University of South Carolina Libraries
THE COUSTY REOORD. Published Every TLursday ? AT? UNGSTREE, SOUTH CAROLINA, ? B T? LOUIS J. Iilil^TOW, Fdltor and Proprietor. The complaint, made a year or more go, of an over-supply of clergymen in the United States, is echoed now from Canada, the Toronto Globe printing a report by the clerk of the Toronto Presbvtery, which shows a ministerial supply much in excess oi the demand. In that city alone there are nearly fifty Presbyterian ministers, physically competent, who are withont charges. Not only are these men without calls, but they do uot even get * 'ehances to fill "supplies." It is not infrequent for some of them to offer their services gratuitously rather than get entirely out of touch with the pulpit. The explanation, as given by the Toronto paper, is the increasing number of theological graduates, but, more especially, "the desire of congregations in these days for young men. However regretable, it is nevertheless a fact that the appearance of gray in a minister's hair at once discounts his chances of receiving a call, and it is next to impossible for a Presbyterian minister over fiftyfive years of age to attract attention LTULL1 tt occaiu^ a The cry is for young men, and many congregations without ministers wait until the members of the graduating class in Knox College are available for calls each year." A boy uf 10 and a little nirl were walking down a streyt of a New York town a few weeks ago when the girl , suddenly screamed, and her companion caw that a wire hanging from a pole had brushed against her face and seared it. Grasping the wire in hlt> hand to pull it away from tli? child, he dropped dead at her feet. Investigation showed that a wire from the telephone circuit In falling had crossed an electric lis lit wire. a ml thus had l>eeoaie charged with the powerful current. Ignorant of :ill this. t!io boy had, with manly instinct, sought to relieve the child. It douhlts the sadness of the result to know that if his instinct had been trained to modi rn conditions, he would have caught the child away from the wire instead of touching it himself; and that the sacrifice of his life was needless. The extraordinary prevalence of the elcetrie wire inijioses the knowledge of two facts upon every person bordering ui*>u civilization, facts which have to do with life and death, for oneself and those about one. The first concerns prevention. Every ntaa. woman and child should be taught to avoid touching a wire hanging in the air or lying upon the ground. The probabilities are that it is harmless. The possibilities are that it Is deadly. It may be "alive" in itself; or u '" K i?b???w ?A 1m fcaru! -s :u itself but deadly through ha vine fallen upon a live wire. Whoever ^vs a hanging wire should traee Its source. and if it seems dangerous, keep guard that u<? person or anitual touches if. and report it instantly to the authorities. Prevention is hotter \ than gute. but -every one should know tiso that a person struck dowu by electricity ;s not invariably past resuscitation. "Several extraordinary cases are n record where after even two hours af seeming death latent life has lx*eu revived. A young electrician in Pittsfield. Massachusetts, accidentally received iu his hotly three times as many trolts as are used in putting criminals to death, and lay apparently dead. Fortunately there was one near by who knew enough to insist on experimenting with the methods used in restoring the drowned. After a'time which seemed eternity the breath came with a flutter ami increased iu strength till the man was restored. Both of these fnefdenrs miehr lie mnlMnlied: but they are sufficient if they impress our readare with the vital facts of prevention and cure in electri^I casualties. Captain Vaughn's Qu;er Lily. A plant that grows at the rate of nine inches every twenty-four hours without earth or water is a curiosity in the possession of Capt. S. R. Vaughn of 3114 Reed street. Capt. Vaughn calls his plant a "snake lily." It came to i him through a friend in Cochin China, and when it first arrived as a bulb it looked like a huge Indian turnip. It lay duriDg the greater part of the winter in a dark closet, but recently it began to show signs of awakening from its long sleep. Mrs. Vaughn knew the symptoms, for the bulb has been in the family's possession for several years now. and she had watched its successive bloomings and witherings during that time. Mrs Vausrhn took it out of its hiding place and set it in an ordinary peach basket with nothing <|t all about it except some newspapers. A motled green stalk pushed its way out of the top of the bulb and grew at the amazing rate above mentioned until now it has reached the heighth of S feet 1 inch, end is just beginning to wilt. Of this total height the pistil or torguo issuing from the cup of the lily represents 4 feet 1 inch. Cup and pistil are both of a beautiful dark maroon color. The flower and stalk will gradually wit hex away and drop off the bulb. The latter will then be planted in earth, and in July and August will show a great ombrella-like spread of foliage. In September this too, will wither, and the bulb will go to sleep