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VO4. -A VOL.1] ~~WINNSBORO, S. C.2 WJVEDNESDX1. MO1INING ,AJUT2,~6.[O . THE 'AIRFIELD HERALD, IS PUnBISnED wEKLY BY Vir1i1(tr Desportes & Co Terms.-T'an l[IRALD is publlihed Week. ly in the Town o' Wiisboro, at 93.00:ii Vareabky t aduance. .Oy- All traisieit advertisemetits to bo imid inl advan.:o. Obituary Notices and Tributes $1.00 per 1118 PillASLPIIIA NATIONAL CONMEN T10N, Aduriens to line People of tihe Unkited Statesm. A DEMAND FOR SOUTHERN REPnEsEN TrATION IN CONGRESS. The following is the address issued by the National Convention, lately held in Philadelphia, to the people of the United Sates: 'T. the People of the United Sttes: Having iet in convention at the Vity of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, this 16th day of August, 186(, as the representatives of the lpteople in all the States and Territo is of the Union, to consult upon the condition anld the wiants of our com 111on clouitry, we address to you this elau tim on of' outr principles, and of he onIaal purotiises wo seek to pro - mei0et inig of the last ion, in the year 1860, courred wh ich- have r.,ae cof our internial -nivi the llnite(d States a ug the lntis of the - i. Our ( overnentcut Itas passed thtmnghl the 1k.. siitdes and the perils ol'civil war-a war which, though mainly sectionlal in its Character, has nievertheless decided political dih'er ences that fromli the very beginning of the G overniient had thireatened the unity ofour national existence, and has left its impress deep and inen'ace able upon all the interests, the senti ments, and the dost iny of the republic. Whlile it has inflicted upon the whole country &.overe losses in. life and-in prop ,erty, and has imposed burdens wiich must weigh upon its resources for generations to cMe, it has dlevel oped a degree of national courage ill thle presence of national dlagl~ers--a, capacity for military organization and achievement, and a devotion on the part of thle people to theo form of thle government which they lave ord ained, and to the principles of liberty which that Govornment was designed to pro mote, whichi nist confirm tile confi dence of the nation ill the perpetuity of its re ublicau institutions, and comn mand tie respect of the civilized world. Like all great contests which rouse the passions and test the endurance of nations, this war has given now scope to the ambition of the political par ties, and fresh impulse to plans of in novation and reform. Amid the chaos of conflicting sentiments inseparable from such an era, while the publio heart is keenly alive to all the pas sions that can away the public judg mont and affect the public action ; whilo the wounds of war are still fresh and bleeding on eithier side, and fears for the future take unjust proportions from the momorics and resentments of the past,-it is difficult but an im perativo duty which on your behalf we, who are here assembled, have un dertaken to perform. For the first time after six long years of alienation and of conflict, we have comle together from every State and1( every section of our land, as citi zens of a common country, urder that 4 flag, the symbol again of a common glory, to consult together how best to cement and perpetuate that Union which is again the object of oar comn mon love, and tihus scure the bless ings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. TIlE INTERESTs OF PEACE. In the first placc, we invoke you to remiember, always and everywhere, that the war is ended and the nation is aga in at peace. The shock of con tenlding arms 110 longer assuhils the shuddering heart of the Republic.. The inisurr~ection against the supreme authority of the nation has been sup pressed, and that authority has been again ackniowledgcd, b'y word and act,. in every State and by every citi'zeu within its jurisdiction. We are no ' * longer requiredl or permitted to regard .or treat each other as enemies. Not only htave the acts of war been discon ttinued, and thte weapons of war laid id~te, bult the state of war no longer * exists, and thte sentiments, thte pas sions, the relations of war havo no longer lawful or rightful place any wthcre throughout our broad domain. WoT are again p)oople of the Uinited * States, fellow-citizena of one country, bound by the duties and obligations of a common patriot ismi, and %lhaving necithior rights nor interests apaiA fromt * a common destiny. The duties that * devolve utpon- us now are again the du I ties- of peace, and no longer the duties -of war. We have assembled hero to take counsel concerning the interest! of peace ;to decide hiow we miay most wisely and effectually heal the wouda the war has made, and perpetuate the benefits it has secured, and the bless ing which under a wise and benign Providence, have sprung up in its fiery track. This is the work, not of