Edgefield advertiser. (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, December 31, 1845, Image 1
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VOLUME D.Egnl ntR ue .C- eeat8,1 % v
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CONfLJMICATIO.
For the Advertiser.
ARTICLE it1
LIGHT AND OPTICS.
Light is one of the three imponderables, nd
one of thefilfly-seven elements which com pose
our globe. Such great affinity has light for:
lieit and electricity, that when either of the
two latter are disenga"eal, light is also diatn
gaged.
0 Vision may as priperly be called the effent of
a certain agent is heat is the ifect of the olp
ration of ifie matter Caloric. The elfect of'
light being mistaken for the cans'-, is I inagitme.
partly frot this circumnstance, that the theory
of light is not better understood. It is very ev
ident,that vision is not the agent which prodn.
ces the faculty of seeing, bit is the result of the
action of a material agent, on the exiinnsion of
the optic nerve-the teiina. Irm thence trans
mitted to the sensorium commune, and there by
the molecular actioni of the brnin, the sense
of vision is produced. The most superficial
Physiologist, is convinced that tho facolty or
olfiactiou and taste is not the agests or materi
als which produce these different sensanonn,
but are the effect of the application of odoriler
ons or savory partic:es upon '.he snyderian
meibraue of the nose, or nicous nemibrane
of the mouth. froin thence conducted to the
brain, and there by a mlysterious operation of
this organ, the sense o sni.ell or taste, (as in
vision,) is produced. Th., islea thraut vision is
the result of the molecii.ir action of thie br.tii,
caut lo be supported front the o .erv.vne o
certanpthittlilogical ecutiofiis of the aial
econorni).. Tate anl smell are so cot;sidera
bly vitiatied in certain 6ffections, that Mnasy suab
atalces which were quite ngtceable, have an
,entirely different odor,, and things which in
.health were sweet becomue iml diseaoe hitter,
and vice versa. So int vision--ohjcts which
,corld-vat beseen ill health ce be seen dit
.ease, ..(Mania aportu.) That visiotn is made
.ev4dent-to the wind, by the molecnlar. or sote
.other mysterious operation of the braini, and
is the ed-ect atid not the canse of light, is, I
thinlk, very conclusive. .
Having shewni that vision 'w the effect oif
some occoull ageut,nud not toe ctise oflight,
I shah preieed to erpose the differenttheortes ;
so accounit hor the ,phesiowein of light. It as
well kiowAthrt there are two rival theories
.etant to explain the different pheionmena of
jight. These theoties.are called the utndula
t,.ty or linygheuian, and Newtouian or Cor
puscnta.
"4 01 the eundn'iniry dr f Ydygheiian theory
first, that an lexcessively rare subtil andi elastic
tediumi or ether fills all space, and pervades'
ill muateri:al bodies. oicnpyilng the intervals be
tween their iolecules: nid either by passinag
freely ationg thei, or boy .s extreie iray.
nfferiung no re-isltance tit the iuotio ofn the
earth, the planets or comets, in thei- eraits,
appreciable by the most delicate astronomical
,,he:vations. aid hai hg inertia. tbut int grav
imy. Seconidly, that the nlecules of the ..:her,
are st-.eptible of beitig set in motion by the
.1gitation of the particles of ponderable attuer,
antd that wht. i any cite.is thtus se: iii nitton ai
comnanicai0tes at st'nlir moction to thane aidj
E cenit to it, and thus the mtiton is pro'pagitted
farther anda firther. in aill directiouns, acordiig
to the samte muechanical ianvs, wivtch regiulate
the propagatUtinm other elaistae niedm,. as ait.
water or solids, accordinag to thiei~r respective
contstittionsiu. 'rThirdly, that when megiular vi
bratorY motions of a proiper kinad. atre pro)pa
gated-hrough the ether, and paasinig tarough.
onr eyes, reach and agitate our retina, thiey
ptrodutce in us the senasatiou of light, irn a uman
ner hearing a motre or less close analogy to
ethat ini which the vibramitin of the air affe.ct
ouir auditory senses with that of sound. Fourth,
that as in the doctrinte of sound, the treqgnency
of the urial pulses, or the numiber ot exeer
a tionas to anid fro. fromt the point of' rest, tmade
by each molecule of the atir, determines the
pitch or note, so in the theory of' tight, the
frecnenicy of the pulses. tar itnuber of imoptu
ses made oC; our nerves in a giveni titie by the
etherial ionuleis, next n mttc t with thiem.
determines tl\% color of light. .mnd thatt as the
absolute e n~tt atf the mn,: on to anud hro oh the
particles o air. deteruuintes the loudness ci
the sound, so the amnptiule. or extent of the
excursions of the ethietial mtoleculhes, Brrnm their
parts of rest determines the brightinets iir m-i
tensity of the light." Sir Jion tierschels Prin
ciples of the untdi'lattory theory,
SOf the coapuscutlar, oer Newtomian thieory.
