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P' The Palmetto Leader If Published Weekly By The Palmetto Leader Pub. Co IMfl AggTTMRIV ?COLUMBIA. S. C. - ; ; ? Entered at the Post Office at Colum bia, Sr C.,?aa Second XLlaai Uer TELEPHONE 1 46iSi N.vi. FREDERICK, ___Edito ? A.. B. LINDSEY, ^ Managing Edijto J. B. LEWIE __?___Fraternal Edito W. FRANK WILLIAMS \^_ _*-- - :? T^ohtrlbutifig Edito HENRY D. PEARSON ...City' Editoi GEO. H. HAMPTON, ?Manage vi?THSfiRlHTl()N'RAYFysr ~ CASH IN ADVANCE.J Ope Year ? $2.01 8ix Months - - 121 Three Months 1".? ^ jingle Copy- - 1-_ ?_ ?? Qi - Advertising Ilul.ua 'given on. appli cation. Communications intended foi the current isSue 411 ust read this office, (if out of town) no later than Tuesday night. " Ci ty news by Wednesday night SATURDAY MARCH 20, X92\ : Anywa<y,the Negrehas gi vei to America, Spirituals, Folklor* and Dances. , ' a. - e Congressman Otis Wingo o Arkansas says: "The distinctivi genius of the American peopl is their ability to ultimately Bolve any problem that vexe ? -them." Alright, its gettirfj -time for the Negro problem to bi solved. Or is it, that it "is no ??^ vexing thp Amprpn ppr>p]p, bit only a small part of them-?an* the least important part at that : ; V' ? ... \ . .. , A few more churchmen , lik Bishop Edwin H. Hughes of th Methodist Episcopal' Churcl 1J . * vvuuiu soon oring it about tha this nation would seem a Chris tian one in more than name onl> lie is but as one however cryinj in the wilderness. His denun ciation o? narrowness, snobbish ness and meanness before th ? - Nq?r Jersey Conference was lik unto John, the Baptist's denun ? ciation of j pin. . Rev. Solomon?Porter Hoot Minister to Liberia, has returnee to this country on a supposed!; leave of absence. AVhile away white man* has been placed 1: ? chayge-of affairs. While it is dc nied, yet it looks as if the U. ? Minister to Liberia is to be? white man, thus depriving th race of the only diplomatic posi tion'it holds. The one hundre dollars invested by Firestone i ?.,1,U T ! ' - i uuuei in l^ioeria is no douJb . responsibleTfte staid old State of Virgin! has gone crazy on the segrega tion idea. Her legislature ha __ passed a law aimed particularl, at Hampton Institute becaus some high and mighty Nordic were not given particular seat '. at some concerts they voluntari 7 ly attended, "" lt~ is"iinflef stop* that other annoying and joker like l&ws are to be~proposed. Th chief business of white Iawmak ing these days and time seem to "be~th^ passing of some kin* of^restrlctlve and hurruliatini measure aimed at colored people Before this frenzy passes, w expect to see aome patriot in ? tu i e-eiishitu Ito colored race. Great is a demo cratic form of government as i exemplified in these latter days o THE NEGRO IS DISFRANCHISED. Recently, the Rev. Sam Small who, we believe, is an evangelis addressed a questionnaire to th? various Southern governors con cerning the nullification of thi 14th and 15th Amendments. T< be exact, the evangelist wantec to know, among other things, i: T there was any official nullifica tion. Jupt how any man of or dinary. intelligence could profes; not to know that there could b< fe- - no official nullification of these amendment* ia itrange. Ol m - ' ^ 4* course, no Southern State has enacted any law directly and specifically contrary to these amend..ments and the governors addressed had ho difficulty in say1 ing there was 110 such law-;-ButJ shooting is not the only, way to * kill a mt-n, nor is a direct way al^wftyH-^hA-mannPr in which things i are done. The 14th and 15th ar mendments are nullified in the r South effectively by indirect mer thods?under laws fair on" the fkoe?