pas sion, but of calm and sober judgment; not of resentment for past offences pro longed beyond the limits which justice and ieason prescribe, but of a iberal statesmanship which tolerates what it efnimpt prevent, and build its plans and hopes for the future rather upon a com inunity of interest and ambItion than upon distrust and the weapons of force. POLITICAL RESULTS OF TIHED WAR. In the next place, we call.upon you to recognize in their full significance, and to accept with all their legitimate consequences, the political results of the war just closed. In.two most im portant particulars the victory achiev ed by the National Government has been final and decisive. First, it has established beyond all further contro versy, and by the highestof all human sanctions, the absolute supremacy of the National Government, as defined and limited by the Constitution of the United States, and the permanent in tegrity and indissolubility of the Fed eral Union as a necessary conse quence ; and, second, it has put an end finally and forever to the exis tence of slavery upon the soil or with in the jurisdiction of the United States. Both these points became di rectly involved in the contest, and controversy upon both was ended ab solutely and finally by the result. 'rl% nmonT OF IEPInESENTATION. In the third place, we deem it of the utmost imporianice that. Ole real charac ter of the wtr and tihe victory by which it was closeil should be aceurately tm. dersiood. 'Tie war was carried on 6v th.11 Governmrain, of the Uited Statei ii in ialmttenan11ce of its ow. aiuthorii v, ned ill defelce of its own * exist enl.e., b>in of which were im e naced by Ith II er. tion which it sought to suppres.. Th. suppression of that insurrection accom. plished that. result. 'Iit Governmen. of the United States maintained bV force of' arms the supreno ai horit y over all the territory, and over all 1h1 States and people within itsjjurisdiction which the Constitution confers upon it but it acq-iired thereby no new por no enlarged jurisdiction, no rights of' territorial possession or of civil authori. ty which it did not possess before the rebellion broke out. All the rightful power it can ever possess is that which is cotiferred upon it, either in oxpress terms or by fair and necessary implica. tion, by the Constitution of the United States. It was that power and that an. thority which tho rebellion sought to ovarthrow, and the victory of the Fede. ral artms was simply the defeat of that attempt. The Government of the Uni. ted States acted throughout the war on lhe defensive. It sought ontly to hold possession of what was its own. Nei ther the war, nor the victory by which it was closed, changed in any way the Constitution of the United States. The war was carried on by virtue of its pro. visions, and under the limitation which they prescribe, and the result of the war did not either enlarge, abridge, or in any way change or affect the powers it confers upon the Federal Government, or release that Government from the restrictions which it has imposed. Tihe Constitution of the United States is to-day p)recisely as it was before the wvar, the "supreme Jaw of the land, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary, not withstanding ;" and to day, also, precise ly as before the war, all the powers not confe:rred by the Constitution upon the General Government, nor prohibited by it to the Sttates, arc "reserved to the several States, or to the people thereof." Thtis position is vindicated not only by the essential nature of our Government, and the language and spirit of the Con atitution, but by all the acts and the language of our Government, in all its departments, and at all times from the outbreak of the rebellion to its final overthrow. In every message and pro clamra-t'on of the Elxecutive it was oxpli citly declared that the sole purpose and object of the war was to maintain the authority of the Constitution and to preserve the integrity of tho Union f and Congress more than once reiterated this solemn declaration, and added the assur ance that, whenever this object should be attained, the war should 3ease, and all the States should retai'mr threir equal rights and dignity unimpaired. It is only since the war was closed that other rights have been asserted on behalf of Otno department of the Gbneral Govern mont. It hae been proclaimed by Con gross that, in addition to the powers conferred upon it by the Constitution, the Federal Government may now claim over the States,. the territory and'i the people involved in the insurrection, the rights of war, the rightof conquiest and of confiscation, the right to abro. Igate all existing Governments,- instltu tionis and laws, and to sub ect tite' terri tory congsered' anti' itw haIbitnts to such l'aws,. reantu dhprivatiOhe as. thme legislative departments.of the Gov