University of South Carolina Libraries
Erivan: Capital of a Hunted Nation Graphic Description of Pictures que Section of Armenia ' "Washington, May 14?Erivan, lat est capital of Armenia, which press reports say has been recently pillaged -by Bolshevik conquerors/ is t h e subject of the following communica tion to the National Geographic So ciety from Maynard Owen Williams, Mr. Wilhams, who has been collect ing information and pictures for the Society in the new countries of Eu rope and Asia, writes: "In Vain and Erivan the Armenians had two of the most delightfully sit uated of cities. Van, the ancient cap ital, backed by ten thousand foot mountains, looks across the wonder fully blue lake of the same- name to the rough crater rim of Nimrud and ?tho perfect cone of Sipan, with the snowy ridge of the mountains or Kurdistan to the south. Since the spring of 1918 when the Turks swept through toward Tabriz, no Armenian has lived in that ill-fated city over which war has washed in repeated waves of terror and destruction. Centre of Armenian Nationality Erivan, the new capital, is situated on the northern edge of the wide plain of the River Arax. which stretches from thfxt city tothe slopes of 17,000 foot Ararat, one of the world's lord liest mountains. It was the city to ward which the Armenians retreated time and again during the war and it has been the city around which Ar menian nationality has centered dur ing* the stormy period since the Arm istice. ? "Behind Erivan rises a line of hills which strech northward to lofty iLake Gokcha, with a famous old monastery on an island near its wes tern shore, and through these moun tains; some of them more than two miles high, there winds the well built miltary road'which leads to Akstafa and to Tiflis. Steep ascents are nego tiated by intricate hairpin turns and the views as one dashes, along in a motor car are a lovely succession of prosperous valleys and wooded'moun tain sides. "Erivan is also connected with Tif lis. Georgia, and Tabriz. Persia, by a railway, which however has been in operation very little , since 1918. In March of 1918, the American relief worker* who had built up a large "warehouse and many kinds of work shops in Erivan, were forced to leave. Two of them, John Elder and James Arrol, who had gone down through the Caucasus to open Y. M. C. A. ?work, remained behind and did what they could to alleviate the sufferings of the people until the road to the outside world was open. Pass From Terror to Terror "Surrounded as they have been by many foes, the Armenians of Erivan have passed from one terror to an other. They have had dealings with Turk and Bolshevik in an effort to save what is left of the vanishing race. ^ "Twelve miles away toward the River Arax, the Armenian Swanee, . there is the quaint little town of Etchmiadzin, the home of the Ar menian Katholikos, who is chosen by the entire Armenian nation, including those in India and Russia as well as those in Turkey and Persia, and who is the spiritual head of the national Church which has been the kernal of Armenian national life for cen turies. "Eriyan itself is a place of little in terest, although it contains the ruins of a Turkish fortress four centuries old and the Blue Mosque of Hussein Ali Khan, whose enameled tiles rival those at the Tombs of Shakh Zindi in Samarkand. Each year in this Christian city there is a passion play depicting the assassination of Hus sein, the son of Ali, enacted by the Moslem population. Plain Dotted With Village Ruins "There it stands, a nondescript city between the mountains into which the1 helpless people have re peatedry retreated and the rich plain of the Arax, dotted with the ruins of Armenian and Tatar villages. And across ^he hazy plain, standing alone in its majesty rises the huge mass of Ararat, snow-capped and impres sive, from which the Armenian priests long since copied their headgear and toward which the anguished people now gaze with little hope. "Across the western shoulder of Ararat they have come, leaving be hind them their beloved homes be sides the turpoise lake at the foot of Castle Hill in Van, its sides carv ed with boastful inscriptions left by a dozen conquerors. To be conquer ed, to be pounded in the surf of na tional strife and to be cruelly crushed by the backwash of war?this has been the history of Erivan since the Russian front in the Caucasus crum bled beneath the weight of four years j of misunderstood conflict, and disor der spread over the Armeninn pla teau where war and massacre had long been known." Why Ship is 'She'. Here are some answers to the ques tion: "Why do they call a ship she?