" Frst, that light Consists of piarticles ol mtatter,
possessed with inertia.anud endoweul with at
tractive forces, anad projected or emitted from
all luminotas bodies. with nearly the satme velo
cIty, abot 20,000 miles per second. Secood,;
that these pa-rticles imupigning upont the reima,
stimulate and excite vistin; the particles whose.
inertia is greatest, producing the sensatin of*
red, those of the least inertia of viotet, and
those in which it is intermediate. the initermne
diatte colors."-Sir John Herschel's principles of.
~thc CorpuscularOr Necltian Chaory.
From the circumnstanice that the Newtonian,
or. Corpuscutlar theory, catnnot satisfactorily
account forall the phenomnena of light
Philosophets have recentivimnanifested an meh
nation to abaniduni the theory of Newton, and
-return to the undnlitry theory whitchn ac
cottnts for light. ty te vibrations or undttlt
tionisof an ethuerial fluid, which .pervades all
the uniiverse, antd penetrates all bodies, occupy
inn in thetn the interstices bet ween their inoe
te, and even pentetrating the primitive mole
From not being able to do the subject ittstiee1 t
I shall not it this place. enter into the discus
ison of these two gieit theories, which lis Oc
etpied the mind of the philosophieal world so
long, and which has been handled so prolotindly
by the most accomplished philosophers. i
shIallConsequintly hid furewell to this neta
physical branch of lmy snbject, and take up
that deparinteit which relutes to Optics.
Belbre the time of Pitagoras, %% ho hive! 370
years befere tie advent of onr iaviour. we
have Io ccouint IIl' optics. This PIhilosOipher
believed that there emenated from about bodies,
certaiin kinds of visibles. which acted upoin the
correa, and excited there the sensation of the v
presence of objects. Plato and Eupedocles, I
not bei ig content with this explication. say that i
there eieeites from the object anti lhie eyes c
certain eflinvia, which encounter and ingle, IL
the one with the other. ini the midst of their c
voyage. By this ciollission, the eflitivia which C
wentitrot the eye, returited to it,exciting there b
the sensdtion of the presetce of objects. The c
deciples of Plato adopted this system.and taughL C
the impeortait discovery that light is propagated
it. uinea recta. tnd t hat the anigles of incefence
ate equal to angles of reflectiolt. This was at
excellat principle for establshhig a theory o.
optics; -hut Aristotle. one of the deciples of'
Plato.being more ora disputati thanit a ge"- t
iteirictaii. in phre of securing thi4 idea. He
applied it to explain vision. by a mole more
conveniintly: and to know fight and its ob 9
ject Vislot is effected. according to him, by
the receptio of the iniages of objects in the r
eye This nate - is iot diffictlt to understand. 1
hot the mimer in which lie explims light, is i
iiore difiiciilt. 'T'le light, he says. is that which v
mtlakes bodies transparetnt. beennse bodies a
ire tnot so reallv-for at iight they acot
pke. He iitagiine' tit the light which
'xists in transparent Inedii, is owing to the
iresence of fire or some other ltminnts flutd. '
This is the coichision of Aristotle.
The snecossors of' Aristotle. whto ilapl)lied
teitselves to opttics. tanglt these ntiiotis as
abscitely as they Imiod them. The next great
tme lifter Aristotle, who appliel himself to
ptics, is Eclide-s. He turned his ittemlion
o th moventetit oiliglt, and to the laws If op.
ics, without explaining the nattire of hght.
[Hie fixed his attention tn two principal po-ints.
rhese were to determittii the aillarelt mngimin
de of objects. which tccording to him, de
ended upon two angles. under which they a
ppeared, and to meet in the vissible point of
he image in mirrors, which lie believed was
iormed by the concou.rse of the reflected with
lie perpenlicular ray. -Wtth these two iri.0
ilyles, they attempted to esplain mmay opticlit
thenotnena. and was their mailt theor of op.
