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-5— TLsP^inlSr^sfhnjr! !ja l^aSiBk ufie p^ f bat putum* csgacrdiB eallitig* u ««1J, lor il •bovti ih*{ taaiij of Utc iajortaBt ^rooabMM i» o»tar« are eauNd t/.. boeteruL A peat bmj pheDOMU vkicts oocar arooixl o» Uaefcerta kar« aaiti^lied mot- npoa tbrir re*«h*. Althnaub P*» frer to elotbea, k*. Aa^MMMtbe * •»/«»i«h i* tbe MMiUiX'. ti'or'a ur bctj is • gr< at i*j»rore aniclCB »rer«BioTed froai Ibeateau- Pn iB*utaikH< ha* Ureu proves o>ebt ap>b the old a>r(hod of brea- ;er they Tire apri ad oat and dry 1- | to be doe to a >e»*t fan^a* as on« iaz, it h i» not t^awd as aaiversal uuBiedia^'. Such anieU-s *« ' elosiv^ly as iufecUiOBs diuaae and apidKaiiou as that iatr-ducrd by , f* at be.'beds axe dried in aa ovea deeoupoaittoa hare been *Loeu to Hanars. In Hollaed and Germany built for the porj*o**-- la-a>ber is be doe to baeuria. Attboozb *e the br*-«rrs alt uae Haa«en*s jeaar, rained by ateamui_% tut »buea and s re so posit) re at the f*re»eiit rime means that tb*-y ose pore other articles eade of leat erase that we know the ta«i*e of maaj culture* of yea*t lun^a* which lot injored by corrosire sobliaxato. iiibc f oou« di»>ea»e«, of decoopoH- Hanseo and ot bet a found to make lathe h^«^Hta?» in Berlin. Germaor ; t •on. and of Mure tat »ou, it haa 1 tie* best *ort of beer. IjsIcsmI of ] the ckdinnH- awl everytbmz else ' not been rery hiany years ego that I the ■ocerlainty attendiaz the man- o*ed by a per-on ►nft-'f iu^ trooi at. the ubok sut^et »as looked upon nfae’are of beer wbieh ■ a* (ormer- ! mfecutm* dieeoc are ei’h* r ateri- vrth skeptieiaxb by men * h joe opin ty a soorre of great losa V» the brew- ioa was of seigbt. Bfiii for at feast ers. they hare no aneasioesa njmn rLis score at the p;earn' day. Im pure yeast causes beer to b t«e a disagreeabic taste. Bad era logical inrestigatMMi ha* therefore been of advantage to the make oaa of rlab irate food, fhey can ot>iy aaMwi44te aooh ain.pl'* bodies as Mpbott di oride and the nitrates. Compl c-ited su*tarie< a such aa i-nimal and vegetalde mab ter maat be Uok* u up before they can be used aa Io<hL Now these Kaasy of !>r Kesde Bo!ton.^>rofM*nr sf rby**olo«7 and Hyriene. Caiver- sity of booth CamUaxu* read before the Daiingtoa Agrkahsral Societj. Aognst 14a, 18M. Thfse has been a great dead pob lialrrT about bacteria ia the sort. tiiejoarnala and ai*o it the dary »d*o that infectnons nsoera. in the last few years. The >**** *°** '“ l inieetnona SSS has aroused rjy great in 4 **^* rt ** ** * brief eot- mrirm . taffnm has Iteet ectertsined by MAwto^vamang y Iof learn.ng But the dedac- iti*d by "team or w,.h cono*irr sablimate; a> d ti c eifan*ive pro cess ot bnraifig up inlecl d c'oth- Itlg, 4c_ l* BO Id S> r fr-tssted to. 1 might go on -ii<i speaii of m-ny ttousof the adrocs'.e* of the theory were more phhosopbieaJ specula-! wine, beer, atul a-Ik iulaatnea, bat tiotis than facta proven by ex(«eri- the benefit ia ti*e prevention of in- meiiL*. and the whole aobjeet fell f*-e>OMi» diaras*-* >a *<il; grestrr. It into disrepute. There was about it < u not so much ia the trratm*-at ot orery day are dae to the activity of i 80 mac *L h 'Li* f ' t *™‘? Mad ,Bdi T ^ ffj *T^ every ya# ■ intangible ^ad even ludicrous to here much good has resulted, hot ‘ »*•»*«• iseprw , ,.r i*^. .i . tk- „r .v- sj»resd of iocal- laeeomes sick Mil voer attention to fermentation iiJ ' w pteaent csees, f.jsii.v.ir wheiber it u aa SLt7it^A strictly speaking, «***ry bedom say thing Uke gm a f tlieris. *’• eral eotereet was arms *roase*j to tie higher 0anr* sud without (bem there would 'Oon be no life upon the earth, for animals are all al imatrly dependent apon plants for their food. So bacteria prepare other applieaiions ot uacteriology the food for the higher plants, the serving twriahaMn hrttaiea from h •- dir «t ; «*u CO :*Mig deenmpoaed. Me.»'a sh.I jrtirp a- vegeisot* s mihI froi * are kept hou ., Aothiug »iiatever cm sp< i!lug in vatiotts ways, piwhe sithout thia. 1. They can be beaind np to il U was »Uh exceeding regret temperature which kills the baetes that we noticed the ‘*rraih>nrti and teria and then sealed np an aa to death of the Farmenf AasocutHn plicaud aubetancea are just the! prevent nay bacteria from g *tiing in Sumter OodAty a few yearn aga *hings wbieh form the lest food for in. Tbia method ia employed m : fto n there was a sort of Ki.