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T WlMtMAY. FEBRUARY 21, 1908. Wmlekmn* wm founded in MM ?ad MM IVue JtatAroe io 196ft. The avaistsias Md Jk>?iAnm now has the ootn fcanod eirssiauoa tad iaAaeaoe of both of toe *U ev*M? eed to sasalfestly the beet wJvjw* tea en?oi ta aa alter. tsaauatere raised the tax levy, a earn bar of new outcos, ln tae appropriations and made a greater dedctt la the State's aaaa whom the legislature to ist oat the unexptred term toe Lat'.rrtr may as well aot to seek election fall term, far ha will have no la the primary than an la a, legtstaUve election. ? e ? polats to the election of Walker, of Qe< rastown Krank B. Oary. of to all oat the unexplred Lutimer. Outside can are wastliig time and energy election at the hands of the tare and the friends of these I tali i candidates ara reoolutina and j ta no purpose. The general of Booth Carolina to not an' aaaad fraternity, but It to clan Mi the extreme when It comes to Oat political sen ans and a man a en ess fa er of she happy family ptaceieelly n ? chance of getting ?shoe or honor iff the election is tho beads of the general as If the truth were known a seniority of both senators and threes wen? pledged to vote f another of the legislative . eaadldatuo before Latlmer had been aa hoar dead, and the out gsders'aaay as wett prepare themselves r he hake the aaadsrlna that will oe ad whea the general osoembly oa Marofa Id. Some of eatoejattons may try to fan as with their convtitu casting a perfunctory ballot O* rasa foe Use "favorite son" .-sndl j\- date of their home county, but when the real rating begins It will be quick *Ty aosa that saembere of the legi?le? tups have tho votes cinched. * oaes or cs COL. LB FOR SENATE. ^tVTt Known Mennes of Samtrr Bar Kndoreeel for Po?ltb>n by Poofiee of - aaSHM 4 'i.uuuu a paper sndora ta* bras fear the Hasted States Senat? urajsag aim so consent to become lit toe the aasarplred term of a Seaacor Latlmer. Whoa the aaaoa was signed by a large Amber of dtiaenm was presented to tat- Leo as stated that If his fellow Utthsiai at Susater desired him t> per - i^AJt* *** ?* hMl uame he could aot ? e]a othst aiee than consent Ha said * <UF0her that ho had no desire to en j *M* hots a susaiuble for the office and . that eatM the tho request that hi the ate of hl? name was pro to him nothing had\been fur from his thoaghts than to be a candidate. The honor was un aad the endorsement of tho among whom ho had spent hlj ire life wee therefore the moro tssghby oaopeclatsd. la oao saaso o fthe word Col. Leo te a raadhtate. for his name will be auuaeatcd to the general assembly as a candidate tar the United State? eon ate with tho endorsement of the peo ads of tana tor la snot her sense he is ?tldate lu that he Is not ae Thao II a format pwnbeble ujeory seeking the position and will taw. participate In a scramble. * Thus far Col. Leo has not given out format 'Statement of his position in to his candidacy, but It Is to that he will do et? within the """""""" Carolina's Fertilisers. Prof J. N. Harpor of Cletnson col at the meeting of the Soutb Catalina Live Stock association, Feb. V, let*, made one of the finest ad over heard In the South. It aith facts (he farmers of South Carolina should know. facts they aaoald beeil* and study cut to their Welfare and Increased wealth, \mong other things Prof. Harper, who Is an authority on such subject*, said the folk) wing: **d?ma systems of farm managc Taoont In the South will not permit the arrowing ,.f leguminous crops/ often onough and In uiftVlent amounts to produce the nitrogen required. Under h conditions wo muit re??rt to the a of nitrate 6- some commercial ns of nltrog'ov The chcapeat form Or fauna in commercial fertiliser* la the South la in cotton seed as the nitrogen in cotton seed fa In an organic form and It nails become available as It Is trekea down by sttrlfytng bacteria Into nMrates. Title process Is gred esal and consequently the nitrogen is act all available st one time as it Is In arrrate af soda and as the plants de? tatop this nitrogen slowly becomes ojeasjabls for their use. Tho South is BRL a. * _am now exporting millions of pounds of cotton seed meal to other States and countries, there to be fed to animals and the manure to be returned to the soil, Increasing the amount of humus and nitrogen. This Is an enormous loss to the South and if continued through great periods of time will eventually mean depleted soils.