ernent may see fit to impose; Under this broad' and sweteping claimil. that clause of the Constitution whieh- pro. vided that "no State sliMI,; without Its consemt; be deprived of its egual' suff rage in, the Senate of th-e United$ae? has bean annultred' anid' teun States have Aboon, refused, and are still refused, reg. resentation altogether in both branches of tho Federal Congress. And the Congress in which only a part of the States and of' the people of the Union are represented has asserted the right thus to excido the rest from represen tation, and from all share in making their own laws or choosing their own rulers until they shall comply witlh such conditions and perform ench acts as this Congress thus emposed maity itself pro scribe. That right has not only been assorted, but it has been exercised, and is practically enforced at the present time. Nor does it find any -support in the theory that the States thus exclud ed are in rebellion against the Govern. ment, and are, therefore, ,recluded from sharing Its authorit.y. ' hey are not thus in rebellion. They are, one and all, in an attitude of loyalty toward the Governmant, and of sworn allogi. ance to the Constitution of the United States. In no one of then is there the slightest indication of resistance to this authority, or the slightest protest against its just and binding obligation. This condition of renewed loyalty has been officially recognized by solornu procla mation of the Executive Department. The laws of the United States have been reopened and Federal taxes im posed and levied, and in every respect, except. that they are denied represoita tion inl Congress and the Electoral Col lege, the States once in rebellion are recognized as holding the same position, as owing the same obligations and sub. ject to the same duties as thm other States of our common Union. It scoms to us, in the exercise of the calmest and most candid judgment we can bring to ,lie subject, that sucli a claim, so enforced, involves as fatal an overthrow of the Constitution, and as coiplete a dest-ruction of the G(overn. iment and Union, as that, which was iought to be effected by the people and States n aried mnsurrection against tlei hofh. It cannot escape obsIrva iioi that. the power thus asserted to ox lu(de certain Stats from representation is made to rest. wholly in the will and discretion of the Congress that. asserts it. It. is not. made to depend uipoii any spi cified conditions or cie cumst.ances, nor to le subtijec' to any rules or reglt.iions wI::tever. The right i-tttri nd ex. etc,. a abshitifte, Wilthoil, q ifit'ieni tion or restriction, not coafined to States in tehollion, nor to States that have rebell. ed ; it. is in the right of any Congress in formal possession of legislative author it.y to exclude any State or States. and any portion oi ti people thereof, at aiy time, from representation in Congress and in the Electoral College, at its own discirtion, and until they shall perform such acts and comply with such condi tionts ae it may dictate. Obviously, the roason for such exclusion, being wholly within the discretion of Congress, may change as the Congress itself shall change. One Congress may exclude a State fromn all share in the Govern ment for one reason ; and that reason removed,the next Congress tmay exclude it for another. One State may bo ex cluded on one gaound to day, and an other may be excluded on the opposite ground to-morrow. Northerp ascendan cy may exclude Southern States from one Congress; the ascendancy of Wes. tern or of Southern interests, or of both combined, may exclude the Northern or the Eastern States from the next. Improbable as such usurpation may seem the establishment of the principle now asserted and acted upon by Congress will rendor them by no means impossi ble. The character, indeed the ver'y existence, of Congress and the Union is thus made dependent solely and entirely upon the party and sectional exigences or forbearances of the hour. Wneod not stop to show that action not only finds no warrant in the Oonsti tution, but is at war with every princi ple of our Government, and with the very existence of free institutions. It is, indeed, the identical practice which has rendered fruitless all antempts hither to to establish and mairntain free gov. ernments in Mexico and the States of South America. Party necessities as sert themselves as superior to thbe funda. mental law, whicha is set aside in reck }ess obedience to their beh'estt. Stabili ty, whether in the sexercise of power, in the administration of governmnent, or in the enjoyment of rights, becomes im.. possible ; and the conflicts of party which, uinder constitutional *governments, are the conditions aind means of political progress, are merged in the conflicts of armsto, which Lihey directly and inevita bly tend. It was against this peril, so conspic. uous and so fatal to all free governments, that our Constitution was intended es pecially to provide.