ies. three hundred years belore Chiist. This C
heory is attribted to Enclides, ai able geoime. o
.ciano. ili demonstratitions iit this stbject e
trvery deli-etive, id hits uiethodl very iitri- b
7.ne.- - -- - - -0
Optics remnined stationary for more than a
'nor htndied years Diring this lig peti'd i
hilousopherq tever thought of Ierfecitinlg this V
nteresting department of scienci. eti
Ptotny, one Itundred and filly years before d
hrist. greatly ciltivaiteJ mittiletnatics, und n
elering opties to be it braitch of his lfivorite i
stidy, hte applied hiiself atlsoi to this science. ii
lie citiposed a learned woik, wl'ich is said to
lie fost, but we can form some ideai of it. froim
ie fragitmits which the Opticians, hi seucs- g
sore, has conserved. Ptolimy. first spenks ofa
tstroioimical tefractions. and afterwards of the t
ight which comes to us from the stars, thirouglh a
the atmospheie. The sectiod frngment is ati
explication of the excessive magiitiide of tie
stars, as seen just above ti. horizon. Pholomy J!
explatis this phenoitncii, in a itanner very Ii
metaphysically. The soul, says he, is that Il
wh ich judges that a stat is very large, rcative' R
ly to the great tutimiber of objects intereosed, i
vith whise comparison we form th idea of a
reat distlaie. wheu the star is iear the hori. d
r.on: but when it is very elevated abiove tle b
lotrizoif that is near the meridita, and having p
ill ohjct interised betweei the eye and t li
star. we jiige that it isininitbly more distant. d
T'hose wits itore aipreciated tIe opininis oi b
Ptolemy. were the independeit Arabs. They a
sitidied with great diligeac optics. ami coii.
posed oi this siliject imany works. T':ie first c
"Iwo wrote, whose name is Alfirabo. treated a
of vision. which is all esseuntial palt of optics.
Aouniter Arih cAlled hein-fleitin, lmt:aaged
he maitter mr' extieisively He wi ole "i a
iisiomt dirceta, refec.ca, ref raca, ni udi on bturning c
leesis- the exattmined first. the mtovemenit of
hligt, ini strait lineis; afuerwairds as it comtes no i
N eye by riflectin, andii tulti mately as it makes t
n impressiotn on this organ i. froim haviiing beenu ~
refracted. TLhiis attthor is the first who sp''kcj
)f fminittg -leitss. ati also mtetntions that Ar- ~
cuiides wais acquaitetd with these glasses. a
We tarie occasion to believe thtat the Greeks
'Cere tie invenitors if these lenise.. ini the lI
comedy of the cfoutds oh Ar istophiatnes, in p
have a f.ens of ulhree mies;-withtent timtidity tl
whichihe so mtneh satires Socraite', wie read i
that an a~tor fountd a kitnd of stone wvithi wvhich n
e' nias eniabledh to paty his debts; by) expol'imtgv
this stone to t lhe stun. and by its virtuie of coni r
veyttmg the rays to a fos, anid by briniging thiis
fornos to beair tipont the wax seal, tinder whiich 1
was written his debts. thereby meinig the
seal. atid Coniseqttent y exelnpitinig himn fromi the
paymieml of' his $e12. This stotne no donbi
was a fragmtent of glass. which rennited in aI
point, thie rays of thie sun, whoen it subistance
is a kiind of biirumtg lenis.
Fron Soerates to Archimnid, s, who hved.
230 years before the nativity of Jesuts Christ, t
we see in hiisiory nto othfer aicconuit of these
heses. nutii they were h'oiund to Lie of adimira
ble use, by Arcititmides. the, however.ntetnber
speaks of their iirigen' tior the improvemnetj,
o their iinveiitioni With these lies, Lucian r1
sys, Archtimides burnt thme ittman fleet, at a
distancue of three miles. TIhtis statettent is
now tnt received as beitng ma fact, as it is itm.
p~ossile fhr a heits, even the mutst plowerfugl, to
we place this ini the class of faubles.
Abot the year 1000. an Arab caled Alhauzen.
joined together till ihe' ideas of Ptolemfi oii the I
reflection of~ hight,. antd taught with them his
own. P'tolemiy wrote oni c:ttoptrica; which is
the science of the reflectioni of light. anid oifc
dioptrica, which is the setene of the refractionti
of light, lie slso described thie forct of spther
ical glasses. atid the magnitude cof objects aI
seen throngh these glasses. it the 13th centn
my, a learmned imathematiciatn by the tname of1
Vitiion., attempteud in a treatie, to putt the
optics oh' Alhbazen in better order. antI moret
clear and intelhig ble. A few years after this,r
tme Archbishop of Caniterbery compttosed a
woik on Optica directa, which he called per- i
spiectiva, that is to say,. the science of visionul
withiut re'flectiion. or refractioni with ,r corn
~s~edtmnm ,atnintriea. but Rsimr Bayon gmve , '
new form to optics. Bacon was a gren
rhilosopher, and endowed with an admirable
magr1-intation.
