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Correspondence of tho Charleston Standard. Watiiinoton, January 7, 1857. Ye&terday was a day prolific in great Congressional speeches. In the Senate, iho question as to Mr. Harlan's right to a seat as Senator from tlie State of Iowa, w^s discussed l>v Judge I>111 lor, and Geycr, of Missoti ri, on tho one side, nird Messrs. Toombs, and l'ugh, of Ohio, on the other. Grave legal and constitutional questions were involved, and Judge Butler only desired the judgment of the Senate upon the facts of the case. The Constitution of the United States required that Senators should be elected by the "Legislature," and the Constitution of Iowa defined the Legislature lo be a "Senate and lluiise of Representatives." It was clear that an election could only bo made l>y the two bodies in their capacities as such though in joint convention, lu Mr. llurlan'scaso, the two Houses had assembled in joint session, and failing to elect, adjourned over till 10 o'clock the next day. The Senate met next morning before 10 o'clock, and immediately adjourned over till Monday. The House mot and, after organizing, sent a message to the Senate that they were ready to receive tlicm in joint session and proceed with the ballotting for United State Senator. The messenger, finding the Senate had adjourned, reported the fact to the House, whereupon the fiorgcant-nt-arms was desItatchcd to the hotels and other places to ring in the individual Senators. Several were found and attended, but le6s than a <|iiorum of the Senate.?The President and Secretary of the Senate were among the absentees and the Statute of Iowa regulating the manner of organiz/ng the joint convention, directs that the President of the Senate shall preside, and the Secretary and Clerk of the House shall he the tellers. In the ab r <1 - n* .1 c* i-- e .-l lll'l' III IlltfSU IIIIICITS, I tic r->|H\'IIvCr OI IUC House presided, and appointed a teller. These were lite circumstances under which Mr. Ilarla n was elected United Slates Senator, on the Oili day of January?just one yeer ago. Mr. Toombs contended that after tlic organization of the joint convention, a majority ) of the members of that body could meet and elect, although no member of the Senate happened to attend.?Mr. Bigler, of Pennsylvania, asked him what lie would do in case the Senate was actually in session in their chamber, and piogressing with legislation. He replied that the Convention could go on and elect. To this absurdity did his doc trine lead him, and sootier than yield the point fie snilcred himself to be driven t<> the uuconKtilntional position that one-half of the Logislatute eonld do what the Constitution of the United States empowered the entire legislature alone to do. Mr. Pugh, of Uliio, who is the vonngest member of the Sei>atertook pretty much the same view of the subject with Mr. Toombs, ami fjmke at length. Mr. Geyer, of Missouri, who has a national reputation as a lawyer, supported Judge 1 Sutler's positions and made a powerful le-j gal argument. The subject comes up again i to-dav. i Air. Bright having resigned tl?c Presidency of the Senate, in order to superintend t lie approaching election for CTiited Slates Senator in Indiann, Mr. Mason, of Virginia, was yesterday elected his successor, with " reversionary interest in tlie Chief Magistracy of the Union?and as Old Do- j minion is the State for luck, I beg President J I'ierce to look well to liis health, or there will be another "accideiicy" in the Executive chair. In tlie House yestersday, Mr. Stephens, of Georgia, made one of the ablest speeches . of his life on the State of the Union, and the ! position of political parties. The galleries j were crowded with visitors, and during the i time occupied by his remarks, almost breathless silence was maintained throughout the hull. He was followed by Henry Winter i Davis, of Baltimore, a young lawyer of fine J oratorical powers. He attempted a defence j of the fragment left of the American party, and was listened to with marked ntte.ntimi I Next came Mr. Cadwal.ider, of Philadelphia, who made a capital speech in dcfence ef democracy in ridicule of self-styled Americanism. The debate continues to-day. Ivaniioe. Correspondence of the Courier. Washington, Jan. 7. Congress lias been engageed since the holidays, in preparing for, rather than in transacting, tlie important business of the session. The subject of the tariff, the most important j one U-fure Congress at this session, is assigned for next Tuesday, when it will be taken up in Committee of the Whole on the State oi me union. .Mr. I Joyce orjercd yesterday n project which will find many mU'ocjiteK, to wit; The reduction of dutica on all articles now paying over twenty per cent, to tliat rate, and embracing in the same list tin and J copper. There is a strong and increasing. disposition in the country to reduce tlio revenue to the eiun of forty-five or fifty millions, and to regulate the tariff with a view i to an approximation to the principle of free trade. There are fifty river and harhor bills before the House lying over from the last scsti3) *ion. Among these is the Charleston liar? bor bill, which passed the Senate at the lute ) session. The committee in charge of the { subject, will propose to includo them all in \ one bill, expecting a two thirds vote for the \ whole in that shape, where as some of them \ iniglit fail, and all bo endangered if each bo ** ; ! voted on separately. ^'^^Cbe bill for increasing the pay of officers ofthVnruiy will certainly pass, as was proved by a Tote taken in the House upon tne subject on Monday. But the refusal of the House to assign an early day for theconsidi/H) eration of tbo Pacific kailroad, is a proof onl/that many of those who are friendly u> some measure 01 ine?ort, nave not agreed updn any definite project. There are some i ? four or five different schemes, caob?of which has supporters. ; ; The debate on the Revolutionary Claims I bill, ip the Senate, has.been very ablej and argumentspresented by the friends of (he measure are likely to prevail. The bill provides for the payment of half pay for life to eactf officer, with interest from 1780 till the day pf his death, dcductiug the actual market value of (he certificates which they receiv ed fa Ben of money, for commutation of hall pst;'&Vi$Nvhi?h valu?