- Not only the sta bility, but, the very existence, of the Government is made by its provisions to depend upon the right and the fact of reprensentation. The Congress upon. which is conferred .all the hegislative' power of the National Govern ment, con slsts of two branches, the Senate and Hlouso of Representatives. says the Coan stittniiot (atiQle 1,. secitton 2),- "shall be composed of members choseir every see-' -ond' yea~r'by the pogle of the several States.' Not only is the right of repIre. sentation thus recognized as possessed by all the'Statis and-by every State: withs out restriction, qualification or; condition of any lkind,' but the duty of. choosing representatives is inmposed-upon the poo plle of each and'eiver'y Statu- alike; with. out d1~inctioni, or the authority to make or upon any grounds wiatover. And in the Senate, so careful is the Constitu. tion to secure to every State this right, of represenlation, it is expressly provi ded that "no State shall without its coni sent, be deprived of its equial suifral',ge" in that body, even by en amndIInt, of the Consti tution itselr. '\Vhen, therelore. any State is excuded from such repre sentation, not only is a right of the State denied, but the constitutional integrity of the Senato is impaired, nud the valid. ity of the Government itself is brought in question. But Congress at the pres ent moment thus eoludes from repre sentationl, inl both branches of Conlgreis, ten States of the Union, deinv jug themt all share In the enaicit t of laws by which they are to be governed, and all participation itn the eliction of rnhers by which those lnws are to be enforced. In other words, a Congress in which only twenty- six States arc represented asserts the right to govern, absolitely and in its own discretion, all the thirty six States which compose the Union to make their lavs and choose their n. lors, and to exclude the other Len fromt, all share in their own government until it sees fit to admit. them thereto. V Imt is there to distingmsli lie power iIt.s asserted and exercised from the must, ab solute and intolerable tyranny ? EXTnAVAGANNT CL.A IMS OF CONiiES. Nor do these extravig:nt and iji: t. claimis on lie part of Coingress to powers and atthority never conferred iipon th Government by the Coostitutio-n. find anly warrant in the!'tnii- t ii s or eXCtuISs urged oi their behalif It, is alleged, First. That the.e Supes, by the act of rebellionii aid b vohmiarilv withdinw ing their mai .ers from (on res, f"r. fited tin-ir righit to re!prese4nltation, and t that thwy can only r-etivie it .1:iin a the1 hlands of t.be sulpre'nle legislvny. all tiority ,of the Goveru I n),I its own termiiis tIand at. its owIl discre.t ion. If rep. r('senliatiOl in Coligi's n alid j 1i i 11ittif'i inl Iie Goverinmnuit w\ere simplyt11 piivil egos con 'erred and held by favor, ib1i:, stat etent. m11iglt have tle inerit of pla.si hility. -But, representation is uder the, Consitution not. only expre.-t:ly recogiii zed as n right, but is imposed as a duty and it is essential inl hoth respec;s to the existence of I ie Governmnn. tid to the manuinanco of its atithoritv. Inl' Iiee Governments findamental nnd essential rigahts cannot be forfeiied, exeopt agaI st, individuals by the process of' ]:iw; nor can constitutional duites and obligations be discarded and laid iaide. The en joyment of rights may be for the limi suspended by Lite failure to claim them, nnd duties may be evaded by the refusal t to perform them. 'Ihie withdrawal of ( their members front Congress by the t States which resisted the General Gfov- t ernment was among their acis of insur- C rection - was one of the means andl ien- e cies by which they oight to impair lie I aurhorit and defeat the notion of ihie Goucrrnent ; and that act was annulled o and rendered void when the insurrection t itself was suppressed Neither the right c of representation nur the duty to be rep- 1 resented wats in thie least impaired by the fact of insurrection ; but -it mny have t boon that by reason of the insurrection t the conditions on which thie enjoytment of that right and the performance of that duty for the lime depended could not be I fulfilled. This wns, in fact, the caso. I An insurgent power, in the exercise of f the usurped and unia wful autlhority in i the territory under its control, had pr'o- I hibited that allegiance to the Constitu- I tion and la ws of t~ho United Sl ates which t is made by that fuindamenial law thio ( essential condition of represen tat ion in its Government. No mnn wvithnin the I insurgent States was allowed to take i. the oath to support thin Constitution of < the United States, and, as a necessary< consequencen, n10 man can lawfully rep. j resent those States in the