-juid every one knows it, r from the governors on down,' r Every where, the world over, "j where there is free government, -lidiVfl lii-4J4U-AiiddTpt<w*?y^ 3 done to encourage the citizens ^to participate in elections; In > Australia, a compulsory ballot 1 I law ia in-operationala_the South, * trie Jeer y7 intimidation and J schemes of all kinds are resorted r j to in order that at least half of i its citizens might be deprived of 11 the privilege of choosinft. theofficiate who are to tax them, collect the taxes and spend it; the men who legislate- concerning g their lives. -There are thousands ; r,?nd hundred of thousands of Ne1 groes of education, character and 2 property throughout.the South who are debarred from casting ^a free ballot the same as pauf pers, criminals and the' insane, e law^the country over. e There is no-use for the Rev. f Sam Smalls, the governors or s any. one else tryipg to place a j picture before the country req presenting the Negro in the t South having the privilege of ext ercising a __free ballot, * which i means voting in any and all elec? tions'-and fer-whom one pleases^ One who desires information ak&lg these lines should inquire e of intelligent upstanding Ne^ groes,- not officials. Doing that t a true picture can be gotten. : GOU^WEDEL'S BUNK ' ry This erstwhile soldier of the Kaiser of= Germany, who lived f.1 near Columbia before the World a War and owns some land here, g or at least did, was a recent vis_ ltor. On his departure he issued I what he calls? a "little piemorandum" in which he purports to [ .answer a number of questions ^ j which he'said were asked of him. y i After getting toff some stuff a which is intended* to flatter, and n knowledge?of ?he . South and what the Southern j people suffered during the Reoco French: "I dare; say that the l_, German opeople in those towns d-Whit'll are occupied by French n troops are making similar cxpcrj. rience; most especially \vRe-n colored French troops?Senegalese and Moroccans?are employed. a No white woman is safe to show . 'herself on the slreet. I feel sure o a that everv Sonthprripr will _ ? ... OJ.ll y pathise with Germany on this e point." The wily German thinks gjhe has struck a chord of sympa3 t.hv when hg Talks" about""Recon;_'struction and "no white woman ^ being- safe." But there is no . pompfirinon nvp.n ifLwhat. hp says e were real facts about' the French _}troops. _ Reliiable investigations ? have already branded the French ^ storv as pure bunk and German ^propaganda. Perhaps the Count j thinks the Southern people don't read or take pains to inform .[themselves. But getting back . ! to Rprnrrr.triict.ion. ^ Would J like for the Count to say just 3 where and when was it that Sou;>ithern white women were'not Isafe or dared to show thpmeplvpa on J,he streets? Of all the sins laid to RecQnstruction, that was not one. Certainly colored sol& diets did riot molest any of the t women that the Count would e 'hE'Ve us believe. , 1 . -J The colored people are having e enough to bear as it is, and they 3 do not care to have foreigners 1 concocting things that exist in f distorted imaginations, especial-jly one who belongs to a Nation v that"cared neither for God, man 3 or woman as its acts in, the late ijwar demonstrated*- And the 3 Count was1 a member of the Gert|man army which violated every rr? ; THE PALMET idea of humanity and decency. | Reconstruction at its worse was 1 ideal besides Europe when the'! ["NEGRO EDUCATIONAL PRO- 1< I ORES IN SOUTH CAROLINA." n I (Continued from Page One) rational teachers under the SmithHughes Law if the State is to profit by this Federal appropriation, as it has already profited by. previous apl pmpriatfons under the Land-Grant Acts, the Experiment Station Acts, and the Farm Demonstration Acts. j The movement for the industrial, 'education of. Negroes has been thor-[ ! oughly Established throughout the. South. In the furtherance of this jbeen glad fo cooperate with private philanthropic agencies now contributing to many of our Negro schools. [The work, however, needs the care-. ful scrutiny and approval of our best. 