^ the ordinary process of canning. , Farmer^ Association orgaoizcd The merits or vegetablei or fiuits | bat under (be leadership of B. ose them aa too<t. It U tber»Tore 1 are put into cans whicb are tbeu ( Tillman it was noaing auoie tbana evident that bacteria are iKcessary : beuud to 'he boiling point ot wa- political faolt-fiudiug machine aod ter, or higher, and theu sealed up it came to uaugbU Nothing e'ae In actoal practice the cai s tilied j whs to be expected of it nith such a demagogue as TUlmaii at iu bea.i. bacteria, aod bacteria decompose them so that thi higher plan's can ns in ferreet Ut ion, decr>m j «osi tioo and diseases, I ah^I try to explao pwtwbst bacteria axe. They are srMfzXX KJI:'—*—- Many uillioos of them together do not weigh as much as a gram of eand The individual bacteria can only be seen vitb a oiieroseop* of high power. Bo* most of them grow to rapidly that even starting from an invisible amount they form a mass readily obaervable with the naked 2 # in a few day s. They form for a most part very characteristic masses np a potato or natneent geietine, so that even without the mferoaeope we see marked differ ences. Too see here cultures of ▼arions colors which difler also in other respect a Ho we can study bacteria at the present day large ly mi (boat the microscope. There sre other minute plants which also cau*e diseases Certain lid fungi belonging to the same « aa the mould every one has upon old bread or cheesu also diaeaee, bat bacteria cause such aa typhoid fever, eolera, anthrax, Ac, so they are of more interest at present. Fermentation ia caused by tbe yeast fungi which are larger than bacteria and are ovoid in shape. They multiply by budding. A lit tle knob will appear upon one side of the ovsl bodies and grow sod semi out another, or bod as U is called. The bacteria multi ply by so called fission, i. e , a ba* teriom divides into two whicb again divide, Ac. Bacteria are divided into eoeri or round bacteria, bacil li or rod-shaped bacteria, and spi rilla or corkscrew shaped bacteria. But bow are we able to assert so eonfldently at the present day that decomposition and diseases are caused by bacteria T The proof is perfectly conclusive. If I take a piece of meat or vegetables or fruits of any sort and free them fiom bac teria aud then prevent tbe access ot bacteria afterwards the substances •o treated do not spoil. I can cut out a piece of flesh fiom a freshly killed animal and merely stop it up Id a tube such as you see here plugged with raw cotton and if I succeed in doing this without get ting any bacteria on it. it can Ire preserved indefinite. Or I can Lake • freah piece of flesh or other per ishable article and stop it np in this way aud then kill all tbe b-.c teria by beat. Articles treated iu this wsy sre also prevented from spoiling. Yon see it is not neces sary to exelude the air for of course the raw cotton does not ex- elude it; all tbe cotton does is to filter out tbe bacteria so that the air which comes in contact with the Mbstaccc to Ire preserved, is pari fled from tbe things which cause decomposition.« In every jaa* where there is decompost lion there are always bacteria and where there is no decomposition there are no bacteria. The proof In the case of certain infections diseases of animals is equally convincing Heveral ob servers noticed that the blood and other tissues of animals suffering from tbe disease known us anthrax or malignant pustule, contains small rod like Irodies, and it was supposed that these were in some way tbe ctmae ot tbe disease. In oeulatkws of traces ot blood or tin sues from affected animals was al ways followed by the disease, bat bow was It possible to separate oat tbe little rods from the other things contained iu the blood f If this eon Id be accomplished it coaid be tried upon animals and if it pro- dnotd tbe disease the proof would be conclusive. Now this is just what Koch accomplished. He found that tbe little rod like bodies grow very well outside of the body by cultivating them through many geueratioes be freed them from any thing which have been clinging to them ia tbe blood. The only thing which his eoHnrea contained were the little rods wbieh bad descend ed from those iu tbe blood. Now he found his cult arcs to be just as viru out as the blood, &e., from an animal Buffering from anthrax, which proves conclmdvely that it is these little rod-absped lacteria which eaose tbe disease. I have cultures which I obtained