-was a&out fl'per cent, l It W stronfflV argued that tHe gdvernmeat ie undfr eqtiaf obligntion to redeem the Contioft^paper mony, tot the ctnw?>of the ofBf&n rests upon a higher obligation titan tbi^ofidebt?ror, in the words of (Jen. Washr ? ington, it was "a debt of honor." Itis generally understood here that we ar jsooa to have a BritUh Minltster.tbe va<ay?y otowioned by the dismissal of Mr. Craipptien having Uen by the appointment of the Right Hon, (Obarlt* PelInpTH icr*, Ho is n brother of fcml CJap^ 'j , ^ ^ ^ endou, ami is now attached to the Wi Department a< J inlge Advocate'Ocneral, In sides representing the borough of Wo verhampton in Parliament. Kumor ftrttlw saith that he is a bachelor just turned fort eight years of ago, highly educated, but n< at all partial to labor. The melancholy death of Mrs. Daniel has* thrown quite a gloom over fashionabl 1 society, and the President has postponed i dinner which was to have been given tc : morrow to the Cabinet and the Suprem ' Court. It will be given next Thursday, an j will be the first of the "official dinners" gii j en at each session of Congress, to wliic ! every member ?? in tern invited. The j have always been given on Thursday, an 1 have been followed by receptions on Friday: To morrow, the anniversary of tho Bai lie of New Orleans, we are to- Wave a vis from the soldiers of the war of 1812, resiii ing in Baltimore, New York and othc Northern cities. They are to Fhj receive at tho railway station l>y their comrades ir arms, residing in the District, aod escorte to tho White House, where they will bo in ! troduccd to the President, ! Next Wednesday, the 14ih, the Unite j States Agricultural Society will hold its at I nual sessions at the Smithsonian Institutior ' The success of the Exhibitions held by tlii 1 Socicty, is rendering it very popular, an ' several cities are contending for the ?xhil ! ition next fall. Baltimore and Louisvill j have the best chance, and the liberal offer ' maae oy me last mentioned city will prob | bly secure them exhibition. Workmen are busily engaged in erecl ing the temporary structure to bo used b; i the Metropolitan Mechanics' Institute To i their exhibition. A large number of contri : butions are already promised. IS rrBLISIlEI) KVKtlY HIUPAY SIORMMI DV LEE & WILSON. W. A. LBH. ....... VMltn. Individuals, like nations, fail in nothing irhic ! they boldly attempt, when sustained by virtuali j pur pour, ami determined resolution.?Hknrv Ci.ai j " Willing to praise, yet not a/raid to blame." Terms?Two Dollars a Year, in Advance ABBEVILLE C. H. | Fill DAY, - - - JANUARY, 10, 1857. Advertisements. We direct attention to the advertisement o II. S. Kerr; of a sale of a likely boy, by Thoe : Gordon, Ex'or ; to the card of Marshall, Lee J | DeUruhl ; to the notices of the Major General* : Kleclioii; and the various advertisements o ' the Sheriff, Coinm;6?ioner and Ordiuary. Ambrotypos. 13y reference to the eard of Mr. Vf. L. Nick Irs, it will be seen that he is prepared to tak< Ambrotype Likenesses in the best style of hi: nrL AH who are desirou# of a good picture should nvail themselves of the present oppor t unity. Congressional Documents. AVe arc iudebted to the Hon. A. P. Butler foi several volumes of the Patout Office Reports fori865; Mechanical aud Agricultural; comprising a vnriety of the most valuable matter printed in excellent style; embellished witli many fine engravings, and well indexed: alsc a volume of valuable maps illustrating the Pres ideut's Message and accompanying Documents The State Agricultural Society. A meeting of the Executive Committee o the State Agricultural Society, was held in Co lumbia. on Dec. 17. The premium list was revised and many im portant amendments made. Tlie publication of the South Carolina Agri culluritt was suspended. A. G. Summer declining a re election, R. O Gage was uuanimously elected Secretary anc Treasury for 1857. Col. A. M. Smith was appointed f?r Abbe ville, to solicit subscriptions for life member ship. I)r. J. P. Barnett, J. C. Norwood and A. C Hawthorn, were appointed a Committee fron Abbeville, to procure specimens of plows foi exhibition at the next Fair. The Young men's Christian Association We publish in another column, the proceed ingsof the meeting on Inst Saturday. Owinf to the misapprehension, that the Associatioi was intended to embrace onty members of tin Church, the meeting was not so large, asi I would otherwise have been: yet still there wn n fine nucleus of the right material. The plai of a constitution and Bye-laws, ns well as i list of officers will be submitted to the ncx minting, and wc trust that all will attend for the purpose of thoroughly discussing, matu mnn fl.n (1 nf n!1 n nf llin nrrrnniri\(inn TKa m ligious feature of the Society should not det? any from being present, since the ottendanc upon tha religious exercises, will be optionn upon the members; whilst tli? Society will fur nish those social, literary and scientific attrnc tJions-whfch ennnot fail to seeure the co-operatioi of the whofe reading community. ? 1 ? a t. mi> jDiuixur cjpevuu* Wc publish on the first: picga of our presen insno the able speech of our Representative on the Kansas, Nebraska question. It has a] the characteristics of Mr. Brooks' style ~r vig orous thought and conelusire argument ei pressed, in pure and idiomatie English. W do not know that, we liave aver read a eleare exposition of tto afeeuvd eoaclaeions to wine! the doctrine of squatter sovereignty rnevitabl leads; a doctrine which concceds to"* mer handful of settler^ m right to exclude fron common territory, the citnens ef the Soother States and their property. '-I net eibin says he, that Iho constitution earries slaver into a territory, bat I do claim that as acitizei I have the right to take my property into ao territory of the United States, and that tt Constitution which protect* me, also protect my property? lie deprecate* the different oliichiliM* trinnn.in tha n?mMr?tl? ! tho conatruotioa oi the Kenaas Nebraska Ac aoduounMl* anion ope* the "ono sound coast , tational and national priaofW of thai a< , Squatter Sovereignty he dcDraaew ae equal] fatal to.the South with the Wilmoi proviso. | "JhB Abbeville Acadamfes.. We-would'invite attention to the AdVevtis " raent o& 1Hr. A. T..W?taan .tho niin^inJ ml tl | Abbeville female Academy. Thtr exerci* j of tills laetitvtioo were veeamed on iMt^oi ^ dajr; and an oTer*igb?, the *d*ertU mailt would-ha?a appealed earlier. Wr. W* on i?