In the 16th century, John Baptist Porta, an
tullian, in making experiments with light,
elative to its uassing through different imedia,
ioiught of stretching some tissues of* skim, and
ttig the light ouly pass through a small per
ratioi, and in continction with glasses, he
vas enabled t fori the muiatire of' objects
i Iront of this aparatus.
This is the origin of the camera obscutra
dhich many celebrated philosophers, as Gre- I
isand. Polin cre ,lusteienrook, etc., have I
erlet'ted, ioakiiig it more managable and con- i
eniett, and to copy with facility all kinds of
bjects. After this discovery, Porta believed I
e had solved the great enig ma of' the rationale I
f visioi. Believimg the eye to be a kind of J
amera obscura in wnich objects are painted, .
ut he knew not where this pietrrre was form.
d-he believed, however, it was on the ciry s- -
dine lens.
Having spoken of tie origen of the princi
ill discoveries of the ancients in optics, I
ial ltow proceied to the other bratiches of this
:ience, and first. that whicrh iclates to the dil
rcicolors of bodies and the compound na
ire of light.
Light, notwithstanding it secms to he homeo
enions, is composed of' seven primntive colors (
-violet, indign , blue, green, yellow, orange. e
-d. This discover) was made by Sir Isanc a
iewtoin, by letting light pass through certain ti
redia, and Newton's discovery being impro- e
ed, has resulted in the invention off the solar tj
ectrotn. In the year 1775, a philoso:.het by a
ie tname of layer. regarded all the colors ofl
|ewton (the cib,-gyor of Newtoi; this word be- a
g composed tf the initials of'the sever colors,
id in their order of ref'rac'tion) as arising it
-iom the mingling of three colors-red. yellow, A
ie. (The ryb of Mayer, this word being
iilar to ilic one just mentioined.) %s by a il
umibination of rel and green ins certain pro
ortions, produces a color perlfectly ,denticalt
ith the yellow to the spectrum. and a ixture
f violet and green a perfect blue. Froum this. ti
oung ituagined that the miny shades of the ri
ecirum are componded of' green, rel and tl
oh-t, thie gri of' or Youting.) Sir David ,
rewster inferred frot certain experimeiits. t,
rat greeii and violet are compound colors; he t
Joits the hypothesis of' Mayer, which is, that i
ie three homogenions colors are red, yellow z
d bie. -ince' his time, most of the philes- tl
diers of' distinction coincide with Brewster, a
Sthse hypothesis of Dr. Mlayer.
Notwi:htstaiding there is such a diversity of
lor among the ionimerable bodies of which
mr globe is composed. they are all compound
i of' three primitive colors, red, yeiluow. and
lue. 'I lie same relation exist" in the colors-.
r natural bodies, n in their comiposition, and
our world is composed of 54 elements by
'hose varions combinations we have such n im
niety of' bjects; and if we subtract front
.ese54 all tie ie'talN and earths. the remain
er will be but siall; which compose the great
miss of' all things. Oxygen. carbon. and hy
rogenar tire prinriprl elements which forr n
e most of' bodies. so as regards iumbers the a
rimitive colors of fight and the elements of li
uidies ire the soie-both bemg three-oxy
er. carbon. and hydrogen formirntg till bodies; e
d red yellow and blueall colors. The prim
ive colfors are also aialogous to tire alphabet.
4 by the differen"t joining of the 26 letters, are
rined the man y books which treat of ar infi
ite nhier of'subjec., and is by the diffiereint ,
ining together of these primitive elements in j
teratire, new ideas imay he advanced which ii
c worl never has before heard of'; so inl s
:iece, by the differenit mingling of the prir a
ve coilors, red, yellow and blue, arid the ele
rentriry subhstaines, carbon. oxygen and hyt
rogei, we may generate new colors and new
odies, which never has before existed. Thle
rimitive colors are also very like tinuers- E
is by the nine dignits and cypher, that the r
ifferent numbers are i'xpressed and as num
era progress ad infinitmin in the ascending
id dece'ding scale, so with colors
Trhe different colors of' bodies are owirig to(
eraimi rays of light being reflected and the
tlers absorbed; ir examrnple. aniy red surbstaice,
s carmine or verimillion is sir because the
ther two rays. blue nid yellow, are absorbed.