from Koch’s laboratory sod I can produce onihrox in mice, guinea- pigs and rabbits, Ao, by inoculat ing tbe amallest trace. Not only has this been pi oven for anthrax but for many other diseasea as well. But It 1 inoculate with snob a small amount how is It that I And bac- land ewM*, posit infect noes dt^aee or not, raoLxe tbe sack salts*!, v> prevent tag lifer rpr*-»4 of the cuea-e. It is of grea- imfortattee to diagnose tbe first ease, a jme of you dmm'H 'em ressemb-r reading of tcrerai eases of eboiera « kick occurred cm \ *tea. br. ard a veuu-1 ta tao poet of New York abtmt a year ago. A tmeteri to a2b.rs of every day life, I believe 1 h-iv* cited in'ide o-s ei.oagfa to -b«w you that this -tody ha* al- re»dj assum d very great itnpt>r •j<-jce. I am not g*>ing too far woen 1 *ay that the benefit which has beew deitvrd aod tbe possible ad vsnuges ia tbe future can scarcely I be oven-stimaied. Men ot all na in the aibussen it is o» less to the tioealilienan-flocking to Germany i higher plants. Tbe bacteria feed every year sole r or mainly tor the t upon these albuminous substances, purposauf stodymg bacteria, an aod libera e tbe nitrogen in the great has tbe imports b seek heroan. It «a higher plants supply lood to ani malt 1 , aod ani mala aud plants sup ply lood to the bacreria. For tbe sake ot illustration take tbe nitro- gea found in various albuminous sobstances. cent, or 18 but as long as it is contained >tb tbe meats or other contents are nearly sealed before r hey are bested, all except a small opening iu one end which is closed with a drop cf solder after tbe cans have been beared long enough to kill tbe tiseteria. But instead of seaiiug tbe onb'snces op lu cans they can 11 f< e, in 18a. expreus-d the eua- vietioo that eontogiou* di*'-a**w mast be rsiued by a bring miero- Abd tbe weight of this great aatfcoritj’soptCK-t did much to give new impetus to isre*- tigatioo ia this line of research. The reasons why Henle was led to bis conclusions are the following: in infeetooss diseases there rs something which is d.ieexlj or indi recti) communicated from a arch German govtrssteut animal to a well o»e and cause* drs- ai first that this ab at bacteria would that it would be found on: that their importance ia greatly exagger Jest the opposite is the ease. ;tmwt lagging the me re the more im- be preserved by sopping np tbe It amounts to 16 per ^ vessel conUing them with cotton ns per cetL in different y<>e see here (exemplifird with tube of beef tea agar). In this coonee- lion I should state that most bac teria are killed by a temperature much below tbo boiling point of water. Sti 1 certain sorts of bacte- of this form of ammonia and nitric scid, ria hsve tbe power of forciog so predicted only compounds of nitrogen whicb , called spotes whicb are very resist • the higher plants are capable of ent. It has been recently discovered die out; j using. The higher plants require that there are several kinds of bac ofoguk wa and Veda red the trine Amue veuud the fwtorats towed to sent for to be tew thus pre being al- Tfce recognise the in tbe Utter. It is very prob able that be thing which ean—^ tbe sickness is capable of starting tbe disease in very small qaaotitreu, because one sick animal can infect a whole herd. !• is also iiiM-nrible to tbe nak- d eye. Now if jt were an invisible poisonous gas it would begin toaflect the animal at once, whereas we all know that a certain time always elapses letweeu tbe exposure and the breaking out ot the disease. If you bring a sick animal into a herd tbe well animals sre not affected for a day or more, if at all. if tbe sick animal gave off an iojorions gas, tbe chemist will tell yon that it would begin to show itself at once. There are no chem ical substances which take such a long time to operate. It seems, therefore, that it most be a very small amount of au invisible sub stance. But it the substance is too small in amonnt to cause the dis ease at once, why does it eaose it after several days ! Tbe answer is that the substance, what ever it is, must have increased, it must have tbe power of growing, at the ex pense ot the animal it it doea so increase aud mnitiply, it most be a living being of some sort, either so animal or a plant. And, aa I have already said, it is now well known to be plants ot a different sort in each disease. * These of coarse are theoretical reasons, but they are so logical that they rapidly won