'educators, "^the Negro enrollment is now the chief factor in the distribution of" Che ffiree-mill constitutional .tax. As long as school funds mustj be apportioned on the basis of en- \ ^rollment, this factor cannot-be-ovor?llyoked by school officials. Health, in- i telligence, industry, economy and conservation among both races would be greatly promoted if?the Negro schools .could be put on a better basis.' This can be done more readily by { t?improving?the?standard of Npgrn t teachers." . > 77 In- September 1917, Swearington called a conference of School Principals and College Presidents .at [the State College to discuss the sta tuS of "Negro schools with a view of .formulating plans for organizing and standardizing high school departments. *At this meeting was presented ilr. J- H. Brannun, the first . State Ageht for Negro Schols, recently appointed. This was" the initial ' step'of a movement totv^irds the betterment of our schools in every way. The Orangeburg Conference was. the foundation of a better understand ing between our educational leaders and the State Board of ~ Education, i continuing today with increasing effect. : Following the World's War, in the, general reconstruction, of^the social, i !economic, and industrial fabric, the, loss of efficiency .in education brought | forward a consciousness that^Aiie fu- ; turc of all schools was the- future of our moral, economic and civic dei n1npi-.rr.-nt, In fnnt |hp. . people pf. South Carolina had conic to believe, in state-wide public education as they | -utrnw-vv?in uu uliil'i :U.cj.vtfrnrncntai institution. And from that epoch the nf i^i^- schools has been.most remarkable, under the wTscantf*- ullicient> leadership of our present State A Rent, Mr. J. B; Pel ton, -whrf -succeeded Mr. Brannun in li)18. The Legislature began making a special annual appropriation of $15,sehools with the general sup pi em erf- . tul effect of stimulating a spirit of local community help. Previously no 'jetl'ort aloTtg~tliis line had been- made^ This npprrtjiriqtion was an incentive; and from that beginning has grown a improvement, resulting in ihe WlllU! spread desire for better schools everywhere, aided-by the generbsity of Mr. Julius Rosenwald. | . CONTRIBUTING AGENCIES. As just stated the prime and most important siep forward in Negro Education in >South Carolina was the creation of a State Agent through cooperation with the General Education Board. Until 1P24 Mo Felton was tVlP nn!v jurpnt 1 r\ lVtn TTiol/l T?ir>o11\r ~another ""workefwas loaned-the-State in the person of Kir. Walter 15. Hillr ' of Atlanta, Georgia, who with excellent spirit, helped to put over a ~p>-"g''Mm fi'i- hum v>>Tir which resulted in splendid achievements, Last July, the General Education Board enabled the appointment1??? ' Mr. W. A. Schifhey, as Assistant to GSTr. Fellon, wh^se activities as Sup? 'erintendent of Education of Orangeburg County attracted State-wide attention by Tits effective worhr irr building Negro schools 'hnd extending [length of terms in that county. Going T>rt?T< J\ liffTcv marker} pro;gross in rural schools within our bor'ders was brought about largely thru , the Jeanes Fund, under the direction -of Dr. James H. Dillard. This Fund j was established by a Quaker woman 1 jof Philadelphia"*^ 1908, who left her fortune to be used for the upbuilding lof the rural Negro school. At first, 1m _V-T_ ?r=?? ?-? ? i tirts jMun wus lu employ a leacnery j trained in handicraft, to go from school to school, and give; instruction j as was done in many. of the city . schools, in order to make them more (influential' in building home ideals and increasing economic efficiency, loiter a plan was. worked out to emt ploy-^-supervising indusrtial teacher^ (who would visit regularly the schools in his county, Prganiz^the people for aelf-halp in improving and equipping the schools, and help the teachers to 'introduce the simple industries. The results of these rural super via TO LEADER ; : tj Count's ?>rmy had the upper hand. Let the Belgian and French women testify. " \ ?rs are indeed remarkable. In sever-! al communities they have, with the reoperation of-Teachers^-raised mnhoy. to fence' in the school grounds and uccomplish other splendid things.' Girls have been taught simple sew-1 ' ing,?cooking, gardneing;?eanning-H and the boys have learned simple I carpentry, gardening, etc. .Parents have been aroused and interested in j " ;things made by the children, and many homes have been made more comfortable and attractive by the mats, cabinets, scarfs and curtains, the idea of which originated under1 the instruction of the supervisor."