*Gr*da?to aijtfia Seo^U Carolina Colie^ ( uii MOM* to- oabigMy reeamsteiyled. ?A . rangmsnta hiwreb^ mada to procure a cet petcnt initructresa m mu*ie aod wa tnut ?? to see a flourishing Aaad??y ? a?r mid? . Our Village U trd?r?r b&?beenqoiWfboalthj boarding <?M>'be obtftJqeJo# wpoBaU^ltra* V- * " nc nttisll expense has been incttrfe'd in th eree(?on of suitable bfrildifrgs; ifnr? now wit I" jt competent corps of instructors, this lurtiti ticn addresses itself pccttliarly to the putroi V' nge of our Distret. Tlic Male Stctxfcmy crpcnetJ on Monday Ins with flourishing ftfospects. Mr. Elder hasdi ring the pnst year, cnrr>?i] a high chnrncter i 0 nn instructor. His energy, ami cnthusinsti " lovo of his profession, to ?fiicf? he intends d *' voting his life, must ensure him deserved titi ? ncnco and success. j" | The lata Central American Oonventioi 1 i The lute treaty with England, waich is no - | pending before the Semite, and which has foiln j its way into the public prints, is represent* S' by Washington letter writers, as receiving gei j eral condemnation from all parties, nnd tin I it 6tands no chance of being confirmed by tl Senato. If not disposed of before the 4th i j March next, it will be withdrawn by Mr. Iiucl anan, as Gen. Cnss, the probable Secretary < j Slate is bitterly opposed to it. The objectin rvi^ I\a Him 1 a l?/?o AAno/ie*iAiia *? liirtli 0"'"? " "? "" b"- ......... makes to England, in the Oun.-dinnsliip of tl: j Central American States. We append tlie lcn< . ing features of its provisions. One of tlie chief obstacles to tlie nmicabl s settlement of the conflicting claims of Ore. J Britain and the United States, under the Clai *.... t>..i ? ?i : i ... j i. ). iuu uviiij, iiuyhi^ utTii rciuu^cu n C the cession to Honduras, cf the British cluii S to tho liay Islands, but two questions remaine - to be determined by Mr. Dallas and Lord Cla endon ; the boundary of the British scttlemer : at the ISelize, and the Murquito protectorate. y By a supplemental declaration appended t r the Clayton Bulwer treaty of 185<\ the IJclia l- was exempted from the operation of thi treaty, which was intended to exclude her froi - the soil of Central America. But this Govcri 1 ^ ment complainel that aincc the date of tli Treaty, Great Britain had extended her jiiri; j diction, and had encroached largely upon tli territory of Gautcmnla. By the late Convct tion, England agrees to enter into negotiation with Gautcmala, for the purpose of fixing tli boundaries, between that Republic and th Hclir.c, and to conclude a treaty if possible i two year.\ fixing tho boundaries, as they existe at the date of the Clayton Bulwcr treaty; an' ^ to withdraw within the limits of her rightfu jurisdiction if she pawed beyond them. With rognrd to the Protectorate of the Mtu quito Indians, Great Britain has never claime a right of property, occupation or dominion But tho British Protectorate was resisted b; f this Government, because it carried with it a , influence, which might countoract the objcct c ^ the Treaty, and give England an undue contra ? in Central American affairs. By the Conven f tion agreed upon between Mr. Dallas and L,or< ( '.In rati /Inn n f nrpifnpi* /if lintita tu fn )i net apart. for tlie occupation of the Musqtiit Indians, the boundaries of which arc to be <lc tcrmined by two persons ; one to be appoinl ; ed by England, the other by Nicarr.^ua; an1 i in case of disagreement, they shall choose a > umpire. The Indians ore to have iudependen - legislative power, within their territory, an their rights of self-government, and of proj erty arc to be guaranteed by treaties to be con traded by Nicaragua, with the respcetiv Governments of Great Britain and the Unite States. Nicaragua by each of these Treatic shall bind herself to prohibit by law, the pui chase of lands from the Indians, and the sal 1 of npirituous lifpiors to them, and protect lliei from aggression. The Indians will not be pei " mittcd to alienate their rights, without th * consent of Great Britain and the United Statei except that by voluntary agreement they ma become incorporated with Nicaragua. The title of Nicaragua to the territory Sout of the Seg 'Via river, with the exception of th above reservation is recognized, saving tli rights of Honduras ; and awarding the citi Zens of Costa Itica, the free navigation of th San Juan river, with a few reasonable por charges. The disputes of Nicaragua, end Cot j ta Itica, are to be settled by the joint arbitre tion of Great Britain and this Governmcn! Greytown shall be declared <i free port an< city, though remaining nnaer the sovereignt; of Nicaragua, and shall be invested with al tlio rights of self-government, trial oy jor and religious freedom. The mnnicipal govern mcnt is to be restrained from levying expoi duties, and taxing goods on their transit acros the Isthmus; with this exception, that it ma; , raise a revenue from imports, to pay an anm; . ity to the Musquito Indians, as an indemnit r for the territory relinquished by them to th t Nicaragua, South of the Segovia river, e Such are the main features of the Conver t tion, and as it contains no provisions, apparent s ly inequitable to either of the Central Amer i can States, it is supposed that ihcy would it it terpose no obstacles to its fulfillment. ^ I The Present Growth and Future SnppI i- of Cotton. (- Two very interesting articles have recentl r appeared in the New York Jlrrald, under tli e above title from