conviction. About tbe same lime that Qenle, in Ger many, arrived at these conclusions, an American, Dr. J. K. Miicbel, brother of Weir Mitcbel, also came to the same opinion iudejieudeutly of Henle. , From tbia time on down to 1876 a great deal of work was dune to prove the connection between bac teria and diseaae. It bad already been proven in 1837 by Uagniard Latonr and Hcbwarm, independent ly, that fermentation is due to yeast fungi, aud Pasteur and others bad also done valuable work, but it was reserved for Uobert Koch to estab lish in tbe manner I have already described that for malignant pus tule at least bacteria are tbe cause. From 1876 bacteriology ha* de velopedintoa science of itself, in which are engaged numbers of spe cislists. Tbe laboratories iu hu rope and iu America give evidence of tbe interest and zeal with which tbe subject is being studied. Not only have the physicians and octrr- marian found it of great benefit in their hraoebee, but agriculturalists and chemists as well. But in what way have the results of bacteriological investigations been applied to matters of every day life, aud what can we expect from them in tbe future f Ot course it is interesting scientifically to know that iofectiona diseases, de com|K>sitioQ aud fermentation are caused by minute plants, or even if we could make no application of our knowledge, tbe satisfaction oi studying these facts amply repays tbe student. But, aside from pure ly scientific interest, it evidently is of great ass in matters of common every day life. In tbe first place the benefit that has been derived to the bnnbjod- man has liecn very great. After Cagniard, Latour aud Hchwarm es tabiisbed tbe fact that fermenta tion is doe to micro organisms Pas- tear devoted himself to the study of this phenomenon, snd his results have saved the French people many thousands of dollars. He found that the so called diseases of wine are due to bacteria. The soaring of wine and the bitter taste which formerly caused great loss to the wine growers of France are no lon ger met with, for by heating the wine so as to kill I he bacteria and theu s tiling it np it does not sour or turn bitter. The silk industry of France is equally indebted to Pasteur for be discovered the rem edy for an infectious disease which threatened to break up silk grows ing in that country. Pasteur also found that by the use of pare yeast the fermentation of beer, the saooees oi wbieh was largely a matter of chance, renders it powibie for the brewers to rely ■ portent they appear. Altkosgh we sre indebted te Pas&ear few aieeh valuable work, sad his opinion is ef the greatest worth, be has probably gone s step too for is his preve .tire iuoeaUe. imponasee of tku to sock us ex- j omm. L5« has esUOimhed tbe fa t tent tks? they reqaireda naabet of ( Oat it is osstble to vaecinaie for mwrioe aid army surgeon* to go to email. •n»'aaes aud reeder The an Berlin and receive iuatiadioa from imsi *o v«ceiasud imruore. bat the | Koch is the methods for studying . methods are not perfect cao'.gh an the cholera bacterium. jet io aii«w of introd .etiou into The greatest benefit which has genersl u*e. It is to be hoped that been derived from bacteriology is such will finally be the care, hot at probably in tbe prevention aud present it is s matter of purely treatment of body abw-ewpea and saent fic value. The time may wound*. All boils aud suppurating i com* when we shall be able to vac- wounds which are ordinarily met - wnate for malignant pustule, chick en cholera, swiue plague, Ac., just with, sre caused by certain sorts of bacteria. It seem* to be true that certain chemical »ahsUnces under peculiar cireumstanocs also caure mattering, but in every d y life the as we vaccinate for smallpox sow- a-day a, Irut in some ca es at least, | it is questionable whether this will ever be accomplished. Of coarse pas which the surgeon or physiciso the best w»y to guard against iu- meets with i« caused by Imc'ena if now a substance is found which kills these bacteria, and at the same time does no injury lUelf. tben there will be very little trouble in av< idiug suppuration ft* it tscalled In the old days of surgeiy It osed to be thought necessary to have a lot of matter come from a wound, but tiow-s-dsys it is a disgrace to any surgeou to have suppuration an>i« r ordinary circumstances. I have seen iu the last few years all sorts of operations from catting off a toe or finger