! The punils have been given a greater; contideneti ltl their ability to do things and the parents h greater pride in the home which, after all, is the first; step in building a real civilization. I Another fundamental step in the progress of Negro-education imSouthCarolina has been through the aid Of the John F. Slater Fund, established in 1882. v This fund, headed also by Doctor Dillard, has glided -many private, institutions aifd is now primarily interested in. developing"7 ar better teaching force for the public schools. Since many of the rural school teachers are drawn from high~^school pupils, it is' necessary fhathigh school pupils have proper training in pedagogy, and this the Slatei" Fund attempts t(j supply so fas a3 conditions pernjit. Still another advanced step influencing JNegro education in our Commonwealth has been taken by the General Board of Education under the leadership of Doctor Wallace Bu*> trickV The Boai'd has been very generous in contributing to several of the- larger schools and colleges of_ the State. Avhich-has meant much towards constructive work in making the schols efficient. . I The school equipment has ' been gruntly?improved?through the help and inspiration given by Mr. Rosenwald. Ilis assistance has^ been . a blessing ot the State,?to the South luna. ~*-ne nosenwald1 building program |ias accomplished much in that it has brought jrressure on the County Boards to provide more .adequately for us, stmiulated u? to contribute more liberally af Jour own means, and given an impetus, to rura^ education heretofore unknown. " ' During 11)25, 78 nfcw buildings, 3 additions and 1 teachers' home were erfec'ted &l a total cost' of-$479,809.00. Of the total cost .the Negro contributed $79,320.00, white people $19,950.00, counties _and~ dietriets $244,978.00, State Building Fund $59,550.00, and ii i n .iinj^jiil.i Fn...i fTnnnqnq There were orrty five one-Toonf buildings erected..mThe average building contains three and one-half class rooms, making a total of 275--class rooms. At present thpre is at least one Rosenwald school in every county of the Slaie except six, and some of these^wiil have -new buildings erected during the present year. South Car - dina has lad Jill Southern states in construction of. Rosenwald schools slrice Joxl5 last: ?? f rom the 1025 Report of the State Siipovintpmlcnt of WG glean the following encouraging facts: "The length of the school year for 1024 was' 119 days; for 1925, 142 days; so that our schoojs almost average stx-months term ,for the first time in ^hq history .of the State. In the matter of consolidation there has been some progress.' In 1924, there were 18G8 one-teacher Negro schools whife a year later there were only j 1721^of.such schools, showing a de-j crease of 156. Judging' frpm this de"Ij"" if """ yn,ari j* nntnrnl tr? pv. pect that one-room schools will be reduced to a minimum. There has been a graduat frund towards increases in income outlay per capita expenditure, and salaries as well as new buildings. It is re-j grettable, however, that there has been little improvement in the teach-! ing personnel for very few grades of certificates of teachers have been J As to enrollment we find for 1924-j 25, a total of 243,977, an increase dur-, eight years of 22,149. This Increase is more ndtiCSa^f6,",lTr^ towh than Tn rural schools, due, no, doubt, to migration. As to the num-: ber of teachers the increase has been slight within the past two years,? only 355 or 9.65r/c. Of thisf number SOV-were able-to-obtain only third-j grade certificates. In the matter of: Bnloriaa, oqlnrod tpnphera mod* ft pain | of $84.TltF per teacher during the past j year. The teaching load shows a very 1 slight decrease,?' from 62 to 58 pu- j pils per teacher. In spite of the present upward trend ! of great improvement notably in buildings