for the winter. Philadelphia Record. I GOOD ROADS NOTES, 1 i * I list ruction in Koad-liulldin^r. With the lnrilding of better highways there has arisen a demand for practical road-builders and competent highway engineers, not only for occasional work in constructing country roads, but for permanent positions as street superintendents and road commissioners in towns aud cities. This demand is beginning to he recognized, and preparations made to meet it, by affording courses of instruction on the subject in various iustituiions, public exhibitions of the working of road machinery, and in other ways. As Massachusetts was among the C * I,;?U? ?,-a o,v cl,n ill i;u|nu>u nci lii^n w, ov ?uv was about the earliest to provide instruction on the subject of road-building. In the Institute of Technology and the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard University, complete courses of instruction are given; models, drawings aud photographs are used in the the lecture rooms, and visits are made *o works in process of construction. Anyone may enroll himself in the course in highway engineering at the Lawrence Scientific School, by the payment of u small fee. But, however good the instruction furnished to young men in institutions of learniug, it will be some years before their training is completed, and more years before they acquire the experience that will make them must valuable. In the meantime, roads must be built, aud those engaged in building them, and others who are responsible for the care of them, require practical instruction. To afford this, 111 connection with the construction of the State highways, has always been a feature of the work of the Hifhwnv Commission. Iu tlio last four years the State has expeuded nearly two million dollars on its roads. The work has. been located in 123 different municipalities scattered throughout the State, out of a total of 353, or over one-third of the entire number. Fifty other municipalities have built modern roads, or 173 in all; so that almost exactly onehalf of the entire number of towns and cities have had experience in tlrstcjass road-building. .As towns are given the first choice of taking con, tracts to construct Slate highways in their own territory, and many have undertaken it, there are hundreds of men scattered over the State who have hud actual experience in building some of the best roads in the world. This alone has proved a valuable means of disseminating information. One result is that good foremen oau now be readily secured where, four years ago, it was a difficult task. High-class road-building, according to the most-approved, scientific methods,and the use of modern machinery, in so many widely-separated localities, has afforded town officials, whose duty it is to look after the roads, opportunities for obtaining information that they could get in no other way. These men ordinarily till other offices and are engaged in business, and have no time to leave home to study roadbuilding theoretically; but, when roads are constructed near their doors, under competent supervision, they are quick to appreciate it. The Highway Commission employ about sixty resident engiueers, one of whom is stationed wherever the State builds a road, to instruct the contractor in the methods to be cmployed, and he remains on the ground from start to finish. These engineers are, in turn, looked after ,by five divisional engineers aud a chief engineer, to secure uniformity. At the end of the season, all the engineers are called together, and discuss the year's work in detail. The meetings are lively aud interesting, and anyone who has attended them will appreciate their value. Besides this, the Commission holds a public hearing in each county every year. Town officials, and all "others interested in the roads, attend them, and views are freely interchanged. An association has also been formed, at whose meetings experiences are interchanged and papers read. By these methods the young and inexperienced man learus both theory and practice, nnd the older practical man becomes acquainted with modern theories.?L. A. \Y. Bulletin. Free Delivery Depend* on Itond*. To promote the business, social and educational interests of the people are the objects of the Road Iuqniry Bureau and the Postoffice Department of the Goveruuieut. Having these things in view, they desire to exteud-the system of free rural postal delivery, and will test it under all conditions. Routes have been selected in New Jersey and Pennsylvania over stone, gravel, clay and dirt roads, aud the results in each case will be carefully noted. It is obvious that they must prove most satisfactory where the work can be done most rapidly aud regularly in all weathers?that is, on the best roads. In considering this question, E. G. Harrison, the Government road expert says, ''the advantages of delivering letters to factories and other industrial establishments, particularly where large numbers are employed, need not be dwelt upon. The mails left at public schools can be distributed to a great number of families through the pupils living remote from post .ftice and carrier routes. Letters brought to the nonMcf onlinnl fnc