*South Carolina is now spending about $12, 000,000 a year for commercial fer? tilisers. This la enough money to pur? chase the food for 600,000 cows and the manure from 600,000 cows would be equal to the $12,000,000 now spent for commercial fertilisers. From re* cent experiments conducted at our experiment atutlon at Clem son. wa have found that dollar for dollar ma? nure from cowa fed cotton seed meal Li worth three times as much as com* raorcial fertilisers containing the same amount of plant food. The value of farm manure depends largely upon the kind of flood that the stock con? sumes. It la a fact that with manure animals about 80 per cent, of the nitrogen Is recovered In the manure and practically all of the phosphoric acid, lime and potash. There is a loss of about one-half or the total dry matter. Where owe aro fed what Is known as a balanced ration the manure from f>0 cows during the year contains $2,900 worth (I phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen, but this Is worth mere than this figure because of the great value of the humus in the manure. Manure can be greatly Increased In value by feeding concen? trates such as cotton seed meal. No country in the world probably suffers aa much from a lack of farm ma? nures as does the South. Our soil con? tain On abundance of potash, In fact some of the soils of ths South will analyse almost as much In potash as some of the commercial fertilisers that are applied to them, but this potash Is locked up In an Insoluble form but bp applying manure It will make It available for plants." SOUTHERN SEED IMPROVEMENT. The Field for Economic Plant Breed? ing In Che Cotton Belt. (Paper read before the American Breeders Association, Washington, D. C., Jan. SO. 1908, by David R. Coker. of Hartsvllle.) In considering any subject related to the present condition of Southern Agriculture, it is well to remember that our section has not completely rocovored from the effects of the civil war and the ensuing period of negro rule. This cannot but be plain to the studont of Southern Agricultural con? ditions and * largely caused by the almost corr plete paralysis of our ed? ucational sytitem during and for some years after the war. A large percentage of our farmers, not having had the opportunity to ob? tain an education, have been unable to keep full pecs with ths advance of their Processen. The Influence of our Agricultural Colleges and the missionary work of such men as Dr. J. M. McBryde. Col. J. 8. New mart, Prof. W. F. Msssey, Mr. E. Mclver Williamson and Editors Jackson and Hunnlcutt are, however, plainly evi? dent in tho general and rapid im? provement of conditions. Though great advances along many lines have teen made, the subject of plant breeding and - its vital relation to agriculture has hardly begun to attract attention ?in our sec? tion. Scarcely any of our farmers have the slightest conception of what plaid breeding means, and there Is now almost no supply of pedigreed seed of any of out staple crops. Our fr*?"**s, how? ever, can b? counted on to ay scien? tifically bred seed and Ut ,-ote nome attention to seed celection, as*coon as th? great value of pure breeding Is Impressed upon them. Our agricultu? ral colleges and farm Journals, have a great field for missionary work on this subject which, as yet, ;ney havo scarcely touched. There are for sale In thetSouth nu? merous so-called varieties of seed which are advertised under high sounding names and with most ex? travagant claims of productive capac? ity. Many of these, however, prove to be mixtures of types and are fre? quently found to be worse than value? less. Plant breeders, as well as farm? ers, would welcome an effort by the national and State governments to stop this pestiferous class cf swind? ling, and I hope this association will tuke some steps lo this end for th? general good and protection cf its members. TgS Importance of plant breeding to the Soujh cannot better be shown than by calling attention to the value of some of the woik thut has already been done. The earliest work of this kind thtt la known by the writer was undertak? en before the war by Hon. John Town semi of Edlto Island, whe suc? ceeded In Improving a strain of sea Inland cotton until Its length was abeut two Inches. I am Informed that he Invariably got $1 or more per pound for this cotton as long as he lived. Other sea Island planters have kept up a more or less peifeet sys? tem of breeding to the present day. and to this. In part at least, is un doubtedly due the admitted pre-cml nence of South Carolina sea islands. Valuable varieties of upland long staples have been originated by Mr. j Allen and Mr. Grltlln of Mississippi, I and Mr. Stonoy and Prof. C. L. New? man of South Carolina. Prof. New? man lias also done some remarkable work on field peas. The experiment stations of all the cotton States are, I believe now doing more or less plant breeding:, but most of their work has not advanced far enough to have general effect on ag? ricultural conditions. | The work of the national plant oreedlng d?