the pen of Dr. Alesandc 1 Jones, one of the sub editors of that pnpei - The writer is a Southerner by birth and in fee i- ing; and his connection with an unprinciplc n Northern Journal is maintained on terms bor orablc to himself and consistent with his all giance to tlie South. Ths design of the writ< i* to show that, the votton growing States i ' this country have no reason to fenr competitic ' * from the rest of mankin J, in the production < " their groat staple ; that the consumption mm >* ever keep pace with the production ; nnd thi v for the development of our capacities for pr e d action we need an additional supply of Inbo r England for the last quarter of a centur '' has been seeking a supply of cotton indepen V entof the United States. At tlie expense * a miflion of dollars: she was induced to mal 11 the experiment in India, which has proved n failure, France essayed the same ex|teriniei * in Algeria, and with similar success. Thewi ^ ter assigns very satisfactory reasons for tli ** result; and makes it appear, that the UniU ^ States probably possess the only climate ai a soil adapted to- the extended culture of eotto ^ on the habitable globe, n Of the fifty rnrietics of the cotton plan only aoout jour are cuiuvaaeo lor eonomerei ! purpoaea, and tbeae are annuals* requiring i ^ planting every year, TJi* ee*ton free of tl . tropica ia uaeleaa for commercial pvrpnsee; it producea only a few email LoiU. witb fibre which is coarae, harsh and brittle. Tl annual plant, whieh we eafttifate, r*<yiirci a- climate, where rain and attiabine alternat le witb auffldeat beat to mataae the plants e? cannot auataia tho extreme* of drought at a- rain, which it enconnters in th* toapie*;. wbe ?" it can only be reared by irrigative, whieh ia t t- eapenuva to be employed oa a large acal yt Thaee considerations are aafficie^t to ahow th r- eaUao eaa paver bo auUivated to- aay great c <*- tent ia lodi% Egypt and Algeria wa, ?v Th* United Slate* p*aM*aa*U??l advaetag Hi fer the pr?daotion #i coiten, Which a* oih ^ma|mr4^tter#^?jd ejtfoya. Eeatadhg^ i; Uio. tweofcy n'ifMkfe .thertliir1y-ii*lh Agr< Ljf. # _ ?. .j/V. .<?. .v. 3 ' ' V - * le ! of North Latitude,- and located on tin: shore .li of tlio Atlantic Occan nnd flic Oulf of MeJfieii ii- it possesses n climate, *hich combines tlm n- proper mnortnt cf hent nnd moist tire, trhieli i indisprmsible to the gfo'Wtb of the Cotton plrfnt t. The \fnters of the Gulf exposed to the heat o ii- n tropicnl mn produce n gfcat etnporntior ?s | which is condensed by the cold rnin of the el< ic ( vntcd Innd.?, which lieu Knst nnd West of tli P- . Mississippi, whilst the evaporation from tli |J- j Oulf strenw Jn condensed by the cooler air ?i , the Alfegffrmic:'. These causes produce the c? j piot/s sfiotters, during the Spring ami Humtiie j months ttImcIi is the lif?' of the coffoit plnnl w i The** *dtnnt*ge* combined with the riebnes j of the srril, ami the fmocsiiioii of slave lnbo ! directed by the enterprise nnd skill of tli' v [ Anglo-SttXon intellect, must give the Nortl American 25tute?i a monopoly of the eolto: ,c production. And even were it practicable, fo (frthr?fef fft culture of cotton from Anierien, to ln<lin o Algeria, England could gain little by so doint 1,1 ns i?lie would time lose the best customers of he manufactured goods. le The history of the cotton culture in thi country exhibits n wonderful increase, in tli production ; nn?l our cotton lands are still vx c tensive enough if brought into full cultivation to produce tunny more millions of bale-* ovc i' the present J'icld, ns easy as three millionn o i' bales are now grown. In the mean time, tli 11 consumption has not only kept pace, but bn been steadily gaining on the production. r_ Tlie annual increase in tlie production of cot ton lias not been a uniform ratio. Thus ii 1820-'21, the crop only amounted to 430.001 ? bales, which in 182C-'27 was doubled, amount :c ing to 9.07,281 bales. The next duplieatioi occurred in 1837-'38, when the crop rt-aehe< n 1801,497. In 1839-'40 the crop reached 2000, 000 bales ; the product of that year being 2, c 177,83S balee. From this period to 1851, owini J- to commercial revulsions, and the distil rbim e action of the Mexican war, the average eroj ? was about 1,200(1,000 bales. The discoven is of the California gold mines gave an increase" e impetus to consumption, and the Mipplv u c 1862-\53 reached 3,202,882 bales, which it n 1863-'66 attained the enormous nmount of 3, d 527,845 bales ; 300,000 of which, however d was estimated as of the previous years growth '1 The total increase in Thirty-six years, amount ed to 2,570,001) boles. ' The consumption in the Unitec States lmd been steady and progressive. In 20 years it ' lias iccrcased from 14I>,51(? bales, in I82rt-'27 to 5" G52.739 bales, in l>?f>5-"S6. The exports t?. n , Europe have increased from 2,-144,000 in ISSfi 'f j \V2, to 2,1>55.<?00 bales in 1805-'50 of whirl 'I Grent Britain took l,t>21,000 bales. '* If w? suppose peace to continue, and the gold mines of California and Australia, contin 0 ue equally prolific, in ten years, to meet tin 0 increased consumption, there will he required a cr?p of near 0000,000 hales. Have we tin ^ element of labor, to produce so large a crop, ^ i the writer thiuks not. " I The slave population of the United States in t ! 1Q_4<1 ?.A. O .4Q*T AX.K an/1 J 1 Q K A ?.???, ? "13, showing nn increase of about :i<> per cent, in ten years ; yet the increased power <>f eonsumption, foreign and domestic, will require an c increase of production of nearly 100 per cent The North, as well ns the whole civilizo<! '3 world, is interested in this increased prodnc tion. If a crop of 3,000,000 hairs' required tli< c employment of 200 Northern vessels, a crop o " 6,00,000, wonld employ 400 ships. Mnssnrhu r" setts, instead of supplying $:{f>,000,000 ??f cr>t e ton fabrics, might furnish $72,000,000 ; nn<; *? thus every kind of business, dependant tipoi )' the cotton trade would be augmented. For ten or twenty years p.ist, there has beer '' a gradual transfer of slaves from North Caro c' linn, Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky and Deln e ware to the rich country, on the &horcs of tlx Gulf of Mexico. e From 1810 to 1850, the increase of slaves lr North Carolina, Virginia nnd Maryland, was onl}* from two to si* per cent ; whilst in tin cotton States of the fluff, the increase win from SB to &8 per cent., and in Arkansas 13< ^ percent. From 1830 to 1840, there was a de y crease in Delaware of one-half per cent; anr II it*. - _r r a. tr?l.