.d the re r'ay rrflece--the blue and yellow
doriS arce accornmed'i f'or on the saime prrmtciple. i
'ranisarenicy' is owing to alt thiree ..ay's passr
ug thrroigh withamr besirig obstriteted-"-black,
r' their all beinig nbsorbed, mand whritertess to
I three rays beiing reflected; iandr the difi'eret
itermeiate colors to ai cominiationr of' differ
nt proponrt'ifns of' the reflecte~d rays. Thters
re oer brainchies o.f optics. surch as the pala
zation, abri'atiirn. re'etionr. and inf'erence of'.
gi. whrir'h I .in necessardi~y comipelled to
res ovetlrt iront having plates tor explainii
wmnn : int as these suibj'ect5sire sr ittencte it
inimprsible f'or toe by words aloni to give
y defirite idea of' ithm TVhose however,
ro are curions on these points. I refer to tire
gulai systemit onr optics.
There is anthtfer sitbject connrected widtr op.
e, wh'lich though mrr'e eof an art than a pecr
riee, on which it imay tnot be onut of' place to
rake' a few remrarks-it relates ter Dargnerro
;r'. This in a term apphedt to a proncess by I
fichi imrages are imtpressed" urpona prlates if' I
ilver. fromr the lens of a camerra obsran -
'iris rece'nt discovery was tiade bry tinguerro,
t igeniorns Parisian artiziin. I shaill not in r
is article aittemnpt to exlfinit the thOOi7 ry f tire
ricess of' taking nuanges, as this would pro
rg the preseirt urr ticle beyond iill dire boiinds;
tuf I irmagirno there are riot rmanry who tire st
rqiesitive is to wishl it' I shrill, in as brief' a
inuner as possible, describe the aparatris and
anriplatinrs in takitng ' the Drguerrotype." f
it the first place, the operator must have a
eeri instrinrn'nt, on tire primciple of' a carmers1
bscura. Secondly, a snificienmt nnmber of'
fates; these are mnade' by coratimg copper
hates with pure silvei' It wouild be better
n Dagierrtype takers to prurcharse these L
fates f'rom a gildirng f'actory, as at these places I
hey are mad~e to greater prorfection than he
oneld possibly make them himaself'; tire plates
fter having been made. are highly polished .
vith diluted iiitr'ic acid; af'ter tis. theo plate is
rhjeted to the diil'used vaptor of' iodine--the I
'late is ow ready fotr thre receptioin of' obrjectsc.r
a the corirae of'a few secondis, afteig sitting f'or
be image. thed #Iate is'removed. a'nd' thougha
be image canriot~ibh s'eeni. yet it is indelibly
eceive. arid may be mradle visible ,by subject
erg ir to the - apor r1nrtmere'tiry .nfter this it is
rnmersed in a solution of' hnyo(ijphite eof' soda,.
td fially the plate iscbiiled inirdistil led water'
nd allowed to dry. The picture isnrow qmite
:..:le mi..nI ,ret, and is eady f'or frnimit1e. i t
LAwS oF SOUTH CAROLINA.
An Act to alter the sittings of the Courts of
aw, in certani Districts.
1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
lepresentatinm,. now met and sating in Gen.
tral Assemby, and by the authority of the
,ame, That hereater the Courts of Common
leas and General Sessions foi the several Die
aicts, within the Northern, Middle and Eas
ern Cicitts.hereafter mentioned, shall be held
it the times fallowing. respectively instead of
he times nnvprovided by law; thatis to say,
or the Distnets of Richland, Edgefield, Spar
aanburg and Oerterfield, on the let Mondays
n March and October in every year, to sit two
veeks for the District s or Richland and Edge
ield, .and one week for the Districts of Spar.
nburg and'Chesterfield at each term; for the
)istricts of Unisn and Marlborough, on the
econd Monday in March and October in ev
ry year, to sit two weeks for the Distaict of
Jnion and one week for the District of Marl
orough at each term; for. the .Districts of
ewberty and.Darlington. on third Monday in
arch and October in every .year. to sit one
eek at each term; foi the D stricts of f'air
eld, Lexington and Marion, on the -fourib
onday in March and I October in every year,
>sit one week at each term; for the Districts
fChester. Stanter, and Horry. on the first
londay after the fourth Monday in March and
ctober in every year, to sit for one week at
ach term; foaihe Districts of York, Kershaw
d Georgetown, on the second Monday after
ie fourth Monday in March and Octeber in
very year, to sit one week at each term ; for
ie Districts of Lancaster and -illiamsburg,
n the third Mouulay after the fbrth Monday
a .larch and October in every year. to sit ror
ne week at eheh term - For the District of
|arleston. on the fiit"Monday in May, in
very year. instead of the second Monday in
larch to sit vis weeks.