councils of th' 1: Uinion. B1ut this was only an obstacle Ic to tho emnployment of the right and to 1f the discharge of a duty-it did not annul t the one nor abrogate the other ; and it ' ceased to exist when the usurpation by ' which it was created had been over- C thrown, anid the States hind again re- ( sumied their allegiance to the Constitu- f tion of the United States. Second :But it is assorted, in sup- ~ port of the authority claimed by thne f Congress now in possession of power, that it flo'ws directly fronm the lawvs of t wvar; that it is among the rights which I victorious war always confers upon the I coniquerors, anid .which thio conqjueror ~ may exorcise or waive in his own dis- t crction. To this we reply that the laws 1 in) ques9tioni relate solely, so far as the t rights they -confer nrc concevned, to ' wvars wagedl between alien and indepen dent nations, and' cani have no place or force, in this regard, in a war waged by ~ a government to siuppress an insurrec- ~ tion of :its own people, upon its owvn I soil,- against its iauthority. If we had ( caliried en successful wvar against any foreignt natnon,. we might thereby have acquired possi54ioni and jurisdiction over' I the Boil of the Southern States, limtit 0(d only by our own Conistitution. Q ur laws -wore the nlly national laws in force' upon it.- 'Tho Government of the United States was the only Gov- I ernmnent; through wvhich those Stiteos I and their people had relations with i foreign. nations, andgits flag was thle -only flag by 'which theoy were recog nizpd-or known anywhere on the face of'the earth, Itn all; .thse respects, and iti all other respects involving na-1 tional interests aind rights, our posses *ainn wns nori'aot and complnte. It did jI -~ ~~ I nVOCOWLI (if thie United Statc... 2. Thnt, so lio . s hi neb. ar1 thsie of loyalty--) lIo)n. (!. h m forml in aill thei r p alall co;MeI lu )%,(uirtements li<i ,X tho( .Co , ion: lawe- we ha=0 101 oe.< thei conformlit.y'n a nio nud opinions to our ti 3. That ve havi o it : t 6 i - trut tie purpos-e (itr 1e'ail ,' pI'ole of tie Union to pr M rL VA - feuid, under all contiankai,; nod by whatever mencis imy 1 rquOrd, ik honor and its wol'are. Theso would, In our judgment, be full nnd conclusive iuswvr to ho plea. thus advaneed for the e:.:2lusion of thesc States froiml (lie Union. . tlt,t we say further, that Ilhis pleo rest iuon a (omlpleto 0 misa pprehensloion or nit unll just perversion of exisiiug facts. ru:iIo IN 'ru:1C SOtCIt. We (o not. he:sitaito l alim tha MIere i, io seuction of fhe country where the Cont'i tution and lawi of the 1itv id Sta? es !ind a more proitpt, and entire oLdienee than in t'.o8e States nd among th.' people who were lately in armt'zis lga'mt. th m ; fi1' wilerec there is less pur)pose or dan4ger of any t'u tt- fitr atmpt. to overthlrow their autority. It w 1ould meemy to bie both iatural ndul inevi abl that in Htates and sectiong co recently siept by the whlin'!"d of war, where till the ordinary :1desan ff1e lhods of organi zed insr have been334 broken 1p, andt ihe bonds and ilitl'c'in 4 that g~luarallte c ial order have bveen doyed- where thon Sands anil tow n t' l hou: aanduj of turlblent prilt-is have bfil een stw3 en i ly loo' ed fromt I11he1 diFciplino of war, :4id thirown without re Sonreei or rest ei:;at tipon at d. ,anited and i ch1wtelie "tociety, a.d whiere the leen nsCel!, of dere3:tt is wh1 I(o Ihe OVerhrow 1' 1mb111i 1ion and lope.?, en ofvioleiec shoulld Ilefy for a ti:nle theC imeyrofect dis(cipline( of law, and excito anew kh fe:.1.s attIl Iot)rio dings of the, pa1 Ihio ril wiell di.,posed. It isunqu--st: bly I tI e tht:1. IOc d1 dii u' hances of this MinL. anampanied by nioro or lenvioletce, o Will 0oef:. itt they are conl1 Itie,! 1ire( y t il he 1i3i ns la rge. townW t' (1ie :the t a atc4, whove differ enth races atd ol :vre.!N nre b:ouvsiht, muostI Aloly in cont'nt, :1whore pt A n:ior: and I resen3tmenis are :3way m t e:n-ily led anid l'i:inedinto ontbreak :m,d eAVnC thevre. they a13 416i.3 a'1 in0 I 11, fridij (f 4nti iely and 141411 ir til 1ielitieal agii.it , :as 33f y lfostil-i ty ll the part of the people to 1111k.e tlth i - ty of, Ithe' Naiom Government. JIM. 11ih conUTen i1 mIony ol Whose bem!t acquaited with te condition of socie ty and tie state of public ienttient in the South1--inchiding that of its ereetaie in this Iyvnin ettlg e lhe f. t int thle g 1t4assor the SotlhlerI apl n cop. with as full an~d sincere vubmnission na dot) 1 th people of the otiera Slales, the re etab1lishied1 suprcmlacy of the naltinal au t hority, land are prlmi'red, inl tihe molast loyal tipirit, and with at v-l ichened alike lef their interest and 1li prle tc-operate w'ith other Stat" f3 l -r'ction in4 whitever may bM neCe-:a'y 1 dWWeI e IMhS, miaintI1a in the honor 1 anid promiote 3 the welfareo oW Our common commnCuntry. Ili.ory