mnilinc hp jucaivoii uv/uvvi x. .. Jected by the rural letter-carrier totlie nearest postoffice fur mailing. Teachers can use these letters as objectlessons in giving suggestions aud instruction in regard to proper, plain and neat addressing, etc. In schools remote from postofHees, the teachers might, with advantage, be made stamp agents, aud in this way families far away from postoffices can be rupplied with stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards. This will promote letter ] writing and use of mails, and will also i insure more regulai school attend! a'.ice. The rural districts art-anxious 1 for free postal delivery. They need j it. Tt will come with good roads and be a practical advantage why,1? they will realize and appreciate." Circulation is T^ifc. The roads and highways of a civil division are as the veins and arteries of the human system, says theSufJern Independent. I.ife and health, that j is, business anil prosperity, of each part can be bail anil secured only by the freest circulation, anil the conduits must not be allowed to clog. While the limb would wither if the circulation was interrupted, the heart would also sillier. Where would the proud ; city of Xew York be without her magi niticent railways, and what would have j been her condition if the great blizzard l of 1S88 had continued a month? ! The village with its paved streets . and flagged walks may say, "let, the farmer build his roads; he is the party ! benefitted." Tkejlord of the manor who surrounds his grounds with a high wall and morass, aud then beautifies his place for his own enjoyment and benefit, may be wise if be has within himself all he requires to satisfy his needs. The village which has placed its streets in perfect condition and has neglected the highways leading thereto. has arranged, like the lord ot the manor, to live in seclusion. Has the village all it requires? Does it depend upon anything or anybody for its existence, growth and ptosperity? Is it, not, in fact, most dependent? Does not every village depend ! - ?l. . ? ll. "1.1. i upon me extent 01 lue acouss?wie ure? of which it is the centre and metropolis, and the prosperity of that area? The village cannot shift the burden upon the farmer, nor the farmer upon his brother farmer. Each is interested, and the contiguity of the highway is but an iucident. Suppose the Erie Kuilroad were abandoned; whose loss " iL.i. xi-- r would ne me greater, mat ui tue mi mer living within one-half mile, or the one a mile distant? i ElTect of the New York Law. The road improvement bill passed by the New York Legislature is valti1 able for what it makes it possible to accomplish, and a3 opening the way : for active work by the State. It de, pends for actual results, however, on, I lirst, State appropriations to make ' State aid a reality; second, public sentiment in the counties which shall ; be strong enough in favor of making | improvements to force the supervisors, I or property owners, to apply for them; : and, thirdly, sympathy with the movement on the part of the State engineer, in order that when applications are 1 made for improvements they may be t granted. i The measure is conservative in na' ture and permissive in form. While opening up great possibilities, it is ; not mandatory in effect, nor docs it force any improvements on any section. A local initiative is required in i i - oi-i. _: .i 1 ?. oruer to secure mute am aim eiau ; work iu any locality. The people have it strictly in their own hands to ' decide whether any road work shall be inaugurated. Under these circam1 stances it seems strauge that it should have encountered any opposition. It ; merely opens the way for work to be done, if the people favor it, and it leaves the people entirely free to say whether they will enter upon it. i It is a long step forward for the ! Empire State to make practical road , improvement? possible in this way, but the work does not end here. Public sentiment must be educated up t:? the point of demanding work, ; and in order to accomplish this the agitation for better highways must be ; prosecuted with unabated vigor. I. . tncqnul Axles With Wiilc Tiros. I Wide tires are not only good things, Kv?4- volna ie nnnoli ittoroa'tod if I they are used on axles of different ; lengths, bo that four distinct tracks ; are made by the wheels instead of ' two. A concern iu central New York , does much heavy hauling with fouri inch front and live-inch rear tires, and j rear axles fifteen inches longer than j the front ones. It carries four and | live-ton loads and keeps the road surface good and smooth. Shots at Kail Unails. A Pennsylvania paper says that a i Mississippi steamboat could have ! steamed along the placid bosom of some of the roads in the State recently without fear of grounding. The State-aid appropriation for I roads in New Jersiy is ?150,000 for 1 1K'?S Tim counties add ?300.000 to . this, ami enough local expenditures 1 are made to foot up a considerable j sum. Mauy students of the highway question believe that there are more public roads in the country than are needed I and that hard roads, in each direction, ! two miles apart on the average, would I meet every