*' If you ever tried to steer one you wouldn't ask. Because it takes so long to pret them ready to go anywhere. They need almost as much dolling up and paintst as any woman you ever saw. A ship's gotta have its own way or it won't go. Ships always come off the ways backward like the members of a cer tain SCX alighting from street cars. It costs so much to keep one in ope ration. They are always calling at some place or another. Because shipbuilders can't live with out them. Who ever won an argument from them. Because they are held together with steel. Because they frequently toss their noses in the air.?Bethlehem Ship News, National Treasury May Be Called On Unless Some Way is Found To Reduce Railroad Expenses and Increase Revenues, Says Chairman Cummins Washington, May 13.?Unless soltc way is found to increase the reve nues and reduce expenses of the railroad the deficit will have to be met. from the national treasury, Chairman Cummins, of the senate in terstate commerce committee, declar ed at a hearing on general railroad situation. When Carpenters Got $1.75. I The average carpenter in Kansas iCity in 1881, the Forty Years Ago column reminds us, was getting I $1.75 a day. A very few men were getting as much as $2 or $2.25, and the limit was $2.50. This was for a 10-hour day. The average pay of from $1.75 to $2 continued through the 'SOs. Then came the hard times of the early '90s. There are men in Kansas City today who remember standing in line to get a .iob of carpentry work at 11 cents an hour in 1892 or 1S93. That was the low point, and condi tions were very. bad. The revival of business set in about with the elec tion ofMcKinley. Since that time the trend has been upward until now the carpenter in Kansas City gets $S for an 8-hour day instead of $1.75 for a 10-hour day. The price of liv ing naturally was lower 4 0 years ago than it is today, but nothing like a. low relatively as wages were. Occasionally some ^motional per son tells us that the average man is constantly losing out ,'that his condi tion is getting worse instead of bet ter. That isn't so. The case of car peners' wages is an illustration of what has been going on pretty gen erally. Sometimes people get impatient at the slowness with which things pro gress. They want the millennium to morrow and are peevish because it doesn't come. A backward look over 20, SO or 40 years is helpful on such occasions. America is moving for ward.?Kansas City Star. Fairv.oUl Industrial School Columbia, May 10.?A State-wide campaign for $20.000 to support Fair wold Industrial School for Colorec" Girls until proper maintenance car be insured and to provide permanen improvements at the school, ten miles from Columbia, will be launched thi month. It is believed that the cam paign will excite wide interest ir view of the worth while service tha the school has rendered in the tw< years of its existence. The school has heretofore exists' by means of contribu':Ans from whiu people and negroes, it being expected each year that the legislature would take it over and maintain it a--* a pan of the state system of refomatories This has not been done and the schoo: is faced with the problem of existence until next year when another effor1 will be made to have the school. One negro loaned the money to bu\ the school property, consisting oi 30 acres, and two buildings have been erected. These are badly in need ol repair and a crying demand for monej is felt every hour at Fairwold. There are now 14 girls, committed by the judges of probate of several counties, at the school and there have been 21 received there. That the school has justified its existenco is best shown by the intelligent interest shown in it by white people and ne groes. SINN FEIN SOLDIER EXECUTED Cork. May 10.?Daniel O'Brien, of Knockandbane, was tried by drums head court martial Saturday and exe cuted in the Cork detention barrack this morning. O'Brien met death bravely, maintaining the same atti tude he displayed zX his trial when, in answering a request to plead, he replied. "I have no defense, I was caught as soldier, and you can try me." Epworth I/cague Social. The Epworth League of Trinity Methodist church gave a social Fri day evening May 13th in the Sunday school rooms of the church. At the opening a short musical pro gram was rendered after which a number of games were played. The young people entered heartily into the spirit of the games, and on departing expressed themselves a: having a good time. During th* evening refreshments were served This is a new society, having r?en organized only a short time, i?ut un der the efficient leadership of Mr. Robert Brown as president it has grown both in interest and numbers This was the first social meeting that the league has given, hut the;, expect to give them at intervals throughout the year. The regular meetings arc held ir t i.o church Sunday afternoon at ,r. o'clock and all those interested in young peoples' work are invited to at tend. The Home Service section of th? Red Cross now has on hand botu a baby carriage and a go-cart which completes the wants of this offic? along the infant lines. Thanks to tw< generous parties the needy babies may now be able t<> sleep and rid< comfortably. If Mr. Daniels had wanted to pUo a mean trick <m Mr. Den by. he m h ??111 ? i have had his naval recommendation! copyrighted.