*partnient, under the di? rection of Dr. H. J. Webber, stands pre-eminent In the brecdlr.g of those of our economic plants which has been undertaken. The success of this department with pineapples, citrus fruits, cotton and tobacco are no doubt more or less familiar to all of this audience. The Columbia, bred by Dr. Web? ber personally, is the first of his cot? tons to be distributed by the depart? ment of agriculture. It has yielded with the best of the varieties tested at our State experiment station, and its money outturn was the greatest of any, on account of the premium which its long staple commands. My own experiment with this cot? ton seems to coincide with those ob? tained at Clemsor. the past season. I tested it with nine other varieties and though the general results were not conclusively, owing to irregularity of ttand, Columbia undoutbedly stood first in money value. Dr. Webber's Citranges are also an J important addition to our economic plants, as they provide an entirely new class of fruits for the cotton belt. ' ? A plant of Rusk Citrange which fruited in my garden last season has thus far proved entirely hardy. The j delicious ade ma Je from this fruit may soon be expected to alleviate the situation in the broad area of South- I ern prohibition teiritory. I would like to mention the work J of a number of the men in the bureau of plant breeding, but refrain for I lack of space. I must say, however, that Mr. A. D. Shamel has obtain el results with shaje grown tobacco that deserve the widest notice and. commendation. He has, in fact revolu- 1 tionlzed that industry. Mr. Orton also, in .saving the cotton plant from extinction over considerable areas, has earned the gratitude of the cotton j States. The production of varieties of cot- I ton similar to Columbia, suited to each sect Ion of the South, is one oil the most promising opportunities now I in view for Southern plant breeders. I This work is especially important to the eastern part of the belt where up? land cottons average lees than one inch in length of staple and sell in the markets of the world at a lower price than any except East Indians. it should be noted that most of Dr. Webber's promising new cottons, in eluding Columbia, originated with se? lections from existing varieties and not from hybrids. My method of cotton breeding is I similar to that originated by Dr. Web? ber, but differs in a few details. 11 started with a determination to breed, I If possible, an upland cotton of maxi? mum production that would command I a staple premium. All extra staple v:t-1 rleties then known to me were much J lower In yield than the best short sta- I pie sorts. I have, therefore, from the I first examined only the most produc? tive plants, and of these only the ones which show an Increase in length of lint are selected for breeding. I give J the plants a distance of 4 by 4 or 5 by I 5 feet and have incidentally made the Interesting discovery that on gooi I soils these distances produce more I cotton than the usual farm method of crowding in the drill. I find it a good plan to have two breeding plats, one on heavy and one on light soil, put? ting part of the seed of each mother plant in each plat under the% same breeding number. Before selection Is begun I take one seed with lint at? tached from each of a dozen plants on each breeding row and mount them. By a comparison of these a quick approximation can be made of the average performance of each breeding number In length and per? centage of lint. Selections are then made from every number not palpa? bly deficient In some cardinal point, for I find it Impossible to judge with the eye the relative yield of ditierent rows of cotton. A record of the exact yield of each row on both plats Is, therefore, kept and if the same num? ber yields as well as other desirable qualities on both the light and heavy soil rows, there can be little question j of the Inherent quality of the selec? tions made from it. Selections from rows of poor yields are, of course, dis? corded unless very exceptional. My best