possible requirement. Wheelmen and farmers with advanced idea3 in New Jersey have been J endeavoring to persuade Governor I Yoorhees to sign the bill increasing I the road improvement appropriation : of that State by $50,000. They have ; not yet succeeded. The State Organizer of the Missouri : Good Roads and Public Improvement J Association is a woman. She visits all the county seats, organizes road j improvement societies, sees all the voters and secures a good membership ; list. Her work is reported to be very ' successful. A study of sixteen French railroads ; seems to show that branch lines eou! tribute to the tnaiu line gross receipts I 1 4-10 times greater than those which ! the main lines earn. If this be corj rect the importance to the railroads oi j good highways is simply enormous, foi ; the country roads are the feeders oi | the railways. HELPS FOR HOUSEWIVES. Soup, n Table Diplomat. Somebody has cleverly claim* *1 son] as "a table diplomat, either excitinj an appetite for the good things t< come, or so fully satisfying inwart cravings as to make diners totally in different to what follows," says Tabli Talk. It is safe to conclude tlia " - luese opposite rt'aunn uepcuu uj>ui the quality of the soup and its prope service in connection with menu. I the dinner is limited and rather in sufficient for the probable demands o appetite, the soup that begins i i should be nourishing. On the con trary, the elaborate meal of main courses requires a light soup as stim lant only, and not as food proper. The Secret of Aspic Jelly, Aspic jelly, which is still a terrify ing name to many amateur cooks, i: made in a few minutes, and if neccs sary, out of that emergency material 1 a jar of beef extract. A half box o gelatine is soaked for twenty minute; 111 four tablespoonfnls of cold water In this is simmered u slice of onion, r bit 01 celery, a bay leaf, and a few peppercorns. When the gelatine is dis solved, it is added, the whole s'trainec and set away in a square-rimmed basin, preferably, in order that it may In easily cut up into blocks. A little of this garnishes cold meats or veal loaf and other potted or pressed meats, and^ is effective, too, around forms of salad. It is occasionally served witL lettuce and a French dressing, as t salad by itself. Cleaning Antique Furniture. To restore to their original appear ance antique pieces of furniture whicl have become unsightly on account o too frequent varnishing or besmear ing by unskilled hands, the following method is employed: Take equa parts of strong alcohol and good oi of turpentine and heat this mixture in a bottle by placing it in hot water, With this warm liquid paint the arti cle, whereupon the old varnish wil dissolve at once. The varnish i^re moved bv scraping and wiping, aiu' the spreading, scraping and cleaning is repeated as often as necessary uuti the surface has become entirely clear again, so that the object may be ren dered glossy or dull as desired. Thif process is especially recommended since it does not change or attacl the color of the wood, us is often th? case if lye is used. Cooking Itntter. "There are many alternatives nnc makeshifts in household economy,' said a well-posted matron at one of otn clubs the other day, "but the inos' profitless and foolish one that 1 kuov anything about is the use of what i: called cooking butter. I hold as at axiom that if butter is not goof enough to eat on my bread, it is no good enough to put in my cake or nn stewed tomatoes and peas. 1 oor but ter spoils more good food than nlmosl anything else in the line of cooking, It is to this ingredient more than ti any other that cooks often complair that their food seems stale and greasy and everything tastes as though it had been cooked in the same pot. It is better to use uo but tor at nil tlmn rank liicrh-Havorec article that is sold as cooking butter. "Dwellers iu cities who cannot readi ly obtain cream, w hich is a most ex oellent substitute for butter, often us< salad oil instead. Indeed, the deniarn for table oil is rapidly increasing, sc many ways are there in fine cooking where it servei an admirable purpose Housekeepers who are careless o economy use it for frying crullers, croquettes "or oysters. It is, of course, far superior to all other fats, but to< costly for ordinary purses. Then are a few persons who do not relisl the flavor of olive oil, but they very soon learn to become extravagantly c 7 it ? Tl.? T.o.lflroi 1UUU UI it. iav uv.vipv>. Kecifien. Asparagus Soup?Stew a bunch o asparagus until tender; cut off tin tops an inch and press the res through a colander. Heat a quart o milk. Add the strained asparagus Rub a tablespoon of butter and tw< of flour together and stir in the soup When boiling add salt, pepper and a.s paragus tips, and serve. Peach Jelly?Boil the skins fron the peaches for marmalade in a litth water, letting them steam until soft Add the juice to that saved from tin peaches and a dozen peach pits cooket in u cloth. Measure and add sugar ii three-fourths proportion. To eacl pint add juice of one lemon and t\v< oranges. Boil until it hangs in a droj from the spoon. It is excellent fo; iellv cake or tarts. Blauquette of Veal Two