alfl'ord 10 instant!e! where ia 1,6le, P.) powelrfuil in numllbers, in re-Sources anud in plublicspirit, a f er a war vo long in its dulrationl, o de Structive,in its progress, and soadvCrsC ill its issue, have necelted defeat and13 its Cona sequences with so nuch of good faith as hIas malked he conuct, of I te peo 1 lato ly in insurrection a4gainst the Unilted 81lale0s. Be03ontd all question this has been ir;ey due to ithe wie generosily with wihtheir enforced surrendeor was eet ed by the l'rein o' the United Statesj and the generils inl immtillediate comnanii4d o' thei r arillies, Itand to Ile liiera1 tlleaslres which were afterward 1taken to re. iore or der, itralquility 11nd4 .aw to Ithe Sta le0 whe Al1 had lor the i 1beH etlh r' s. No teps could have bee1nc- beIler cal cited to comlu-ud thle req~pect, win Ohe confidea.ce, revive the pa rii m,: and e,: Ile t pelri a 4n4t and affectionato 1allegiate o4i th pu pl0 of the outt h to I he (Conlsl i 4it0 1a11fnd ilaiws of thke Union, tha1 Ihos. whic he1 pelld by tle Pr4i-land 04' She Unied have beentine impaired ;4313' 1 it' thel people~k of 11h1 Soul~th~ are' 10-1h1y less cordiat31 in th 1irV alle4gianco 1than4 the~ly we'41 4 14imediaelyi upon04 the close of thle war.' 1w1 believe34 iI is9 ducto ( the changed3C' tone of1 the lei--~1.4 ivo. deparlitmtet. of the11. Gener'.t G'overn314nenft to. ward'l tem; to the~ actionl by' wthieb' Congre4':s htasi endeavtlored to supphmt11I and4. defeat the43( lest oraftion1 ; to their e xclusionI from4 all par'ticiptiion inl 014r common10 governmen4.t.; to the withdrawal fr'omi them1 of rightI con13 ferredl and gu.aran~teed by the (Const itut ion, and4. to0 the eIviden11it'pose of Congreu' , tn the exercise of a1 usurped'1~( and1 141 u law 1111au 1tority, to reduce thomot fronim tho rank of fr'ee and equal muember's of a reopublic of Statle, wviith Iights and1)1 digiii les un11impair14 od, 14) the contdition Of conq4ueredl pro4vincts5 and1( a con~q'uered01 people, in anil tings sub ordito 1 and1 411sutlbject, to tho will of teir cont querlorst, free only to obey laws in mfakinig wyhichl tey aVO 1not, allo0wed 14 1314ha1e. No peop1)1 has everI yet exilted whoso loyailty and11 faithil such treal mient, long cott I 11. innd ould~ not alienato1 and1 impal~ir'. A wt4 thtow mo illionas of Amicans3413 who live int limo Soulk would 1h0 unlworthIy citizens13 of' a fe'co coutry, dlOgeneratei son 318Of anly her'oio alncestry, unfit ever31 to b~ecomno guar31dians of Sthe igh~t~s and liberties4 herptIthed4i311 t u by the fath4e'r and4 f'outnders of thiis Reopublic, If they 001uld necept, with uncomp111lainin11g submtlissiveness4, te hm4niljitins 111. hui oughlt to ho imposed iupotn thorn. Rtesoiumont, of' injustico is always andt oeriywhoe e essetn tial to freedom ; 31nd1 41h0 spirit wlhch promnpt s Ithe Slateos and peopio lately 14n inlsul3Clt ion, but in11ur1gonIs ntow no 1on;.;er, to pro'test, against, the impositi of uujtust and de-. gr'adhing condlit ions, make~s 11hem) all te mioreO woithy to share in the gover'nment. of a frecom1)monwealhI, and14 gives still firmer assu~lranice of theo ftuturo power' and1 frecdomn of' theo Repuli. F or whatiever responsi bilit~y the Southierni peoplo tmay haive in1cur recd mn resisting 1.10ho1 auhorily of 1140 Nations13 al Clovernment. and in taking iuptarms for 1it ovethroW, the~y may ho hol to answer, as5 individuals, befoo ithe judicial tibuna1lf of tho latnd, and for that11 oor~duct, as8 soc10ieis an1d organizeod communiltitics, thoy havo al readly paid11 the most. fearful poilalties 11ha11 can fatll on offeniding States in theo lossesi, (lie snifterings and hulmiliathlous of unsco cssful 'war. unt whatever may be theo guiIltor the punlishmllont, of the conscious an. ALhors of the insurrect ion,. candor and com.. 3mon1 justlee demand thte concession 1that tho great mass3 of those .#ho b60ca'me involved in its r'espons4ibility~ hetedapon what (hey be lieved to 1)0 thtear'duby, in defunoo 0of what. they had ben ta1uit to believe their righits. iot need to bo acquired, but only to so maintained ; and victorious 'war igalhist the rebellion could do nothing -lore t1han miintain it. It couM (ly riidi en te aund roe-.stablish the dipi.. A spreumacy of the Constitution. It oul neither enlarge or diiiiiish the nuthority wlich that Constitution rou!crs upon the cnl a rgemaent or 0bridgient of constitutiomdal powelr tn be effected only by a'.mendient. of ie Constitution itself; and iuclh 'ilendi ent can be madO only in the idodos which the Constitution itielf 4escribs. The claim that the sup +Cs.4ion of an insurrection against the overnmnt gives Idditional authoii t and power to that Governientes lcially that it enlarges the jurisdic n of Congress a11nd gives that body 11 right to exclitde Sta es from repre I1tittion in the national councils, qtloult which tlie nation itself cal o10 o authority and to existeice, 'Bins to be Pt. Narlinco Iliko with QIr [jinciple o: t he Comstitution aid Athl 1'lblic m y W'ind : ITSat1 is allgod that, in eer nI., ui'ia's Ilie Coist it ut.ion of he United St ate's fiails to secu re ihlai t I.lite judtice andl imupartial erIpidi y whith ithe principles of our (Govern i tr 1 iiqire ; that it. was inl these impes the result of compromnises mid onmsosto whie-1b owever ne(ceSsa.. . wha the Const itution was formied, ve are i.