- Arkansas Gazette. The conquest of th<- air has pro gressed tf> the point where very few people say "aireoplane."?Washing ton Herald. A Mississippi planter has trained two wild geese to catch fish for him. If they weren't geese they'd eat what they caught.?Philadelphia Record. HOW TO BEAT BOLL WEEVIL Single-Stalk ?*Iethod of Cotton Culture Gains Favor With Progressive Farmers Twenty-five to one hundred per cent increase in yield is reported by cotton growers who have adopted the new close-spacing syst tie. of cotton culture introduced S or 10 years ago by the United States Department of Agricul ture. Reports coming derectly to the department and to southern agricul tural journals, which have interested themselves in encouraging the n \v system, show that farmers throughout the cotton regions of the country are rapidly turning lo the plan. Increased yield, less labor and expense for the same crop, and a lessening of boil weevil damage are among the benefits; recited in hundreds of letters writ**?n! by farmers in various parts of the South. Indications are that the sys-j tern wili be adopted far more widely the coming season. Space Plants a Hoe Width Apart The close-spacing, more commonly known as the single-stalk method of cotton culture, consists primarily in spacing the cotton plants so c'ose in! the row-?a hoe width apart?that the lower or vegetative branches do not [ develop, and the growth of the plant goes directly on fruiting branches, permitting them to begin development of blossoms and bolls earlier and giv ing them more nourishment and more light. 'i !?..' discovvn riv. i 1 };??? cotton- plant; j in oonemon with ??offfc, cacao, and numb: r Oi ui.tr?->' species, prooueeSTt'w<6: different sets of branches \.as a..nOuh-: ced by specialists of the department j about VOll, and has given direction i to a series of useful experiments in cul- J tivation. By taking account of the specialized habits of branching it was found possible to exercise a much more effective control of the develop ment of the plants so as to secure earlier crops, larger yields, and great er protection against injury by the; boll weevil. t The suppression of the vegetative.; branches avoids the excessive crowd- j ing of large plants and injurious com petition between the two kinds of; branches. The cultural ideal under the j new system is a cotton plant with j only the single, erect, centi-al stalk ? bearing numerous well-developed I fruiting branches, but none of the! vegetative branches or secondary: stalks. The suppression of the vege- j tative branches is easily accomplished i by leaving the young plants close to gether in the rows. Thinning is de ferred until the plants are some 6 to 8 inches high, or even later under conditions of rank growth. If the young plants stand less than G inches! during these early stages of growth. - more of them will no tproduo< -\ vegetative branches, but will have oni\ the upright central stalk and the hori zontal fruiting branches. The distance between the plants is regulated with reference to local con-j ditions and the habit of growth off different varieties, the range being be-! tween 6 and 12 inches. The plant ; 'hen have a narrow upright form and j can be left closer together in the rows.; Even with the plants only 3 or 4 inches; apart in the rows there may be less: injurious crowding than with large' many-.stalked plants 3 feet apart in I the rows. The. distance between the! rows, usually 3 1-2 feet, can be var-j ied with reference to local conditions, but crowding the rows together, so that the sun does not reach the ground, is undesirable especially under weevil conditions. Small Plants May Outyicld Large | Ones. In the way of production two dis tinct advantages are gained, the small er single-stalk plants free from any arge unproductive offshoots, proceed j at once to the development of the branches whic h produce cotton bolls, j uid in many cases these small plants i)T*,*?dtj**e *i^TT,'v:t as man.* bolls, and ??? better quality of lint than iarg\ many stalked plants occupying the space, of three of the smaller. But even with j very small plants that bear only aj few bolls apiece the yields may be! ?nuch larger than from large spread-/ ing plants. The bolls also are pro-'v tuced much earlier on the small Dlants, and are more likely to escape injury by the boll weexn'I. The Egyptian cotton industry of the Southwest, an achievement of the Department of Agriculture which has added $20,000,000 a year to the an nual agricultural income of the country, could not have been accom plished, in th.e opinion of department specialists, without the new close spacing system for controlling the vegetative branches. The benefits to the $2,000,000.000 cotton crop of the I ?'ountry at largo, with continued ex- I i.en?ion of the new nietnod. can ca.. j be faintly estimated. RISH KILL WOMEN >ir Charles Harrington and Daughter Shot From Ambush Belfast, May 15 (By tie- Associated *>???..:;. < ?M iss Barrington. only; laughter <>: Sir Charles Barrington j >f Glennstal Castle, county Lime-] ick, and head ?