pound of lean veal, cut in pieces about om inch square. Soak in cold water i few momeuts and dry in a cloth. Pu butter the size of an egg into a sauce pan with a tablespoonful of flour am when the butter is hot, stir it half i minute, add the veal, stir again, jus cover with water and salt and peppe to taste. Cook slowly for two hours stirring occasionally. Beat oue egf with a teasjioonful of water, stir ii and serve. Buttered Eggs anil Kiilnevs?Cul three sheep's kidneys into thin slices then into strips. Dnst with salt am pepper and saute in a little butter o fresh beef dripping. When brownet | set aside where they will keep hot | Into a shallow saucepan break si: , eggs, beat just enough to mix, ad< three tablespoonfnls of butter cut int< bits, one-quarter of a teaspoonful o 1 finely chopped parslov and four table spoonfuls of cream. Stir over the fin ' until nearly set,add the fried kidneys 1 turn out on a hot platter and garuisl J with toast points. I Most spiders have eight eyes, al though some species have only six. ; BMBB 1 IMP? * y < >Vt. * 2 ^ y?f Cost of Orowln;; Heels. m._ i_i 4 ?t ?? I A L1C 1UUU1 tU?l Ui ^iUniU^ (1U UUC . of beets nndor adverse circumstances ; at the Michigan Agricultural College . last year was 820.40, reckoning man and team <it twenty-five ceuts per hour, man alone twelve and a half cents and hoy eight cents. The . average yieid was over fourteen tons, . which at 84 would be 8oG, leaving 826 . for cartage, use of land and profits. Moss in Pasture. 1 "Whenever moss creaps into pasture, ' it is a sure sign that the soil has been exhausted of some of its valu1 able mineral fertility, or that the soil has been poisoned by stagnant J water that humic acid has developed. The cheapest experiment is to run ' over the surface with the harrow, : loosening or tearing up some of the ' moss, and sowing grass seed. If you can afford potash and phosphate givfc a dressing of these. This will make [ grass grow in place of moss. i l Give the lioyn a Chance. There is no better way to start the boys on the highway ot me than to give them a Hock of fowls ami cn courage them to care for them. i A few will serve the purpose better f than many, because overwork will necessarily beget neglect and that ; surely means failure. Let the boys 1 select the breed that they fancy, no 1 matter what it be, and assist them to 3 arrange the house and yard. Keep a record of all expense and profit and let the boy have a bank account. 1 They will soon learn to appreciate - the value of money, and when they I start out in life will have an experir once that would be otherwise difficult 1 to get. i Many of the most prominent men of to-day had a flock of fowls when i boys and saved their spending money , from the profits. Do not attempt to : start the boys at the top of the ladder, j Be content to 6ee them'climb step by step and rest assured the foothold . then will be more secure. FpeUing Strawberry I'lants. The feeding roots of corn frequentr ly branch outward and downward t many feet and gather necessary food , for its proper growth. The roots of i the strawberry plant, on the other t hand, are almost directly under the I plant and rarely extend outward tniifh tho ton rrrowtli of the - plant, but go downward often to the depth of two feet or more. This will t show the importance of properly feeding the plants in order to obtain } the beet results at the least expense j and without waste of fertilizer. If plants are set in rows, the cultivation ( should be doue so the rows of plants will be a little lower than the spaces ^ between the rows. The value of this I method is more plainly apparent when irrigation is done. In applying fertilizers to strawberry plants either when the plants are , set or later, an admirable plan is to j make a narrow furrow with a stick, ) say an inch or two deep and two or t three inches wide, a few inches from ' the row cf plants, and run the fertilj izer in this furrow. Of course it may be applied directly on the surface of ' the ground close to the plants as ' mentioned, but there is less danger of the commercial fertilizer coming in contact with the foliage in the 1 former plan. t ' An Arlior Gateway. xne sKeicn iierewuu gives u suggestion that can be adopted in rnauy situations to advantage both as to f utility and beauty. Where there is a 3 pnt'u through a farm fence near one's t buildings, necessitating a narrow gate, f this gateway can be combined with an arbor, as shown in the cut. This > gives the ornamental part of the device, or will when covered with vines. . If the vines bear grapes the useful part will be very apparent. When . .A I'SEFCL AN^ ATTRACTIVE GATE. such ornamenting of one's premises 4 can be combined with that which is " purely useful, there is small excuse 1 for uot having our farm premises 1 more attactive.?American Agricul* turist. r Poultry .Matters. r One ot the secrets of raising a large i proportion of the hatch of young chicks is to keep them in the coop . while the (lew is on the ground, and feeding them for several weeks en- j j tirely on cooked foods. r Setting hens should not be fed i j soft, mushy food. Whole grain is the best thavj to feed them, and if possi- | /tKfnm if itt .rtnfc l\orlor ^ uiu uuiaiu xl x&x ?ai ?