and equipment, however^' there have been losses in the amount i of work done by pupils, and this may 1 he attributed largely to one source,? j poor teaching. Poor teaching has drivel, and is still driving, pupils out of our schools. This weakness can! ' . , - ^ 1 b? tracsd to two sources: (a) lack' o-f academic preparation, (b) lack of 1 professional training in the knowledge ( of children. So long as such a large,[ peh cent of our children must be < -taught by teachers? folding second 1 grade certificates, third grade certicates, and permits, just so long might'|t -we?expect ft corresponding number ;< of pupils to drop out, baffled, con- t fused, and discouraged. , - 1 A table prepared by- the flepart- 5 hient Of Education -shown- the pas- -i cent of pirpils--enrolled in the gradejj { for the scholastic year 1924-25 for both races. A ghrtioe at the data ] shows that, more than fifty per_il?nL 1 of the Negro pupils are enrolled in ' the first two grades. Less than foilrj per cent are enrolled in the high < school grades of all schools accredit- 1 ed and non- accredited. ' What is tfyo cause^of this contra- < nP it... ..""..r v?nTiirn| pTentat "i developement ? In a word, the answer is found in the old saying: "As is the teacher, so is the school." This i gnawer- ictis u^ wxicxti ,io jook. ior tne ? "problem; "jfffoes nub solve It.?Toach~-1 ers are an- effect of social conditions > before, they are a cause of schools. To find out what is the matter with the schools, we have to find out what js^the matter, with the tcachers;_to i |find out what is the'mattet' With the 1 teachers, we have to find out what is the mater with the communities, Expenditures and Term"." ..In 1917 therc was spent on Negro [children' for all purposes; $403,006.93. 1 In 1925, there was spent $1,704,722.67. ~In 1917, the lengthterm was 67 jdnys. In 1925 the term had?been; lengthened to nearly twice that of 1917?114 days. i Examinatoiis , y j In the spring examination of 1925,1 !Negro applicants numbered 848; 91 men and 757- women. Of this nnmbpr 223 earned certificates while 625 failed Among them no men ..and only one" woman received?first- grade?eertifi? ;cates, none"~at yall received secondI grade; 21 men and 201 women received third-grade certificates. Thus only 36 pnr cent passed while 74 per j cent .failed, J, | "Of the 4,032 colored teachef's tn the State, 2,192, or 54 per cent hold firstgrade certificates; 718, or 17.81 per icent hohj second-;*rade certificates; 1 122 or 27.83 per cent hold third-grade certificates. The number of permits is indefinite. On the other hand, 10,4 482 white teachers-hold first-grade certificates. There is a surplus of | white teachers for only 8,339 are need ed to do the of the white schools. Whereas we are short of- 45.G4 per [cent" ih fffsp~cTa s st h or 9.^ ~?Summer Schools During the past.eight years summer schools for -Negroes have jffewn in number anil efficiency. Last year there1 ?" T-Wh ?-ovp pnrn|lnd 1,100 or, 152 more-than-one-fourth of j ourt total _ number . of teachers. -These schools expended about $12,000.00, de-1" rived from the Generfil" Education Board, State County and. Private 'sources. | The Summer Schools should be the Life Saving Stations to the 'teacher. It is hoped that some compulsory force might -be exerted to pvry pnh(lie school teacher attend a summer l.-cluml at least one year during the life of his or lidr .certificate. j : High Schools - * I It is recorded that ohr high-schools are doingw good work. They started I from a small beginning several years i i ago, and now there are nearly twenty regular high schools, Others are be-! ing added as fast as conditions .war-, rant, buildings erected sufficient to take care of the work, and?eu;>al>lo teachers may !be found. County Training Schools Under certain conditions only one county training school can be allowed * to- the county. 1 yi".