np to cutting oat tbe breast or cutting a hole in the abdo men, aud in no case wa* there more than a few drops of pas. Sir Jo seph Lister was the first to attempt what is now called aseptic or anti septic surgery. De used wry sne* cesafully car** lie uc.d to wash out tbe wounds he madn and then ban* daged with many layers of cat lad- ized gauze or cotton l/Uttiug. But Ko h found out that conosive sub limate even in very weak solutions is much better for kiliug bacteria, in other words is a better antisep tic, than carbolic acid. So at tbe present day corrosive sublimate p ays the main part in the treat ment of all sorts of wounds aud abscesses, if a bod is just started it can be aborted by iujectmgicor rosive sublimate into it. If an ab t*ce*a is fully formed it can be -ap idly cuied by using solutions oftor rosive sublimate. Surgeons have kept up with the ad vane- s iu medi cine iu this respect ami there is a great de-J less suffering ami fewer deaths, in the best hospitals there are n * longer such scourges as blood poisoning, lockjaw, Ac. Ho the study of lacier iolugy has been of incalculable benefit if we consid er this point alone. Hi ace the in troduction of antiseptic surgery lockjaw never occuis from an oper ation in the bauds of those sur ; eons who keep abreast with the times. Lockjaw of new born in fants has been banished where the proper use of aseptic precaution are resorted to. If a new born infant dies of lockjaw at the present day, the attending physician is entirely to blame. These precautions are much more easily carried out iu a hospital, aud it won d be much (let ter to have hospitals as they have iu £uro|>e, no that our dwelling houses would no longer be infected with disease and where the surgeou could do his work properly. I think I have made it plain that although many important processes aud many terrible diseases are caus ed by lacteria, still we are able to control their action to a large exs tent, making them do useful work on the one hand aud preventing the injurious effects on tbe other. 1 have shown that by the iutrodne- tion ot corrosive sublimate solution in tbe treatment oi wounds the sur geon is enabled to |>erfor .. the most serious operations with absolute certainty that he will not produce gangreeu, blood poison or even sup puration. But the nse of disinfectants, as they are called, is not only benefi cial iu suigery but iu other esses au Weil. And although corrosive sublimate is the lies! disinfectant known it cannot always be applied lu some cases it is better to ose steam. In many cities iu Germany litey have large steamers construct ed so as to subject dcthing, bed** ding, &c., whicb have been used by peryous suffering from smallpox or other iofoctaous disease to stream ing steam. This ose of steam as • disinfectant is of great use, aod rMi" fectuous diwras a is to get rid of tbe cause of infection and the s'ody of bacteria has given os valuable means with whicb to accomplish this end. 1 have already* stated that Koch baa found corrosive sab* lunate a very potent disinfectant. Now bow wrould we apply this in care of an epidemic T Sup|»ose au epidemic of chicken cholera were to break our. As we know ot no trust- won by me.ns of curing the disease we should try to limit it as much as oossible. In tie first place the fowls should confined iu the chicken house, when this is feasible. Ami every few days the walls ami floor should be seonred with lye and theu wiped over with a solu ion of coiro rive sublimate. The sablun rte should be allowed to remam reveral hours aud tbe walls aud floor again scoured wiih lie or soap. The cor rosive snblimste solution need not be stiougor ihan CO grains or 1 dran to the gallon of water. Tuts is a very weak solution, but of course it most cot la* left carelessly around so that any one would be likely to drink any of it aa it ia a deadly poi»oti. It ha* been recommended to color tbe solulion with a small quantity of soiuecherp dye stuff so that it would not be mistaken for water. It would be better to have two houses and to disinfect them with the cono-ive sublimate solu lion and tnuster the fowls every few days from one to the other, dis infecting every time as soon as the fowls are removed, iu the manner already described. * Oui heiihousesaud stables should be so constructed reside that they they could lie wiped over with a Kolu ion of corrosire sublimate and leave no coiners uuwiped. There should be no sharp comers where dast can nccummulate and which am ditlicult to reach. If in spite of tbe disiulectioti the fowl* all die the house should be thor- ongldy scoured with soap and wa ter and corrosive sublimate soli.