>i j uut IVJ , j I wheut and corn, although a hen fed eniirely on corn during the three! j vrooks she is on the nest, will come off in iLitch. Letter shape than when fed ru dutl rations. An authority on duck raising says ' that "doctoring ducks is no good," and, although expressed in homely language, there is a world of sense in the remark. It is not necessary to handle and fuss over a duck as over a ( hen, anil when one pets really sick it I might as well be killed first as last. M Ducks need plenty of exercise, clean quarters, and at least enough water to enable them to cover their heads with j it, if desired, when drinking. There is no doubt that cut bone is j a valuable "side dish" for poultry, ' but it is absolutely necessary that it be fresh and sweet. As a rule marrow l>ones should be discarded for cutting, as they furnish too much fat ; in the bone food. Fresh green cut bone can be bought of dealers in poultry supplies, but if one has a large flock of hens it is better to own a machine and prepare to cut bone in ; small quantities, as needed, thus being sure it is fresh. A Handy Stone Boat. A stone boat is a necessity on most farms and the one shown in the aci companying illustration will be found j very handy. The runners "a" are I about six inches thick with a natural | crook at the forward end. The nar row strip "b"runningparallel with the runner and holding down the cross boards is of three-fourths inch elm. 0 . .6- 0 . 1 (MM/7 < " i VIEW or STOKE BOAT FROM ABOVE. The front plank in the platform is two inches thick. The whole structure is held together by wire spikes. In driving these use a small bit for starting the hole, as this will prevent splitting the material. The pole "e" shown detached is an important feature and should never be omitted. The chain "d" passes freely through the mortice in the pole and by passing a small bolt through a link in the chain, better control can be had of the stone boat descending a hill or backing the team. The draft, however, should be wholly from the steel coupling and not from the chain. T),o amall ?lnn/lnr/J? r?<ir? l>p 1111P1I for supporting side boards if these are wanted. Orange Jndd Farmer. V Han<lllnJ^^?in Manures. W. B. Conover, an expert, writes: The manure made on my farm is not neglected. At the horse stable an tension or open shed built out from % the main building serves as a cheap 1 place for dumping barn clearings, while at the same time it affords a splendid shelter for any kind of stock in bad weather. Where cattle are fed in open lots an immense amount of manure is made and in this section it is rarely saved or utilized. The item of expense for taking care of this mai i.i. i. -~A.t i. a. r | Iiure is lue greai seiuatt muuriurmci and he generally lets it all go without making an effort to save even the richest and best of it. I have a stra*w shed 30x00 feet, made at very small cost Avith posts, poles and rails, Avhich shelters two carloads of cattle nicely. It is covered with straw direct from the thresher. ; Extending the length of the north side is a rack tor hay. In this rack I feed my second crop of clover, the seed ha\'ing been threshed out. This makes a capital ! roughness for fattening cattle and is generally considered of little value and one can obtain all he wants in the neighborhood for the hauling. When I a feetWif this threshed clover has been well picked over by the cattle the remainder is thrown from the rack and /ata fltn Aaav nf Hto alicwl f/\r bedding. In the spring there is a closely,compressed mass of clover mixed with the manure and urine from the cattle, to a depth of eighteen to twenty-four inches. Later in the season and by the time the busy work is over, this mass is finely rotted and you have as good fertilizer as can be bought, con- x taining the qualities of clover as well as the liquid droppings, and at very little expeuse. In fact where stock is handled these sheds more than pay for themselves as a shelter during the winter months. Thus your fertilizer really costs you only for the hauling. mi c? J. lie Ul<illl Ul'^UIUCUlS 1U1 IUC3C U1CIUods of manuring laud and preserving the manure around the farm, are the small expenses couuected. Nothing leaves the farm for the purchase of J materials even the clover seed is I raised at home and the buildings and sheds, by serving the doable purpose of shelter and a place to preserve fertilizing agents, should not have more than half at least of their cost of construction charged to the fertilizer. I have adopted these plans as the ones which will most nearly pay their own way. Of coarse we cannot get around the cost of carting the manure to the held. However, where it is used in conuection with clover and scattered thinly on that part of the land which most needs it, for of course only a very small part of the farm can ^ be covered each year with animal ina- ^ ~ nures, it takes only a glance at the crops to convince one that it repays many times the cost of handling. Mahogany is now xrery generally substituted for hick<\v in the manufacture of wagon wheels in France, it being found cheaper and quite as durable.