\r fnnr \vrM-p added to the list; eight will be added before the close of the present scholastic year, and still other's will be put on as Sfaon as physical *planti._ sufficient to care for the work can be Vocational Training. During the past year progress has " tB. A. BL - TXlfjffr . ! _ 1 ill Ll\f Dry Cleaning, Pre: Hals Cleaned and i For and Deliver, 'ashingion Si., i'hi ?*h*H??*V!?^!^!?<* !?<!***? '; . WHEN IN COLUMI BROADWAY 1 :; EVERYTHING SANITA L U_ FISH anc IN SE; } D. W. WOC 1108 Washington Street, aft - i - ?-t? ? Saturday March 20,-1926. . M. ieen made in every line of vocational . idilcatiori. ? __ ?_? "Colored teachers of agriculture are ;raied at the State College, Orange-, mrg. Seven graduuted in Jast year's nnil mine than thirty attended he Summer Session there. At present forty-two workers are employed in ;his field. Twenty-rive specially pre- ? pared Home Economics workers were sent out in last year's class also from h<> Stntc College to give-instruction llong this. line. _. ? Projects were conducted during the past year in field and garden crops, poultry and animal industry in which tvere enrolled 1,170 boys *"and girls, file income from these projects netted ?112,030,37. It may be. of interest to know that Among crop returns were 1,142 chicks; 4,003 eggs; 22,380 lbs jf bacon. 10.444 bu. of enrn: 1.090 hu ; " f-pmTwt-g nn.t ?,TM WMI HI'IIII'lllllS. Adull Schpuls The Supervisor's Report of current issue states that the increase demand on the part of whites forced a cur Lailment of this work among Negroes as is noted by the growth of white enrollment and decrease of Negro enrollment.. In several instances vohmteec. teachers were called upon, and many responded. "Illiteracy in South v Carolina- -Is?teda-y?chiefly " a Negro : problem. If the State is to prosper ? it must do so on the progress of the .. ' masses rather than the few. Fifty-one per-cent of population is Negro.and j of that number twenty-nine per-cent ?* ^ r is illiterate. This means that practically one-half of the population has low productive ability, thus a low. purchasing capacity, which in turn is reflected in all business. If the abilitv to read-1 and write be' valuetL? economically at fifty -cents ncriay. South Carolina loses annualy' around $33,OOQ.OO, Because-of the illiteracy of ounpeople," The Report further says, i "Thtrctrre of white illiteracy will fail ta makcLa literate. S^tatb-for "the great mass of illiteracy among the Negroes will continue to keep the status low. It is the duty of the StafS~to provide all its neonle with an pluniftntnin) o/iii- ? cation which makes for better living. ^ seekjng better salaries andlietter educatioyal advantages elsewhere." Text Books ~ A Very nptieaBIe weakness of the . Negro, school is poor equipment, but, perhaps the weakest, or one on the weakest, point is the maladjustment of the course,of study. Most of the Negro children are located in the rural districts. These children are being taught from books made entirely by J hev picture problems and situations arising, in urban communities. The City or town is glorified, while the rural country is neglected. This tendency makes the, average rural cbilcTlJis-. satisfied w Ti3T his surrounding UHfl desirous to get'a way from them. There " ' " is need for te^ts for the urban child which will give something of the best 'T of rural life, and likewise something ] . of the urban life for the rural child. Until this can be brought about the teacher* must . supply the missmg naces. Tlmv ? t. <>>v<nc uiu country hoys an J girls to learn the beauty of : nature, observe the. birds and trees, bc.-s and?plants, and leach them to 1_ become .. interested in the " growing mips"*'and full'ow~tleI3."" Cfllture and ~~ ~~ outlook on life are not determined by > the kind of facts we have, half so much as l>y the interpretation we give to them. We may be taugflfc to (Continued on Page Eight) Martin & Thurman .Electrical Contractors LICENSED AND BONDED Thones 672^654^? 1 ColumbiarS?-C, - 7 OCKEH juitnf J \ blocked. We Call J J' o J i>ne 3&14 Columbians, <j. I I MA, EAT AT TJflE ~ '4 , "1? -J DAIRY CAFE | RY ANI) UP-TO-DATK ; ! . -, 1-" 1 ' ^NL '1 GAME ~'' jP~Aji ^son. .""'if' )DS, Proj). - -: [" H~~ Columbia, S. C. ' !'