number last season show? ed a production about ten per cent, greater In both plants than nny other row. It was also quite satisfactory in length and percentage of lint, large new of boll and other desirable chrr aetsrlstlca, und i hops to make from It a variety as good as, or better than Columbia. The low yleid of corn throughout the cotton belt Is presumptive evi? dence both of poor seed and inferior ? cultural methods. I The lattei is being rapidly reme? died, largely through the agitation begun by Mr. U. Mclver Williamson Of my own county (Darlington coun? ty, S. C ), who has perfected a method : of culture that not only produce! large crops, ,but rapidly improves the soil. Such corn breeding work as ll now j being carried on so generally and suc? cessfully in the middle States is al? most unkown to the South. Here and ; there, intelligent farmers have Im? j proved their own seed by selection in the field. None of them, however, that I know of have resorted to ped? igree breeding, and if any acclimated corn of pure pedigree is being offer- | ed to the farmers of the cotton belt, i I do not know of it. ?? My own corn work, begun only a j year ago, Indicates as great variability . In the yielding power of individual ears as has been noted# by Mr. J. Dwlght Funk and Prof. C. G. Hopkins j of Illinois. A most notable point in my experiment w^is the absolute fail? ure of the seed ear which in all visi? ble points was best. The limits of this paper do not al? low mention of the breeding require? ments of each of the many Southern economic plants. Suffice it to say that nearly all of them (and their number Is legion) can be greatly im? proved in quality and productive ca? pacity by systematic breeding. The record of Southern plant breed? ing is, as yet, very short. Here and there work has begun and quick and valuable results have Invariably fol? lowed; but compared with what yet remains to be done, that already ac? complished Is indeed small. No fairer or broader field exists in American agriculture today than the field for economic plant breeding in the cotton belt. COAST LINE TO REDUCE RATE. COT TO BE MAPE IN THIS STATE PROBABLY IX SIX WEEKS. Proposition is Made Railroad Com? mission by President Emerson in Person to Heduee Intra-Stnte Pas? senger Rates to 2 1-2 Cents Per Jfile on One Year's Trial. Columbia. Feb. 24.?The Atlantic Coast Line today made a proposition in writing to the railroad commission to put into effect within six weeke, if ppossible, the two and one-half cents rate. The proposition is practically identical with the proposition made early in January by President Fin ley, of the Southern Railway, to Go v. Ansel, which was shortly afterward followed by a verbal proposition to the same effect by Mr. Alexander Hamilton of the Atlantic Coast L ne. Free Ships, Not Free Subsidy. Free ships, and not ship subsidy, should be the criv of all Southern ports. The idea that the American merchant marine could he rehabilitated by sub? sidies is a delusion and a snar??in fact, It is an effort to raid the treas? ury and give a few rich corporations a monopoly of many lines of traftic and a right to charg* exorbitant freight rates.?Philadelphia Record. Girls, a clear skin Is the first re? quisite for personal beauty; to secure it good digestion is the secret. Per? fect digestion comes from the use ol Hollister's Rocky Mountain Tea. Makes rich red blood and clear healthy skin. 35c, tea or tablets. Si bert's Drug Store. McLAURIN SUCCEEDS LATIMER. Mississippi Senator Offered Place on Immigration Commission. Washington, Feb. 24.?It is under? stood here tonight that Senator Mc Laurin, of Mississippi, has been ten? dered and that he will accept the place on the national immigration j commission held by the late Senator Latimer. ' The place was offered Senator Mc Laurin last year when the comnus sion was fln-t organized, but he declin? ed to accept it when it was found that he would probably have to take a long trip abroad. His views on the subject of immi? gration are liberal and it is not thought he will contend for so strict a law as did Senator Latimer. James B. Hill, of Atlanta, Ga.. is the first negro in the ccuntiy to receive a Carnegie hero m^dal. A check for $500 was sent as a reward for risking his life in danger from a runaway t**e.m in Atlanta. Improved Cotton Seed. Has your Cotton Seed run ont? Are they nearly all black seed? Do you want seed that will add 10 to.20 per. cent to your yield another year? 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