>f the Masonic order n North Mlunster. and Police Inspce or Biggs wer.- shoi dead fron: am >ush Saturday by civilians while m<"? oring from Killoscully to Newsport. !ounty Tippera i y. 'I'h' father of the dead woman is a oriner high sheriff ??!" County Lime iek. Nine policemen, two soldiers and a lumber of other persons were killed I Saturday and today in attacks and! ounter attacks ;it various places:! Numerous persons were wounded. More lives may have been lost in he Macroom ambuscade, when 17 uxiliaries were killed on Red Sun ay, l"ii for gent ral and organized ioleme Saturday and today prob b!v were the worst since shooting It' ril l M? [' Iii ni Mm (?Ii/1 (i? it n i ? y. li m ? u,9 . The pleasure is worth it* There's no sub stitute for Camel qu^Uty and that kdl^ fragrant Camel blend. rry( /? Camels. Js. who smokes Camels, wants hat's because Camels have a smoothness, a fragrance and a mildness you can't get in another cigarette, Don't let anyone tell you that any other cigarette at any price is so good as Camels. Let your own taste be the judge. Try Camels for yourself. A few smooth, refreshing puffs and you'd walk a mile for a Camel, too. R. J. REYNOLDS Tobacco C* Winstoa-Seleza, N. C* ?i; a large scale was inaugurate u t: January, 10 IS. Air the casualties except one were in the area covered by the Southerr parliament. The exception was ai Droomore, Tyrori. where a Sinn Fein er was shot dead. .Miss Barrington was traveling witl two other women and Inspector Ma jor Briggs, a military officer. wh< ? she was killed. The military officer was wounded. Constable Bridges was shot dea< and two other constables wen wounded while purchasing: gro Saturday at Drumcollagher. A part: of police going to their relief was fired upon and two of the policemei were wounded slightly. Fierce fighting followed an attack on the Bandon police barracks. The military and police swept the streets with machine gun fire and the people were obliged to throw, themselves upon the ground for safety. About the same time, armed civilians marched through Dunmanway, Coun ty Cork. Being followed by auxil iaries in motor lorries, they shot'and killed several horses h; i v-.? :?::?.?. >. <o as to obsirue: the h their pur suers. All the roads south and west of Cork have been trenched at many points. The belief prevails that rebels intend to carry out a general attack on military and police bar racks. One hundred civilians attacked the Clonakilty barracks with rifles and machine guns Saturday afternoon. The attack was repulsed. Four mem bers Of the attacking party were seen to fall. The police suffered no casualties. Two gunners of Royal Marine ar tillery stationed at Port Perry, near Middleton. county Cork. were shot dead Saturday night. This was :h? First attack that has been made on naval forces. At Castleton and Bere ... ... rv. ? .. , - . ? ? : !??'?? ? i : ? ? ; ?. 1 lorries on three occasions in the ":.n district today. Some of :he occu pants of the lorries were wounded. The Rosslarepier barracks, county Wexford; the Bridegton barracks Wexford; the Sliidal barracks in Galway, and the Holy Cross barracks. County Tipperary. were unsuccess fully attacked1 Saturday night. Tie re was a brisk fight lasting an hour at th^ Rathmore barracks Saturday. The polici resisted the attack with bombs and rifles. Tin1!?? were no casual! ies. Woman and Three Men Killed Dublin. .May 16.?Three governme.nl officers and wife of one of tin in were shot, and killed in ambush last night id Ballyeiru. Tie- party was riding in an automobile when they were am bushed by forty men. Military and police reinforcements sen 1 to tire scene were fired upon and one constable was seriously wounded. SUPREME COURTS MAKES RULING Washington, .May i;'>. -Requirement that the prohibition amendment be ratified within seven years by three fourths <>' the states does not invali date the entire measure the supreme court ruled. r j Cotton Marketing Association Co-operative Agreement Ready For Signatures of Growers C dumbia, May 10.?Answering in quiries from farmers ov\r the iiaie j is to whop the co'.ion giowers' co- I ?perative assoc;ati<m marketing | agreement v.*ou:d be ready for the. signatures ??; the grev.*erS". it. C ' ixajucr, pretiatnt o: the sou-.ti Care ina division o: the American Cottoo association ami chairman of the cam paign committee of tin,' South Caro lina Cotton Growers' cooperative as sociation, said that he cam; aign to secure signatures wou.a probably be launched in about ten days. Then.