* tiou, applied liberally and allowed to remain h day or so aud again scoured aud again disinlected sev* eral time* bciote other iowis are allowed to go in. If the yard is also infected it should be liberally doused with fn shly slaked lime, it would be mere > fleetual to use cor rosive suliimate even for disiuleet* ing the yard, but tiiat would h .id ly be advi.-able. Freshly slaked Inue is a good di- infectanr, but it must be applied to every part cl the yard. The fences and ground, iu every nook and corner, should receive a thorough drenching. Not only in chicken cholera bnt in otb er infectuons diseases the same means should be used. 1 have spoken a while ago of the fact that lockjaw does not occnr any more after surgical operations. What 1 wish to say now is that if the wounds in animals are treat ed at once with corrosive sublimate or strong carbolic acid there need be no fear of lockjaw. If a horse has run a nail in bin toot tbe wound should be thoroughly washed oat with a strong solution of corrosive sublimate aud stopped np with a plug of cotton soaked in corrosive sublimate solution. The bacteria of lockjaw are very wide spread. They have been found iu garden earth, upon splinters of dirty wood, iu old tags and io the dust of rooms. I shall now ask sour attention to the part playe4 by bacteria in de composition. As you already know tbe chief supply of food for the higher plants ia farnubed by de composed animal and vegetabia nrrogee in the form of these two cum pounds. C 17 H 33 N O 3. Now here is a formula showing that this substance called cerebrin contain* attr geo. but the nitrogm is held so clorety by tbe G. H. snd O- that the higher plants could not use it at ail if it were not liber-. «lrd 1 have used nitrogen merely lllf as aa example; whnt 1 have said i applies equally welt to other sub- ! KoLOr-s beard-. Tims the mineral **!u are also liberated from com plicated compounds by bacteria. Now if decomposition is caused by bacteria it is important to find out whether all bacteria causes it or whether there are only certain kin>!a which do so Also whether they do so under all circumstances, it has been Useovertd that all sorts of bacteria do not pr< dace decom position, at least not enure decom position, and those which do require certain condition*. Prof. Wolling states that those bacteria which are concerned in the process of de competition require abuo.lano* of air and moisture and also warmth. Applying this knowledge to every day life, it is necessary to keep vegetable and animal matter mo at and warm and mIIhw abutid mce of air to prepare it as a fertilizer. It follows that i!\ our ooapost heap is too dry it will not decompose aud if it i* too onld it d« coft'itores very slowly. If your compost heap is too wet it uill u«d Iboroutbly derom pose lor reasons I *hsll give pres ently. For the same reason ciop* which are turned under hare to be kept moist and warm and allowed to have plenty of air. Of course the t-jitto* jm-pwralion of the com- p >st or of the soils whicb are turu- • d under mast he varit d to sn't etch case. If your soil is gaudy the ccop eiiould be tnrueil thoroughly and./ and tbe earth al*ove it iollrd so «a to retain a* much moisture «u d h.*.it as possible. With clay 1 tud ot course t!ie opposite cause is indicawd. Again if \our compost pile is too much packed to allow access of air it should be opened up. at tbe same time it most not be too loose otherwise it will diy out too much and lose heat. • Ho we have to bear in mind that the bacteria which prepare the food for our crops will only do so when they have the coiidiiinus favorable to their growth. If the conditions are unfavorable they either do their work imperfectly or they are sur- plantel by other bacteria which r-plit up vegetable and animal mat ter into substances, which are for the mos part of no use to plants as food. This takes place when the air is partially or wholly cut off. If a crop is turned underhand the ail is not allowed free access ihero will be ver. little benefit derived and iu some cases even injury to the sou may n suit. It eau readily happen in a c! y soil that the earth may be come so packed that the air is ex* eluded. Even iu a