihulieist when collected, and to make all proper arrangements for- applying the same to relieve in the most effectual manner those who are suffering in the Upper Districts from ttte existing scarcity of provisions. Chtar. Courier. The Post Ofeie Department.-it does sefi surprising. that while the Secreta ries report from four to sits millions as thte annual expendittures for the support of the army atnd navy, wvithout any fear that the extravagance of the appropriations should be condemned or any questions asked asked as to the cui bono of this outlay for military purposes, if the ex penditures of the Post Ollice Depart. ment exceed its receipts by a few thou sands, the Post Miaster General feels it to be his duty to sugigest some- mode by which this loss may. be marde up to the reasury. For wvhpt reasottiwe-ask again. Is the facility of corn muniication bet ween all quarters of the republie less necessary to its security, or to the comfort and con, venience of the people, th~tau an arn'y or a navy ? Or can the latter be made usefuil or effeetive without the advantage of the former? And if not, wipy .shoultd these be kept up by heavy appropriations made without a murmtnr, aind charged -to the general expenises of the government, while this is considered as a mnatter for the support of which the government should not be called upon to expend .a cent?' We say then that the establishment o,. public mails being necessary for carryitig' on the al'airs of the country-and commt-. nicating to all alike fite advantages which.i result from them. should he considered- its, a part of the necessary expenditures of the Government-hat the tax -imposed for a partial reimbursemont of the ex pense of this establishment, which is im. posed in the forn of postage, silould be of the most moderate amount, so ht it may fall upon the poor with the least. possible hardship-and that whatever of deficiency mnay arise from this low rate of postage should be paid out of the generat treasury fund, and charged to the general expenses of the Government. And two any, in conclision, that any fitempt 'to. raise the postage, whether by charging postages according to the number of pie-, ces of which a letter is composed, or is any other way, would be exceedinglj un-. popular.-Chas. News. The Summer Ended.-Another sumn mer is ended. Its months and hours are numbered. Its events, and the acts of each individual, are recorded for exhibi tion at the juagement. Many who reed our journal have soon their last summer', To them the autumn and winter of life,, with its cold. and frosts, and death, are, close at hand, They'will see the sear and yellow leaf of outumn fwle andt fall for the lasi time. The wintry night winds will moan around their graves, or sweep gently over the place of their repose. Whent the spring re:nrus, their slumbers will be too deep to feel its genial influencer4 The rose and the flowers will blootm again, hut their fragrance will. not pene-i srate the narrow chamber wh'ro they eleap. The sun will come back agait from his souihern journey. and shed, dowti on fields of.gras.s anti %ayvitng graia' *is genial an'd ripning rays. His bright beams will look each morning into the' chambers where they slept during their sojourn on earth, but the shutters of the' chamber where they will fhen sleep ri he too fast closed to admit his rays. -The. bustle and din of life will advance unheed ed as in summers gone by. but no nise at the door of their chamber will avail to disturby their slumbers. Tile sid walled. cottage. where now d wells the imtttbruty mind, will be taken down. That iuvi ble inhabitant will iave leid it i miounit oif uriins-6iiseen by tifrra-eyus to make its way to that mysterious fnd. where spirits dwell. - . The next Governor.-The Editor ofi the, South Carolinian has nominated the HonUJ David Johnson as a suitable person Lo ill he gubernatorial chair upon the expiration of the term of the present iucumbect. The nomination is on unohjectionable Otie though we think it ratner premature. L is a growing fault of our country, this aye-, tem of early nominations. No souner isa. candidate elected to discharge the duties of an office, than !he politicians begin to look. out lr so less than five candidates for tio. Presidency in 1849, although Mr. Polk has. been in office bu: nine tnontths. It is a custom more honored in tie breach than.. the observance. Jmu!y is titne enough for a gubernatorial nomination, and would. thengive the State ample opportunity to canvass the metits (if the candidates. Char.. Evening News. Extraorqinary .Wil -A short titne sin.e the. will i a Johnt Hedges. Esq., was proved in Doctors Comnons. The lullowing is a vet.: hatin copy of this extraordinary wdil, and we believe unparalleled documnmtt. "'rThe ftt. dey -of May' Being airy and'ay. - And to hyp not tnclined, l1ut of vigorons miM. And my body in health, I'll dispose of tmy wealth, Atnd alt l'm to leave. (On thtis side of the grave, To some one or pther, And I think to my brother, Jlecause 1 foresaw. That may brethrent in law1 if I dti not take care. Would corns in for their -sh.rd, \Vhich I nowise intended, Till tneir manmners are mended, ' A nd of that, God knows, there's n. sign I do therefo enjoin. Antd do strictly c.a ttand, Of. which witness my hand, Thbat nought I have got. '' e brougt ito hotcha pot; And I give and devise,. As mucha as in mae lies. e To the son of my mnother, My own deaF brother, Tro have and to hold;:. All nmy silver and- gold.* As the aff'ectionate pledges Of his brother-.ohn Hedges." Judge Garland.-A report was current. in the city yesterday that this person. had . fled to Havana. It is certain har'be has. not been arrested, and that .the officers' have b~een unable to find him.-N. 0. Picayjune. What with hoisters behind and big. muff's . before .our fashidna bles catry i. broad sway.just now. A lady i.ti fa11 winter street paranh~oualia, now Joolks like. a Dutch mealtbag, pr'ovided with. power., of locomotion'.. Butithis is fashion, and if it was made fashionable to, walk on the., head, it. would be .beredy to say a word. aggainsftii-amd so'we are nma.... so Star. . . ..,. . . . What wsoulia thie Star -man'.hawrp? Is' he not wtlling that the ladiesishapidmaks Ithemselves comfortable this cold-weather? Before you give ..way o anger, . g findsa resun for not bemzagef. **is