Sec. 2 That all suits and process which
itll have been' made returnable to the Cours
rany of the said Districts. at the times hereto
>re provid, d by law, shall respectively be le-^
al and valid. to all intents and purposes, for
se Courts next to be held in the sair Districts
.spectively, aceo'rdintg to the provisions of
is Act; and that all persons who have been
aminoned. or many hereafter be sumansoned.
> attend the Ciarts of any of the said Dis
icts. as jurors or witnesses. or who now are
r who shall. hereatter be bound in. recogni
ance to appearat any- of the said Courts, at
te times heretofore provided by law, shall be
nd are hereby reqnired to attend or appear at
w Courts of lie said Districts, respectively,
ext to be held aceording to the provisions of
-is Act.
Sec. 3. Thar Spnrtanbnrg be, and is hereby
Ided to the Northern Circuit.
An AfIIieatiiiipersonIs practicing
lehicine under the Botanic or Thompso
ian system to receive conpensatron for
leir %:ervices.
Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the honoralFe
ie Senate and House of Represetatives
ow mea and sitting in Gem-eral Assembhly,
nd by the authority of the same. That
ereafter all persas now practicing, or
.ho may hereafter practice Medicino ac
arding to the Botanic .,r Thoahp.onian
ystem, shall have the privilege of-an
ing reasonable charges foir their services.
nd may sue for and recover such char
es before any tribunal having competent
risdiction: Provided that nothing here
i contained-. shall confer upon any person
practicing such privileges unless he be
graduate of a legally oroaized Thomp.
onian College ofr Medicine, anrid shall
onine himself to the use or administra
n of such Medicines only as properly
elong or are embraced in the Thompso
in system or medicie.
An Act to provide for the more effectual
nllection of Taxes fiom Free persons of
olor.
1. Be it enacted by the Senate and
louse of Representatives. now met and
iting in Geteral Assembly, and hy the
uahority of the same, That it shall bo
be duty of evely free negro, maillato, or
iestizoe withina this State, between the
gem of fifteen and fifty years (exCept
uca as shall be clearly proved to the stat
faction of the Collector to be incapable
mm aaims or otherwisDe of providing a
ivelihod,) to make due return of thenm
elves to the Tax Collector of the Dis
ric, itn which they reside, for the purpose
f paying such Capitation Tax as is or
nay be imposed on them by law; and it
hull he lawful for anty maemherof a fain
ly to make returns for the other members
f tec family, or for any female or any
ic or inafirm petro ho make return by
aagent, and such return shall be receivedl
s lawful by the Tax Caoliector.
Se. 2. In case any free negro, mulat
a, or mjestizoe shatll not make such rat
u~rn within the time prescribedl by law for
t paymencrt of the Tax imposed alt the
resent session, or hereafter, upon her or
li. stch free naegro.-mtallat to or mesti
air shall be double taxed, atnd the Tax
ollectoar shall he anthorized to issue ex
eationa as in enses where any white per
on shall ftail to make retortn.
Sec. 3. The Tax imposed upon any
ree negro, mullattee or mnestizos mnay be
ai by him or her at the time of making
is or her return.
A Act to abolish the punishment of,
eat a in cases of forgery and counterfei
. Be it enacterh y the Honorable the
citnaie and House of Representatives,
ow met and sitting in General Assembly
ad by the authority -same. That in all
aes where the punishment of death is
rposed hy' law upon any person who
ball be convicted of falsely making, for
'ing, 0orterfeiting, or causing, or pro.
oring to be faitely, made, forged or con
-rfeied; tar of williogly acting or assistin~g
ra the false making, forging or counterfel
ing of any writing or instrument of w ri
.... nnor ungO ublishainst as trtie any
false, forged or counterfeited writing, or
instrument of writing, or of fasely making,
forging, counterfeiting. altering. chaning,
defacing, or erasing, or causing or procur
ing to be falsely made, forged, counter
feited. altered, changed, defaced, or
erased, any record or plat of land, or of
willingly acting or tssisting in any of the
premises, with an intention to defraud any
person, or of counterfeiting. or uttering, or
attempting to pass, knowing it to be
counterfeit, any gold or silver coin or of
making or keeping in possession any
stomp dye or mould for coining; the said
punishment is hereby abblished; and in
lieu thereof, the person cotvicted shall be
sentenced to he whipped thirty nine lashes,
and to be imprisoned not less than one
year nor more than seven years, and also,
to pay such fine as may be judged expedi
ent, at the discietion of the Judge who
May try the case.