sandy soil tbe I ores may become so clogged with water that the air is kept our. Pasteur first called attention to the fact that there are too kn.d* of bacteria, one sort requiring full ac cess of air aud the other unable to grow in free oxygen. To repeat, those which require the presence of free ox geu cause decomposition, and i hose g owmg wi bout oxygen cause only p.iribtl «bcom|tosition. But beside the iufiueuce exerted by the pres« nee or absence ol ox> • gen there are olh« r things which influence :he growth of bacteria. Certain metallic salts Intel fere with it «This concentrated solution of common salt act in this way. Cor- rosive sublimate, which is a salt of mercury, even iu a very dilute sola- lions kibs bacteria. The same i* true to a greater or less extent of mineral acids and o'her substances. So a soil must not only hsve abundance of mointure, warmth, and air, bnt it must also be free from substances injurious to bacte ria. Tbis can be tested even with out a chemical analysis by simply taking cultures similar to these w bich I have here, but derived from the so 1 and seeing whether the bacteria from them grow in tbe soil to be examined. This is a more direct teat tbau a chemical examin ation. It is also more delicate, for there are certain substances which even in minote traces afieot the growth of bacteria, aod in some of these traces are soaroely apprecia ble. Not only do tbe prineipiec which I hare jaat tried to explain under lie the process of decempositiou, but they aiao find application la tbe tens in the ground which form •pores so resistant that they can be boi ed several hours with- ut be ing killed. 2. Meats, vegetables, Ac., are also preserved by drying. This needs no fuitber explanation, for I have already stated that moisture is es- j sen ial to the growth of nncro-or- tui 3. Tbe addition of certain sob stances which are injurious to bac teria is also often emplojed. I have already said that concentrated so latious of salt, that is to say bune, prevents the growth of bacteria. Other substances, such as ralycetie acid, coperasjaud a great number of other things, either kill bacteria or prevent their grovtb, snd conse quently may be used as preserva tires, tbe most tffectaal of nil is e rrosive sublimate. Tbe great objection to this method of preserv ing substances for food is that most ol the germenites, as they are call ed, are injarioosto health and many of them are very jioisoiiuas. Oi course this objection does not hold in the case ol Urine. 4 Articles are preserved in ice bat gem-raily far a shoit time only, as this is an expensive me hod. It i* hardly worth while lor me to ex plain tbe principle of this method as I have already said that bacte- tiirequire warurib :o grow. S<>you will see, gentlemen, that the study of bacteria has led to a cl arer audersiaudiug of the say in a Inch food is prepared for tbe high er plants on the one hand and the preservation of perishable articles on the other. It baa led to the pre vention many infectnoas diseases of animals and plants and an im- improvement in wine making and brewing. • The Besnlt ot the Recent Primary. Editor of The Darlington Newt: How do the farmers feel shoe their defeat on the 21st alt. f Feel f They are a plumb sight i I tell yon sot I speak authoritatively, however, lor only one—oar “poet ical parson.” Be looks sad feels, for the world, like that gallant s-ddier, whom General Johnston met, a* he came flying, Cutting the wind, to the rear when the battle waxed fierce and furious” Why are you running aud blubbering like a baby wbeu you are so much needed at tbe front, you great, strong man f 7 Enquired tbe Gen eral. “Mistur Johnston,’’ blabbered the fleeing fagitive, “I wish I wur a baby aud a little gal baby at that!” What is the matter f say yon, man got leftf Mr. Editor, yon ask so many questions, you caiedy give one rime to say that lie rueful d y cairn* because some of as fid dled, some danced and some played the tool. How much originality in thai last expression f Htop your catechising and let me tell you its origin t While Messis. Gannon, Clements aud Beuslev were representing Darlington County iu the Legisla ture, years ago, it came loathe ears of Mr. Beasley that Gapt *iu Can non hud told it, around home, that the three had got leu to be amatuer players in Columbia; that he (Cap'aiu Cauuo") played tbe fid dle, Chap Clements played the ‘‘laukitauk” rud Wes Beasley played