- wi'l b^ a meeting of the campaign committee next week to work out the details of the campaign and in the meantime the agreement to he signed will have been turned over to the printers. The nominating committee o,% *hr association is ex- ! peered to hold a rm-et!::* next \v e ek ; ?.. deride ?ben a president of the oi> ganization, ail : the temporary oili cers with the exception of a. president having been chosen on last Tuesday. "The South Carolina Cotton Grow ers' cooperative association," said Mr. Hamer "is to be an organization of South Carolina Cotton growers on a state-wide basis for the one and only specific purposes of selling South Carolina's great cotton crop in a real cooperative way. "In other words this association is to be a business marketing organ ization composed only of actual ; South Carolina cotton growers or j owners of cotton. It will be man- i aged by its own members, who will ? ?;>?? t permanent officers after the 400,000 bales which must be signed up before the organization can func '::???. .' ? months of the year, yet statistics show that the' great bulk of cotton has in former years been dumped on the market in the fall*months. The effect of this unsound practice upon the market and unon the growers' pocketbook is known to all men. This association offers the first real op [portunity to put am end to "dumping" [and to substitute an orderly market Jin;- of cotton as the spinners need it. "Tin- plan of organization of the [association is of proved and success ful soundness us a business propo sition. It is not an unknown or wild eat hazard. It is based on the so I called California system, which has twenty-six years of unusually suc cessful and profitable experience be hind it and through which $0.000 Cal ifornia farmers are cooperatively ? handling mere than $:;00.000.0(>0 [worth of business annually. ! "What has i???en done in Califor nia and the Pacific northwest with I wheat, fruits, nuts. eggs, rice, milk, alfalfa., poultry and honey, the farm ers of tin- south are now proposing t>> do with cotton. / "The cooperative association pro poses to effect many absolutely nec- j essary reforms in the present system oi' cotton selliner. first, by the elimina tion wasteful methods, und sec ondly, through collective selling, (thereby assuring greater profits to the producer without unduly increas ny. costs to the consumer- ? - "Specifically the association, I ex pect, wili do the following- . definite things for its members: "First, it will grade, staple. and weigh each bale of cotton de?yered to it by its members. This -.will place a true value on the cottpn in serais of quality. ; . : ?"Second, it will warehouse all -QQfc ten delivered to it by its members* This will at onc^ ee the tremep dous lots from "Cu ry damage" es timated a: from 3 per bale" up Third-, it v .;: :- ail oii its cotton in even running :c each grade staple within its 0' pool. This wijl assure a higher pri than can be-Ob tained in any othei way and ?vejfcb th ?? producers the cost aud prolix of middlemen and ^i-culaiojrs. vrho-tfay mixed lots from grow, rs and ' aller concentration and classification .-. sell in even lots to milis at higher prices. ?'Fourth, it will sell on its Owb sanioies and warehouse certificateja. This will again reduce another, heavy loss, known as the "city crop" add prevent nndergradmg: ' ? ':' "Fifth, ;i v.:: ? sell collective^ au<i only vshea the market demur>d<?,;It. rhia will reduce ?peeEaJizuti cs-ajid ttnd to stabilize pnees. ? v, "Sixth, it will sell its cotton as di rectly as possible. This will. elimi nate many present wasteful methods, shorten the route between the ?se ducer and spinner and secure for the producer a larger share of the pciee paid by the spinner. ? ? "Seventh, it will determine |b'e O90t of production of cotton. This will assist in asking a price which Will yield a profit to the producer. "Eighth, it will encourage and de velop the production of uniform and standard varieties. This will assist still further in pool selling and itf se curing a better pri :e. ?. ' v "Ninth, it will advise with.gro?eTS on production methods and prob ' rms This will bo -^::t;aiiy . ft^Pp* fu.J and pro;:*:^... . '-:v.***:"S.V . . .': in i ?;: be carried ,t*Jit onij ... i.::?. way and that ii. tmi&r^&e plan of organization outlined in-'??tile marketing agreement of the. ?kura tive association. This association wjll begin to function when a'membet^htp representing at least 400,0.00sbales' cotton is secured. Each mehYber, gardless of the number of''ba-Jes/isa producer signs a legally binding hiar* k- ting contract with the associ?tJoa? representing himself and every other member, in which aid members agree to sell all of their cotton through tlje association for a period of five years. That's the big point in the matte*'.*Tt guarantees that the association will stick and that it will be able to 4d* liver the. goods." Wrangle Over Office Columbia, May !.<>.?The Hampton auditor muddle got into the C?trfts today when Jesse W. Thomas,'ap pointed auditor, appeared before tfaa court and asked for an ordef against Hagood Gooding to oust him from office, Mr. Gooding having re fused to surrender the office to the appointed successor. The order- was made returnable on the 25th. Governor Cooper commissioned Mr. Thomas in place of Mr. Gooding* following charges of irregularities in office, brought by the state tax Com mission,