PUBLIC MEETING.
The public meeting yesterday morning
was very respectfully attended. His
Honor t he Mayor pro. tem. presiding. and
J. H. Dukes, Esq.. acting as Secretary.
11 was ably addressed by Messrs. Mem
minger, Hunt, Phillips and Seymour.
which prompted the passage of the reso
lutions unanimously introduced by the
first named gentleman.
'rhe preamble and resolutions were
ordered to be published in the city paper
and those of columbia.
The citizens of Charleston have heard
with unfeigned regret, of the sufering in
the upper Districts of our State, occasion
by the failure of the Provision crop of'.he
last season. Tne distress which such a
ralamity must produce, is increased by
the fact that our country has been so
peculiarly blessed with abundant grain
crops. that the people are entirely tnpre
pared to meet on rare and unexpected an
emergency. The first and immediate
effiect which it has produced, has been a
hasty emigration of those whose needs'si
ties were stronger than the ties which
hound them to their domestic hearths.
From the District of Sparranhurg alone it
is ascertained that upwards of two thou
sand personsuhave already Red front the.
destitution whi'dh' aelted them, to seek
in the West some rieanseof support. The
condition of many ' thoso wh6' remain
may be conceived when it is known, that
in the whole districtt. not more tha ione
sixth.of the usual provision crnp has been
marld, Wihile in many neighborboods
t here are entire fields which have produced
si-ardsly a single ear of corn. In this
calaniity several of thb adjacent districts
have shared, and though. perhaps, not to
the same extent, yet so great is the desti
lotion, that they are unable to provide for
suerers among themselves, much less for
those in other districts. Throughout this
region of country, with the exception of
Greenville antid perhaps of Pendleton
District, the distress is such as to call
forib the active Pyipaties of our people.
In these circumstance, the people of
Charleston, both in.the City and on the
Neck, would do injistice to their own
feelings, if they did not at once unite in
giving their expression, and cone forward
to the relief of their fellow citizens.,
Resolred, That the .cisiiZens of the iwo
Parishes of St. Philips atnd St. Michaels,
do hereby tender to their fellow citizens of
the Upper Districts of our State, their
kintliest sympathies for the smiffering pro
duced aiongst them by the failure of
their. provision *rop. and w'ill dni aHy
ntribute their aid'to alleviate that suffe.
ring.
Resolved, That a Committee of twenty
citizens h appointed in e-, eh, War'd of the
City, and two Committees on the Neck,
for the purpose of taking up the contribtu
tion of the people two parishes, in aid of
the sufferinig in the Upper Districts; and
that the Committ~ees do immediately pro
cedd aronlhdii theii- respective precincts
to execute the duty entrusted to them.
Resoleed, That the Chairman of these
Committees, with the acting Mayor of the
city, he co.stituted an Executive Comn
mitteo, to-.recejveal the .contrihulieist
when collected, and to make all proper
arrangements for- applying the same to
relieve in the most effectual manner those
who are suffering in the Upper Districts
from ttte existing scarcity of provisions.
Chtar. Courier.
The Post Ofeie Department.-it does
sefi surprising. that while the Secreta
ries report from four to sits millions as thte
annual expendittures for the support of
the army atnd navy, wvithout any fear that
the extravagance of the appropriations
should be condemned or any questions
asked asked as to the cui bono of this
outlay for military purposes, if the ex
penditures of the Post Ollice Depart.
ment exceed its receipts by a few thou
sands, the Post Miaster General feels it to
be his duty to sugigest some- mode by
which this loss may. be marde up to the
reasury. For wvhpt reasottiwe-ask again.
Is the facility of corn muniication bet ween
all quarters of the republie less necessary
to its security, or to the comfort and con,
venience of the people, th~tau an arn'y or
a navy ? Or can the latter be made
usefuil or effeetive without the advantage
of the former? And if not, wipy .shoultd
these be kept up by heavy appropriations
made without a murmtnr, aind charged -to
the general expenises of the government,
while this is considered as a mnatter for
the support of which the government
should not be called upon to expend .a
cent?'
We say then that the establishment o,.
public mails being necessary for carryitig'
on the al'airs of the country-and commt-.
nicating to all alike fite advantages which.i
result from them. should he considered- its,
a part of the necessary expenditures of
the Government-hat the tax -imposed
for a partial reimbursemont of the ex
pense of this establishment, which is im.
posed in the forn of postage, silould be
of the most moderate amount, so ht it
may fall upon the poor with the least.
possible hardship-and that whatever of
deficiency mnay arise from this low rate of
postage should be paid out of the generat
treasury fund, and charged to the general
expenses of the Government. And two
any, in conclision, that any fitempt 'to.
raise the postage, whether by charging
postages according to the number of pie-,
ces of which a letter is composed, or is
any other way, would be exceedinglj un-.
popular.-Chas. News.