> l'.nger coimpelled to sibiit, mIld fi t, now having the power though *occessfuml war and just warrant oIr its ,xreise in the hostilo conduct of the isurgent smetion, the antuna G overn ncnt of the United States may iipose ts own cond(ition1s, and mnke the Con *tit ulion coilfori to all its provisions, ) its ideals of cquality and then rights X m11:1an. Congress it its last sessiou >rim)sed amendments to the Constit-l ion, nlging in some very impolirtait mrticulars the a uthority of tt Geno l overnielint over that. of tle 'ye 21 >'tes, C nd r111eduingl: by indlirect. i. rall I IcIIIse IincIIt tile I'p V I ntIrIVe loer of thu Stiates inl whih sInvery Irmiierly exi sted ;and it is claiimed hat these amelindmnlt'i maly be ml.ade alid as paris of the originlonstitn. ioni withouj the concurrence of the ?tv to leig genuly~l affected by tengl (or miay bc npoe uplon those tes by thre-fIrtlIhs of' the remilnloi ig States, a( colo4itions of t hese read aission to represent at ion in Congress ud in tile Electoral College. It is the un nestionalc riail of tle t;ple of the Llited S:*,tate to mlilke uehhanges in the Constitution as hey, up1on11 dIl(ue deliberation, may cemi expedient. But we inlisist tlnt hey shall be made in the mode which lie Consti till ioln itself points out-in onformiity with the letter anid the pirit of that instrumient, and with thie( rinii.ples of sel f-govem ilelt o11id of ptal rights which lie at the basis of ur repilicani inst it ions. W We delIy he right of Congress to ma1uike theC halnges in the fuadaineital law, with at the clncurrence cif threc-fourtls of 11 the States, inluing elieally hose to be imiost seriolsly aIffected by heni ; or to impose them upon States r people, as cond itionS of represelt a ion, or of adMission to :my of the ights, duties or obligations which be olng, under the Constitution, to All the it;ates adike. And with greator cmi >iasis do we deny the right of any ortion of the States excludilg the est of the Staites from any share in heir councils, to priopose or san~ctionI hanges in the Constitution whliebl arie o affect petrImnently their' polit ical re ationis and1( conitrol, or coerce thec le itimiate action of the several membhers C thme common Union. Such an exer iso of power is simply an usurpat ion; iist as unwarlranltabloe n e~lm xer'cised y Northern States as it would be if xercised b~y Southern, and not to be. >riitied or palliated by anlytinlg inl he past history either of those by rhom it Is attempted or of those upon dhose rights aind liberties it is to tako. fleet. 'It, fids no0 wa'rranlt ini the !onstitutlion. it, is at war with the unldamiental piiplels of out' forme of 'overnlimela. If tolerated ini One in tance, it b~ecomens the procedent for iiturie invionsil of Iliberty anud cionsti uitional right, depenident solely upon he will of the party in possession of ower', antd thuls leadls, buy direct and cees~ar'y sequence, to the most fa tal ndl inltolerallo of all tyrannies-the y'ranny of shifting and irresponsible olitical factions. It is against this, he most, formidable of all the dangers rhich mniace the stability of free overnmuent, that the Constitution of lhe United States wvas intended most arefnlly to provido. We demand a triet and steadfast adherence to its Irovisions. In this, and in this alone 1a1 we find a basis of permanent Union und peao.t~ iFourth : ut it is alleged, in justi coation of the usuirpnltioni which weo onden, that the condition of the touthern States aind peole is not such a renders safe their reiadmission to a hare in the Governuschit of the coun ry ; that they are still disloyal in eon inrent and purpose, and that neither he hontor and oredit nor the interest if a nation would be safe if they wore oadmitted to a'share in its councils. Noe might reply to this: l, That we have no right, for such 'asons to deny to any portion of the ;tates or people rights ox >rossly cont 'rred unon thmn hv the Gmiisitutionm l'e ani t s' a naiodr I-r I'errIclno as; lnav b--een Ohe 1,0no vimeu's ued Ihe of hO t: 1 -, Ith y lc i lt04 iexch ily' uponl I ~ ki(Us !. ti O en , . I . i id, w ri Y t ge~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ol 1% "w; I. p'steo ii wh' h t it oilui 'iI l l. IaIiut'l III the , I.ihdo l Ueti o f I - i I Ihn ow o polis lni, commi e v; uti inu, n ar inl II i d c llnee, in tvy ,h e atn h ia a Yich g1reat eti-itc tr a n -- te m S and pljldeo'p whib eall Clin oe in" yt cno t t hie I ovi e (tQ;ln'1 ofotIhe htve siere tetil tcre ihau thottwh i enained in allegiate i O it Contit tin and Ilaw.3. These considrit lilon 1ny nohA, ns they Cerilainly It) no, jusi'y thle action of the lope othe instirgcu Wtao e e4 ;jut no just or tenerou., iind viii vrfue to the, a very cosieabeweight 'n (0 determin11in,';h lie t oeconduct which he l t olver nt of the Unit ed S~al es should purano (oward them. They accepit, it' not iilit iiatlacrilty, cer'.ain lv without sullen resentmen g1: t, thie defeat, 111nd ove 'ilow they have tusained. Toof achnowledge ut a1qui'eu. in ite resuils, lo 1hemselver, and the cotuntry, which de feat iavolve.n They no l onicla any tae the right, iosecede frio te Union; Iheo l n r assert for any btlaio nai ulo g' incoeii palramount. to hat whchis ofe to' the Gueneral Government. They have lio cel ed Ihoe de-staic ioln of slavery, abolished it by their aicahI Cost.idutionc, and concur of whyN h n tie and PeO rof h whole U nioin in pr-ohi iiing itsi exist once foreverP 1po Cth1Ile 'Oil t o wnhia the ju diction of 'hte Union d iandes. Theyimet eonild evince I heirv pupoat jiu -;t :w ti lnv umy11 b posi Ibeand Pae tlo adipt iher domesa tilaws o the etaged ocadiin of their socioy, and I oa eiuo by tle law and its tributids equal ndA imnilia jsicto Ci, to all classes of their inhbabilantsj. They adimit (ihe invalidit: of al1 at of- resistanlco (honatiounalauthori y, and of all dts incured atll lwmpting its oVUi bow.They atvow, their illiigness' In iohare ihe burdens oran. dinchargo Uh du ues and blig ons it which rest upon ten, in conon WWI ofthoter Shates and secions 'ol' th Union ; a d they renow, Ithrough their representativosj in thisi Convention, bhy all their public conduct in every wvay, and by the most solemui actsj by which States aind Jiocieties C.a icIldge their waith, their on bgagtement to boar rUCI fclih and allegiance, through ill otie to comthe t01Constitution. of lie Unit'ed Statw a hind ( all laws that may be nade in pursuanet ce thereof oieiiac~ to t Lit l)0 It OK OV ICESTORN Fellow-siountrvymlen, We. call uponl.you, in uInIt reliance uof your inteligenc and your ipatriottim to at iUc.:t, with generous and nguitngt ontidene, this full surrenider on tihe lpat of t bose laaoly in arms against your authority, id to share with them the honor nd reo inown tnat vwat thoo who bring back i ea to and coneord to jurdig aiteks. The war just, Closed, with all1 its sorrow..! -nud disatlers, hias .-ened-n new Career of glory to file nation it has Saved. 1t has swept away the hosillifies of Senti mn e aind of inerest which were it standing mr eiac hito its peneo. t has destroyed 110i instit, by o of slavery, always a inuse of Sectional i la striie, and ha1 open te for our counry thke way to unity, of in terest, of principle, and ofaction through all ltme to comlo, It has- developed in bot. sectionsa moiltary capacity-ain apiiudo for achiovements of war, both by seaand laild-beor unknown even to ourt'elves, la dsal tiiedlo exercise hlcre'tr, un1der. tunit ed coullo'e, tn imporlt in o'c npo n the haricir an deinyof thle Continent and the world. And whilo it has thus re vealed, disciplitied and comipacted. our p-ow lr it haS proved to u beond conttoverl y or dolt, by Ithe cottiae pursued toward both contenilu sections by foheign powers, that we mu.,:(1t h(lthe guiardians of ou t on-1 disependence, aind that t h principle; of rvpublicani freloi wYC .0p11rest cane0 fiond a1imong tie0 nations of tIS earh no ilenld or ' defeders bill. ourselves.. iie cll upon yu, theore. by ev' fonstIlder 1$an biationsoyorownd '~ nli sPe ryid Cvi'niti netitm th~.'011 nd teiotian pehiee which11Wi the t ill enot' fcn'ited shape, thas si war ft'oua whtt e ieoby the ' ert prevent . l':ie am ri~ieur Te0 fitie 'is cfl i, L. 'a~ Clintu r. Wl' c aw1)1 Conlel, are 41' boeteleced iha trCofa'ecr e dito.perpeue th politnud biy acludngloial Itirie and eple frctomiv ihe ustu-palion byl~ which'i'ho liifegitveo po. er the Govcii'enmehotny aro nowti echd commo, n thoece~s copl ust powe nicponr' ni~ugmetd dillconet a uen i'cuhrdrawaIt ifriom the C nd olition of the Feltd ril GovrnmentI,' indtenan lossnsion n ail hea ollii ono sentimt.ts nd preg tenstonb tse who reow,'in Ia silvmro fearlinshpith ciilc oaf ferme which w bac live jut elmovgd. Wo callpny t o111 int etine yourpowe tio event the rfiecr ronce of soe'tennscndo n alte Stlatesl aWe l call ponyou sinje toyty onesional Dis-.. lrio s cry Ste, o secue o erlec (ion'of mayt charateriz i hei'ial sprto, wihl union r'iotvr rcingItlho )n 0 EVittY o 1sTAora ~hs '(nlieNT ctiI'liEsot Tofo.l I on'toy n the erctio of ouwrconfero red upon irte CqotPIinin~,-ohv Wien .thsshll haveh behendon,uo' inrtyCII~ te] Contitu if j~itedOUnilted ein .nton comoed of sopcnh )aratcStte eac lkeitslf mvig i Aditint ndin