the ‘‘pliule.” Of coarse Mr. Beasley bounced the Captain at sigl t. “Did you use the language attributed to you Captain f” En quired Mr. Beasley savagtly. “Kau- sackiug the recesses of tbe store honse of memory 1 fail to recall any such phieusied phraseology. But if it was meant to be asserted that, ‘I fiddled, Chap Clemeut* danod aud Wes. Beasley played the fool.’theu some monstrous teto man did say it,” complaceutly, re plied'he Captain, as Mr. Beasley rode off iu a gallop. Coiicerotug how we fiddled, why we danced aud when wu played the fcol most be tbe batden, with yoar permission, of a future article. Until then 1 am sadly and sorrow- tally yoars. A. W. I’ABBOTT. IfSha UIMT. Ife kilter pluOtMMt .TOMluanctiM.&aMl,, 1. ^ Down With The Trusts! (From th* Sumter \ Irenoe ) In this day of “frosts” and com binations of every suit by whicb farmers are continually fleeced oat of their hard earned money in or der that a few rich men may be made richer, it Is imiicrntive tbe farmers should do someth if it be possible to protect selves. Now the Farmers of tbis Coouty amt State have another organiza tion offered to taesi which is eons ducted on a different basis aud we trnst that oar farmer* will take hold of it with unanimity. To oar mind it offers many advantages to oar farmers, since there is to be a St te Alliance in every Com.tj sad iu every township, ail operated under tbe same rule*. Tne advan tage* of such au organization as this will be great for, auder it, not only can all (he farmers to a State, act in concert, bat the farmers of tbe different States can also act to gether in matters toaebing theu general well are. Tbe Alliance is very popular io North Carolina and is gaining ground rapidly in this State. We frost that every farmer in Sumter County * ill avail himself of tbe opportunity now offered ot join ing tbe Afliauce, for we believe it to be to bis interest to do ao. Because other farmers’ Associa tions hsve gone down ia ao reason why tbe farmers should not go into this, but tbe v#ry reason why they should. Do not be skeptical of its advantages bat goiato it and help to make it a success. It will best the Tillman machine too far to talk about. We have not the space to argue this subject farther nor, bat mere ly call tbe attention of oar fanner* to it and urge its importance upon (bem, ha their frit-nd aud advocate. ,7, Hb Ia outer to do anything ... >.* ... who has removed bis stcck of GENERAL MERCHANDISE, to the stand opposite his former — PLACTK DU PE A RLE STREET, offers s well selected variety of all traits of tnis season. Apples, Mafeg*. Concord, snd Cot*whe grope*, basennes. peer*, irnoo*. orange-, ocoasuie, tig-, Jatee, end sll kind* of nut*. Craaberriei sod el! leading Northern reg- elsble*. Michigan ce lery reoatvad fresh twice a week, tly prince will cow pare fe- torsbly witk say Market Nertk or Booth. I cell apeciol attention to my Qrosery De partment which is foil end complete. Hea dy. erockere of all kinds, eigerm, tot. iceo. Atom s fell lioo of Tin u 1 Crook cry war* at lowest price*. Noe. 10. '87. COXE m, coil ILL, TO TUB L0NE STAr^ @/\LLERY For Pho'ngtaplits Ferretyjwsor any kind of work iu the Pbo’ogrspbie Line. For s short time I will mak* tbe ftd osing unparalleled offer: Photograph*, $2 |«er dozen. Fe retypes, 4 for 50 cents All worn gnsrantnd to give satis fiction or no pay. E. W. SUTTON, Darlington, S. 0. * Sep 20, ’88 goldeFFrops is the name of the latest brand offlrU quality OLD RT8 Whieky. far w neh M. .vtanae has been appointed sole local ifeoL This brand was brought out for the *pret»l purpo-e of rivalling the celebrate l Ne* York .Stock Exchange Whisky, f*»r •bich M Mann* also ha* tbe sole ngeuev in l ht* town. FOR SAXaU- Apply to C. MOONEY. Dm 30, WT. BRICK! BRICK! We new have on hen I snd ready for ml* M Folly eq iel to tboao mado is Columbia or oltewhere is the State. Our price !• $8 a Thousand, AT THE KILN, which issttualed about half • the Town of Dnrlinzton. Those desmm | to pnro'uaie should giva u* _» Darliuglen. give i.» — -—■ » guarantee that our briok will satisfaction. A. 0, SPAIN A CO. May 8, ’88—if 10,000 Bushels Rust Proof Oats! I have bought a choice lot Rust Proof Oats, and will tbis week 2,000 bushels, and otb»r* to follow. Farmers wfll §*▼*. by calling and secoring their ■ 00 before the rise. .^rnvr 0. W.HEWIT& Ang. 9,1888. Notie* I* lieu will ■ Notice of Renewal- L ud.d*fef«*»-7^ of Ch*r»”J to * Scrip I --