The Summer Ended.-Another sumn
mer is ended. Its months and hours are
numbered. Its events, and the acts of
each individual, are recorded for exhibi
tion at the juagement. Many who reed
our journal have soon their last summer',
To them the autumn and winter of life,,
with its cold. and frosts, and death, are,
close at hand, They'will see the sear and
yellow leaf of outumn fwle andt fall for
the lasi time. The wintry night winds
will moan around their graves, or sweep
gently over the place of their repose.
Whent the spring re:nrus, their slumbers
will be too deep to feel its genial influencer4
The rose and the flowers will blootm
again, hut their fragrance will. not pene-i
srate the narrow chamber wh'ro they
eleap. The sun will come back agait
from his souihern journey. and shed,
dowti on fields of.gras.s anti %ayvitng graia'
*is genial an'd ripning rays. His bright
beams will look each morning into the'
chambers where they slept during their
sojourn on earth, but the shutters of the'
chamber where they will fhen sleep ri
he too fast closed to admit his rays. -The.
bustle and din of life will advance unheed
ed as in summers gone by. but no nise at
the door of their chamber will avail to
disturby their slumbers. Tile sid walled.
cottage. where now d wells the imtttbruty
mind, will be taken down. That iuvi
ble inhabitant will iave leid it i
miounit oif uriins-6iiseen by tifrra-eyus
to make its way to that mysterious fnd.
where spirits dwell. - .
The next Governor.-The Editor ofi the,
South Carolinian has nominated the HonUJ
David Johnson as a suitable person Lo ill
he gubernatorial chair upon the expiration
of the term of the present iucumbect.
The nomination is on unohjectionable Otie
though we think it ratner premature. L
is a growing fault of our country, this aye-,
tem of early nominations. No souner isa.
candidate elected to discharge the duties of
an office, than !he politicians begin to look.
out lr so less than five candidates for tio.
Presidency in 1849, although Mr. Polk has.
been in office bu: nine tnontths. It is a
custom more honored in tie breach than..
the observance. Jmu!y is titne enough for
a gubernatorial nomination, and would.
thengive the State ample opportunity to
canvass the metits (if the candidates.
Char.. Evening News.
Extraorqinary .Wil -A short titne sin.e the.
will i a Johnt Hedges. Esq., was proved in
Doctors Comnons. The lullowing is a vet.:
hatin copy of this extraordinary wdil, and we
believe unparalleled documnmtt.
"'rThe ftt. dey -of May'
Being airy and'ay. -
And to hyp not tnclined,
l1ut of vigorons miM.
And my body in health,
I'll dispose of tmy wealth,
Atnd alt l'm to leave.
(On thtis side of the grave,
To some one or pther,
And I think to my brother,
Jlecause 1 foresaw.
That may brethrent in law1
if I dti not take care.
Would corns in for their -sh.rd,
\Vhich I nowise intended,
Till tneir manmners are mended, '
A nd of that, God knows, there's n. sign
I do therefo enjoin.
Antd do strictly c.a ttand,
Of. which witness my hand,
Thbat nought I have got.
'' e brougt ito hotcha pot;
And I give and devise,.
As mucha as in mae lies. e
To the son of my mnother,
My own deaF brother,
Tro have and to hold;:.
All nmy silver and- gold.*
As the aff'ectionate pledges
Of his brother-.ohn Hedges."
Judge Garland.-A report was current.
in the city yesterday that this person. had .
fled to Havana. It is certain har'be has.
not been arrested, and that .the officers'
have b~een unable to find him.-N. 0.
Picayjune.
What with hoisters behind and big.
muff's . before .our fashidna bles catry i.
broad sway.just now. A lady i.ti fa11
winter street paranh~oualia, now Joolks like.
a Dutch mealtbag, pr'ovided with. power.,
of locomotion'.. Butithis is fashion, and if
it was made fashionable to, walk on the.,
head, it. would be .beredy to say a word.
aggainsftii-amd so'we are nma.... so
Star. . . ..,. . . .
What wsoulia thie Star -man'.hawrp? Is'
he not wtlling that the ladiesishapidmaks
Ithemselves comfortable this cold-weather?
Before you give ..way o anger, . g
findsa resun for not bemzagef. **is