* .1 in > irgiitin 01 ii>ur jut cuiiu una ui'ircust y gare an enhanced value to the products of to bncco and hcrop in the States of Missouri, Kon tucky and Virginia, which consequently check 3 ed the emmigration, and gave un iner?asc ir y the next ten years, in Virginia of 5 per cent. '* in Kentucky of 15 per cent., and id Missonri o 7 60 per cent. e The yield of gold in California and Austra lia, since their discovery, has readied $500,000, 000. The produce during the p^ent j-eai ^ will be no less than $125,000,000, and this ii l* ten years, will give in addition to the prcsenl ? supply, the enormous sum of $1,250,000,000 Tim ilitisiiminnlliin nf il.Sa lnr?. B..m n-^.,1. - ........ - ...... b" > "? "> give 8ucb an impetus to consumption, as wil y probably crcate a demand for at least 61)0,000, 000 of bales. >' The writer recommends tlie application o e the English Coolie svstein to Africa with wage sr at $8 per mouth, as a measure which woul< I", meet the requirements of labor, remove tin I- horrors of the slave trade and lessen the ex d pense of watching for slaves on the coast o i- Africa. e- Governor Adams and the Tribune, he think; tT are mistaken in supposing the growth of cot Df ton to be on the increase in India. In 18511 in the imports into Great Britain amounted t< Df 809,474 bales ; in 1855, to 894,014 bales; th st Ja6t not more than 242,768 bales of ccjiiu it weight to the American bales. This cot tor o- too, is an inferior articlc, and under the nam r. of Surata commands not more than one-half c y American uplands. d- A review of the area of onr cotton gravi of ing District furnishes some interesting view te of its capacities for increased production/ Th a whole area comprises about 600,000 squar nt miles, or about 87,000 square miles of coltor ri- producinglnnds; which at an average yield t iu a bale to the acre would producc about 24,000 >d 000 of bales. And as a large portion of tbi id land is inexhaustablc, and the rest is easily r< n, newed, the maximum of production could b maintained, with a sufficient supply of laboi The only question regarding the future suppl 1 of cotton is one of labor. 1 m , ? Cou Bufobd's Loss in Kansas.?Fror a letter published iu tbo Westford (Missouri " Republican, it Appears that Col. liufort * who led the march in Kansas, has lost of he wards of ten thousand dollars in that ontei I * prise. Col, Baford has acted nobly, and i ^ the more to bo admired for the reason thf II patriotism is generally its own and only r< ward, but if the efforts made for Kanso ra had taken the shape of ffve thousand slave 00 to be sold tkerer at about #600 a piece, the would- have been .More entirely effieien There is not.an emissaty of the Eroigrntio Aid Sptsiety in Kansas who would not hav , ^iT8t> tlirreft band red de4lars for the privileg \tm ?f b&?g tber strongest pro-sla*ery nan aliv< II uegroes, mote cprtpjaiy }ha ?H Ofe^ttousand roenf would- ufUo thf JK'?.W* - ?* t- ?r-* ? - - <.' ?<--* T*>f . ? I [Klin TIIK INDKI'KNDKNT I'llKSS.] i YoOng Men's Christian Association of' I 1 Abbeville. ? ! Pursuant to notice, :i number of citizens , i, ! inet in the Hall of the Sons of Temperance, ' f j on Sainrday tlio lOtli iiist., at 7 o'clock .. I !' M. Mr. R. II. \\ ardlaw was elected Cliairc ' man of the meetini;; prayer was otl'ered lip ! by the Hev. ,1. C. Williams, and the object i 1 of the r<eetin?? stated by Ib'V. 11. .Johnson, ! A coin ff?it tee then was appointed to draft p . resolutions lor the evening. The commit j : tee, consisting of Messrs. .lolinson, lloyt and , t\nr - ? - ' ' 11 ^ t . ..!< luinjnm^ resoiiinuns, an ; of which were adopted: 1. licsolrrtf, That wo do hereby form our ' selves into,*i society, lo lm railed the Young 1 : Men's Christian Association of Abbeville, 1 " 1 on the basis of svieh rcgdlatiofis J?3 shall ! j hereafter Ia; ngrccd on by us. r 'I. liatolvcd, That a committee of threo r be appointed, whose duty it shall be to draft ' < > a Constitution and Hy-Laws, and report r j them at the nest meeting, j a. licstrlrcd, That a coiiTmtitfce of five ' * j be appointed to enlist members by personal ; 0 application. '' i 4. Jicfth'cil. That fh?? rnniinittcn on ?lw? '< ! Constitution, nominate officers* 1 { 1?)' appointment of lite Chair, Kcv. ]>. ! f .1.rlnwon, \V. A. I.ee mid K. A. I'air, cotn- j e . pose tlie committee oil the Constitution, i s and John McBryde, \V. M. Uaddcn, K. A. ' J hair, .1. T. Owen ami J. Shehane, the coin- 1 | mittee to enlist mpinbcrs. i ; The meeting then adjourned, to meet on j "> ' Saturday the 17th inst., at 7 o'clock 1'. M. j - in the Hall of the Sons of Temperance. i , j II. II. WAKDLAW, Ch'n. 1 j A. C. Fi.dhk, Sec. - j The Dead of 1066. r j The New York Herald has the following . ; i in relation to the distinguished dead of the ; > ! past year : We publish this morning our nerrologicnl 1 I index to tin? year which will close in a few > i days, and trust that an attentive perusal of! i ns contents will have a salutary effect in re- ! . straing the excesses of I lie holidays as well , \ as in elevating many minds from mean pur- ; . : suits to an admiration of ihc dignity of vir- ' ; tue and patriotism. It is imposiblc foranys i i one not to be more serious when he reflect ; 3 ! on the number of busy minds and brave and j ambitious hearts which have been stilled; within the short period of twelve months, j t This republic has lost Mr. Berrien and Major , Katon?members of Cen. Jackson's Cabinet ! ( ' ?Senator Clayton, Cow Troup and CoinI modore Morris, and others who counselled i ; for her interest in the Cabinet, and upheld : i her dignity amidst the contention of factious ! and during the perils of war.?England has I j to regret the death of Lord Ilardinge, the i hero of many bloody fights, Sir Henry I'ut" | linger, a miliary diplomat ; Sir John Ross, I the Arctic navigator ; Bueklatid, the geolo- j i i " .1 ...? . i jriM, :ui?i esunacou, me sculptor. Kiissia 1 ] mourns for Prince Padciewitch, the brilliant \ : representative of two Czars in Poland ; Prince j1 j NVoronzoff, jt faithful and sagacious conn- j 1 seller; (Ioti. Iindigcrs, a valiant soilder, and 1 I Admiral Surcow, whesc name is immortalj ized for i he planning and carrying into opera' j tion the bridge which led his comrades | from the south to the north side ofSeba>to | pol after I he rupture of the Malakoff f ; Poland still regard the name of Ignatius | i Turknll as that borne hv one of her most ; - | unspotted patriots, although he rerurned to ! i : her soil to die in the tram of the autocrat of j i Russin. Same of the old statesmen of France have died in different parts of the 1 i world, whilst many of her modern lights - have been extinguished in the capital. A \ - pasrc of Napoleon the Great expired in Paris ; j ; I <11111 win; UI i id on llltt renew 1 fr?.?m Moscow yielded up his life at Buffalo, 1 i ; in this State, refusing for thirty-five years I : to speak the language which he said had . been used for the destruction of his chief. 1 , Count liombelle.-, who married Maria Louise ; after the fiirst Kinperor of France died on . the Continent, in great indigence. Count I Esteihazy, of Austiia, was carried otT rather ; suddenly in lierliu, where he represented the Kinperor Francis Joseph ns Minster. Sir William Temple Lord Palmers ton's brother, who for a long time held the post ofEnglUh Minister at the Neapolitan Court, 1 ;. t 1 e? ! ? ? ? is .-uso ueau. ocience, literature anu uie nne ^ arts have been stricken in the persons of Shape, (hegeologist; Peruival, the American geologist ; Sir William Hamilton, the metaphysician ; Von IJicla, the astronomer; Henri 1 lei no, the German writer; Caroline Lee Ilentz, Thierry and Countde Tocque1 ville, and a host of others. The musical and theatrical circles have j lost Madame \Vstris, Adolphe Adam, John j Braham, Hochsn.and Lindpainter, who composed as well as he painted. M. Sinn, of Vienna, who was worth four millions of pounds sterling, succumbed to death, whilst John Sadlier worthily represented tho giganB ! tie swindlers of the age in the manner of his * I death, ns he did durinc his enlirn onroor I e We conUl not in a sununnry mannerclarify * all the famous?or infamous as the case may '' be?persons who have been summoned to their account during 1850. So the render must attempt that task himself. The disciples of temperance all over tl?e world have to grieve for the loss of Theobald Matthew > who died at Cork in Ireland, on the 9lh of e this month. The widows of Mr. Hukisson, 1 of England ; Henry Bell, who propelled the >f first vessol by steam in Riitish waters ; Clarke son, the famous abolitionist, and of Nicolas ?( Biddle, onr gigantic banker, have also passed away. The sudden death of George r- Steers is fresh in the memory of all, and we 8 may say that the year has been fatal to many e eminent mechanics, e > Sai.r Dav.?The dav was cool, with a 1 - .1? . I? 1 J unjoin Mm ttiiii ii r.ivtfr uvcrnciui. nil r nnnstial number of persons were assombled. i* The amount of proberty disposed of was s* considerable ; of lands, 888 acres brought e $12,020, being an average of $14,21 per p- ncre; one tract containing 349 acres sold y for $25,15 per acre. Thirteen negroes sold for $11,050, being an average of $89g,63; one negro man sold a for $1,420. j At tbo auction rooms of II. IT. Kinnrd, y eleven negroes sold for $5,010; in the lot r were si* children,one-boy al>oat eight years old, and an old man and woman ; also, Quite a large quantity of furniture, die., was dis. posed of. m There wa* no hiring of servants on that a day pnbficly a* we heard of. Men are be_ ing hired from $120 to $150 ; woman from ^ $60 to $100; boys from $10 to 185. n JVetoberry Sun. e e Goto From Galtvorhta.?The smonnt '? of gotdweenred at New York frt>m Californ am during the present year is, $40,319,029, it Mvhioh is* $1,062,595 less than recived !aat g year.?- k i i iwiiiii II i i ? Pood?Philosophy- -Broad. T There is no kind of variable food more palatable, healthv, nutritious than I I bread made of fermented who.it flour. And n although it is not the most cointnon bread ! used in every cotmlrv, v?*t we bolievu it is ' the most highly esteemed by all. Wliefe, j or by whom leavened bread wasfiist disoov- k ered, is unknown, The earliest history in- i ii forms us that (lie most ancient matrons of i Israel were nei|Uainted with it, but the ; r name for (lie good housewife who made, the j t first fermented wheat?-n loaf has not been ' Ii handed down it the olden chronicles. If l her name wen* known, she certainly would a deserve the lir.-1 toa>t at all public dinners ! v (and private ours ton.^ but since this is mi. i known, we ronjretnre l lie discovery was li made by accident ; utidonbiely it never re- j li suited from fen-onim; a prior!, as no one, | l< naturally, would suppose, that tlie fermeuta- I li lion of Hour was anything but a rotting pro- j a cess, rendering it not only useless, but pos- ' b itively injurious for human food in any form. j tl A certain quantity of llour is put hito a J v vessel and mixed with a certain <|Uantitv of! milk-warm water and a little yea-t, then v kneaded to proper consistency, exposed to ' a a lieat of about 05 Fall, tor a few bonis, a when it ri.-os, as it is termed, and is alter- ! :< ward kneaded ajjaiu with Home fresh flour, ' ? then put into au ovrn and baked; it is la- ? ken out in tin; form of I wives, <ti 1 ! *d "bak- : a ed wlioaten bread. "Tliis i< about all that J e is known, genera fly, of the philosophy of j u bread making. , ii Chemists dilTi-r ill oiiinion rrrrardinr/ tlir> primary cause of fermentation ; but ii i- \> known tlial leaven induces litis action in ll dough, and tlial alcohol ami carbonic acid j <1 arc formed thcrehv, the Hour being dccoin- i si po1 and |?ri--iti'jf oil* in tlx' form of these i si substances. This is the reason why some a have decried the use of leavened bread, be- ; y cause lliey said.it was formed by wasting i tl "some of the nutriment of the Hour.,, ]>uln? : a none of the nutritious part of the Hour is ' ii driven ofl'in fermentation, only carbon and | a hydrogen?respiratory substancies?being I it dispersed, their loss is compensated by the 1 a improved healthfnl ijtiality and pleasant , h taste of such bread. tt liaised bread made of effervescing salts , such as saleratns, is not so palatable, so heal- tl thy, nor will it keep so loiii;, as bread raised w by fermentation. The public has oftentimes been cajoled bv person* pretending to make bread which contained all the ali inoiit of the Hour thai passes off as spirit in fl fermented bread. A moment's reflection will ! convince any jiorsr?n that, weight for weight, : r( fermented luend must contain the greatest [ t| amount of nutriment, because fermented s) bread contains a great amount of respiratory j substances?and as a consequence, less of the nutricions. ; () One part of the philosophy of bread-ma- |, king?and it is to this feature we wish more particularly to invite general atteniton : s. ?is the maintaining of the heat constantly 1 w above the boiling point of water. The' j, starch of flour is insoluble in water at a 1 temperature below 212 (leg. : it has to be |. well boiled before it. becomes soluble, but ;1 wnen moistened Willi water :iik1 exposed (| lor ;i short time in an oven to a heat of' v iibont 300 deg. Fall, (never below 21:2 'leg. j (] at last.) its nature is change*)! ; it becomes j dextrine, which is sellable in cold water. r The heat of every loaf of 1>ivh<1 placed j j, in an oven must be exposed to 212 dc<j. | ? Fall, at least, or it will not be properly l>a- j (: kod, mid cannot he easily digested,?heavy, I (| imperfectly baked bread U thereforo not f) only unpalatable hut also unhealthy. p The bakers of 1'aris have a world-wide celebrity for making beautiful fermented j (*.| bread. Their skill and science are mostly ! j, displayed in managing the temperature of I |, Iheir own ovens ; they employ thermometers j ;fi Lo indicate their heat, and watch them 1 ai with unceasing attention ; their baking heat ' )f is maintained from 'J 1'J ileo- in 4(1(1 derr I t Fall. Cotton Seed Oil* 01 We published a paragraph a few days ^ sin co, from i Ik; New Oilcans l'icayuue, no- ? tiring the shipment of cotton seed from the ' South to Khodo Island, to be there maun- d faclured into oil nnd oil cake. The fact of il the application of cotton seed to such a purpose has been extensively remarked upon, "i ns though it were new, when it is exactly the ? reverse, and the planters of the South have 01 lieen sagaciously called upon to husband their cotton seed, in view ofthis novel dis- ; ?**' covcrv. For years it lias been known that xv valuable oil can be extracted from cotton n seed, and many attempts have been made to extend its manufacture. Hut in nearly 'I every case, though the factory has been lontiim 1 n nAint l/?i? iKa ... .. j mcnt of the oil, yet it lias a!ways been at a very inconvenient point for receiving the i seed. This has been the primary cause in ! t] the failure of all such undertakings. () And the cause of failure in this case has fi only been part and parcel of the suicidal pol- t< iny of the Southern States in all such un- n del-takings, at the very moment when they s are most loud-mouthed in their denuncia- u tions of Northern monopoly. Instead of I s going to work and building up factories to i f? convert the raw material at home, and thus j a save to themselves tho factory nrofits as I s well as llic cost of transportation, they call li conventions and assemble) theorists with ji nothing better to do than to grieve over the li prosperity of others. If they wish the pros- li ent state of things altered, the entering v wedge will he to diversify the soft seenery of a tho South with the busy hum of the factory t wheel, and thus make the transportation of t "cotton seed" or any other rnw product of fi agriculture to "Rhode Island," or elsewhere s a subject of surprise and not of gratulation. The practicability of making gas, alno, t| troni col ton seed was broached in Si]limanTs ? Journal many years ngo. The theory was 8 as beautiful as tlio light, hut defective from R the fact that cotton need was loo hulk)' to f, bear transportation to points where pas was f( needed?the expense on it prevents it from f, entering into competition with coal and v rosin* Tho same difficulty, we imagine, j. will l>c lounu id convening 1110 seed into oil ti at dintant points. It will be found to fur- j nish no equivalent, after the transportation |. is paid, for the loss of its efficiency as a fer- $ tilizcr?the only really profitable use e?er yet made of cotton seed. If small establishments for the manu facture o( cotton seed oil were so located in ^ tho South, an to be convenient to the seed, and also readily accessible to market^ * capi- ? tal prudently invested and carefully manag- 1 ed, might obtain some reasonable reward. 0 ?But that it can ever be transported to r Rhode Island, where it is gravely announ- r ced it is worth two or three cents a pound, I and boconvc a paying article of export, nf- , ter deducting carriage, is simply preposterous.?Halt. Amer. - | Indigestion and Industry arc two things a seldom found united. c i mm ii ft dr. Wobnter on tho Death of His Wi OH From uTlic 1'rivatc Correspondence 9H >aniel Webster,'' wo <jii?>te tlie followin. 99 rriltcn by Mr. Webster shortly after tl B ieatb of bis wife jPH Washington, March 31, 1828. ?9 My Dear \vpln'w : I thank you for yos RB :iinl ami atl'.ctiutiale letter, and assure yot jS3 is surest ions were all in accordance witi IgM ii7 own feelinifs. It docs not appear un- flm ' soiiablu to believe that tho friendships d ffi his lite arc perpetual in heaven. Flesh ami jjB >lo')d cannot inherit the kingdom of God; fig lit I know not whv that which constitute* SH pure source of happiness on earth, {full- SB iduul affection ami love, may not survive mm lu? tomb. Indeed, in not the principle of ?| appiness to tlie sentient I>ein?j essentially SB lie same in bearen and on earth ? The Bj ivc of < tod and of tiro good beings whom IS <! lias created, I lie admiration of the materiI universe which he has formed: can thcro jH e other .source* of happiness than those to H In* hiinian mind, unless it is to alter the SB hole structure and character ? B And again it may be asked how can this K orld be rightly called a scene of probation H nd discipline, if these affections, which wo M re commanded to cherish and cnltivate here, 9 re to leave us on the threshold of the other Sj oild ? Thcstj views, and many others^ jtj onld seem to lead to the belief that earthly I (lections, purified and exalted, are fit tor S any us to the abode of the blessed. Yet, it a lust be confessed, that there are some things n i the New Testament, which may possibly 9 ouulenanee a different conclusion. The fi ords <?f <>'ir Savior, especially in regard to 9 lie wmnan \\ho had seven husbands, deserve K eep rellceiitin. I am free to confess, that 9 Dtnc rlescriptifius of heavenly happiness are 9 :?otheri il and sublimated as to fill me with p siraiige sort ot U'lmr. I\ven that which mi quote, that our departed fitends "are as lie angels of f ?od,*' penetrates my soul with dreadful emotion. Like an angel of God, uleed, 1 hope she is, in purity, in happiness, nd immortslity : hut [ would fain hope that i kind remembrance ??f those she has left in lingering luiinan sympathy and human ive, she may yet In- as <iod originally crea d her?a little lower than the angels. My dear nephew, I eanuot pursue these !ioughts, nor turn hack to see what I have l it ti ll. Adieu. 1). W. The Newly Invented War Engine* A correspondent of the New York Journal f Commerce, alluding to the "Infernal laehine" which (Jen. Walker's friends liavn " jeoiillv purchased for liis army in Nicaragua ms explains its efficiency and deadly inrumeutalitv : In form if. resmbles a small grindstone, irned by n crank, and will disehargeed 300 ne ounce balls every minute, attend by ontwo men. Every machine is calculated destroy three regiments of seldiers in tho ime sp ice of time. It can be directed ith tho same ease as a common rifle is andlcd. The iuver.for, a Yankee, is now in Engind experimenting before the Admiralty, nd a great many old Generals, of all counies, who evince much interest, and have rrilten him letters expressive of their woner and astonishment. One distinguished 'olisli General expresses himself to the inentor, "that as soon as this deadly weapon ee.onics in n?e, wars and rumors of war *..? 'IM... , ? 1 ... -i, V .1-' . 1 mj Si1"", "1 IIHIUIIIIIU, UIShargi-s without report' anil sends the ball !>ree times tliu distance of the ordinary rifle r cannon, as the case may he. The British government has offered the inventor 200,000 sterling, if he can enlarge his maliine to discharge a 04 pound shot. This e is now doing, and informs his agent here e shall accomplish it. The Russian Minter at London is anxious for the patent, r.d h:is offered him his price ; hut he says ? his friends, "I mean no other nation shall avc it but England and my own country." Previous to his going to Europe ho offerI the right to the Ameriean Government nt VaKhington. Experiments were made with n<> ounce and seven pounds cannonades, efore our naval and other officers, by orer of the Secretary of State, which proves II I have related above and to the entire ilisfaclion of those present. One of tlioso infernal machines," placed upon the deck fa vessel, one of the Commodores remarkil, "would sink a frigate in lliree minutes." Such a constant discharge of halls just ? fast as they can be handled awl rolled in ith the accuracy the}' can he directed, nist inevitably destioy all before it, bedes the great distance and being out of anger of the enemy's guns. Charles B. Huntington. This person, who has so lately occupied he public attention in a criminal way, say? lie New York Tribune, reached the nrisnr* n Friday evening last. The Warden- at rsl designed to place hi in in the hat shop1 i work?but Huntington being a cabinet laker by trade, was placed in the cabinet ? hop. Hit preferred it to the hat shop. On nondav lie was busy nailing together bedlead slals, and packing finished bedstead* >r removal. He maintains bis fortitude, nd worked cheerfully. The overseer of the hop in which ho works, desiring to inurfcr lim gradually to hardship, which is the nactice with new arrivals, for the sake of icaltli, told Im11 Hint lie might work with lis coat on for a few days of tliis cold weather ; but Huntington took off his coal iid worked as actively and as cheerfully ae liotigli lie had all along been working at l)? bench, instead of engaging in feuts of inancial ground and lofty tumbling ir? WaU- ^ freet. It was Huntington's luck, at his first prison linner on Saturday, to march into the hall icxt to and bo seated at the side of a large ized specimen of tlio African race. This udden transition from luxury to prison fare, rom spacious, richly famished and bcautiid apartments to a narrow, gloomy, meaolyLirnishcd cull, cold and dark, is a change fhich must produce most painful s&nsations a his mind, lie has expressed his desire o the keeper to bo made acquainted with lie rules of the prison, so {bathe may strict*' y observe them, and ho will moke the beal * 4 I ? Gov. WxiiJaud's Recbptiow at Jaciom Mississippi.?Hon. A. I\ WHIar \, Jovfernon-elect of Indiana, having accept* Jn invitntion from the citizens of Jacfco k, ' lissisoippi, to visit them, arrived in that ci j " n the 23d inst., and wag-received amid tl ? oar of cannon, (he exhilnrnting straii^v nusiovJJmHfcfS shoots of an Immense moUft ude, by theMnilitary, and conduct) to . tW Capitol, where he was welcomed by Govf5 dcHne in eloquent term?. Got. Willardr esponded. .At the close of th*6 cerenrfonTefc'1 * 5ov. Willard, with a vastconcoulrsedf Jad&s \ *t tnd gentlemen, partook of the bocpltatfej^i^ (,y >f Gov. MeRflo at the hxecutivo jnawtfoo.y? \