The Darlington news. (Darlington, S.C.) 1875-1909, September 27, 1888, Image 6
-5—
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!ja l^aSiBk
ufie
p^ f bat putum* csgacrdiB
eallitig* u ««1J, lor il
•bovti ih*{ taaiij of Utc
iajortaBt ^rooabMM i» o»tar« are
eauNd t/.. boeteruL A peat bmj
pheDOMU vkicts oocar arooixl o»
Uaefcerta kar« aaiti^lied mot- npoa tbrir re*«h*. Althnaub P*» frer to elotbea, k*. Aa^MMMtbe
* •»/«»i«h i* tbe MMiUiX'. ti'or'a ur bctj is • gr< at i*j»rore aniclCB »rer«BioTed froai Ibeateau-
Pn iB*utaikH< ha* Ureu proves o>ebt ap>b the old a>r(hod of brea- ;er they Tire apri ad oat and dry 1-
| to be doe to a >e»*t fan^a* as on« iaz, it h i» not t^awd as aaiversal uuBiedia^'. Such anieU-s *«
' elosiv^ly as iufecUiOBs diuaae and apidKaiiou as that iatr-ducrd by , f* at be.'beds axe dried in aa ovea
deeoupoaittoa hare been *Loeu to Hanars. In Hollaed and Germany built for the porj*o**-- la-a>ber is
be doe to baeuria. Attboozb *e the br*-«rrs alt uae Haa«en*s jeaar, rained by ateamui_% tut »buea and
s re so posit) re at the f*re»eiit rime means that tb*-y ose pore other articles eade of leat erase
that we know the ta«i*e of maaj culture* of yea*t lun^a* which lot injored by corrosire sobliaxato.
iiibc f oou« di»>ea»e«, of decoopoH- Hanseo and ot bet a found to make lathe h^«^Hta?» in Berlin. Germaor
; t •on. and of Mure tat »ou, it haa 1 tie* best *ort of beer. IjsIcsmI of ] the ckdinnH- awl everytbmz else
' not been rery hiany years ego that I the ■ocerlainty attendiaz the man- o*ed by a per-on ►nft-'f iu^ trooi at.
the ubok sut^et »as looked upon nfae’are of beer wbieh ■ a* (ormer- ! mfecutm* dieeoc are ei’h* r ateri-
vrth skeptieiaxb by men * h joe opin ty a soorre of great losa V» the brew-
ioa was of seigbt. Bfiii for at feast ers. they hare no aneasioesa njmn
rLis score at the p;earn' day. Im
pure yeast causes beer to b t«e a
disagreeabic taste.
Bad era logical inrestigatMMi ha*
therefore been of advantage to the
make oaa of rlab irate food, fhey
can ot>iy aaMwi44te aooh ain.pl'*
bodies as Mpbott di oride and the
nitrates. Compl c-ited su*tarie< a
such aa i-nimal and vegetalde mab
ter maat be Uok* u up before they
can be used aa Io<hL Now these
Kaasy of !>r Kesde Bo!ton.^>rofM*nr
sf rby**olo«7 and Hyriene. Caiver-
sity of booth CamUaxu* read before
the Daiingtoa Agrkahsral Societj.
Aognst 14a, 18M.
Thfse has been a great dead pob
lialrrT about bacteria ia the sort.
tiiejoarnala and ai*o it the dary »d*o that infectnons
nsoera. in the last few years. The >**** *°** '“ l inieetnona
SSS has aroused rjy great in 4 **^* rt ** ** * brief eot-
mrirm . taffnm has Iteet ectertsined by
MAwto^vamang y Iof learn.ng But the dedac-
iti*d by "team or w,.h cono*irr
sablimate; a> d ti c eifan*ive pro
cess ot bnraifig up inlecl d c'oth-
Itlg, 4c_ l* BO Id S> r fr-tssted to.
1 might go on -ii<i speaii of m-ny
ttousof the adrocs'.e* of the theory
were more phhosopbieaJ specula-! wine, beer, atul a-Ik iulaatnea, bat
tiotis than facta proven by ex(«eri- the benefit ia ti*e prevention of in-
meiiL*. and the whole aobjeet fell f*-e>OMi» diaras*-* >a *<il; grestrr. It
into disrepute. There was about it < u not so much ia the trratm*-at ot
orery day are dae to the activity of i 80 mac *L h 'Li* f ' t *™‘? Mad ,Bdi T ^ ffj *T^
every ya# ■ intangible ^ad even ludicrous to here much good has resulted, hot
‘ »*•»*«• iseprw , ,.r i*^. .i . tk- „r .v- sj»resd of
iocal-
laeeomes sick
Mil voer attention to fermentation iiJ ' w pteaent csees, f.jsii.v.ir wheiber it u aa
SLt7it^A strictly speaking, «***ry bedom say thing Uke gm
a f tlieris. *’• eral eotereet was arms *roase*j
to tie higher 0anr* sud without
(bem there would 'Oon be no life
upon the earth, for animals are all
al imatrly dependent apon plants
for their food. So bacteria prepare
other applieaiions ot uacteriology the food for the higher plants, the
serving twriahaMn hrttaiea from h •- dir «t ; «*u
CO :*Mig deenmpoaed. Me.»'a sh.I jrtirp a-
vegeisot* s mihI froi * are kept hou ., Aothiug »iiatever cm
sp< i!lug in vatiotts ways, piwhe sithout thia.
1. They can be beaind np to il U was »Uh exceeding regret
temperature which kills the baetes that we noticed the ‘*rraih>nrti and
teria and then sealed np an aa to death of the Farmenf AasocutHn
plicaud aubetancea are just the! prevent nay bacteria from g *tiing in Sumter OodAty a few yearn aga
*hings wbieh form the lest food for in. Tbia method ia employed m : fto n there was a sort of Ki.^
the ordinary process of canning. , Farmer^ Association orgaoizcd
The merits or vegetablei or fiuits | bat under (be leadership of B.
ose them aa too<t. It U tber»Tore 1 are put into cans whicb are tbeu ( Tillman it was noaing auoie tbana
evident that bacteria are iKcessary : beuud to 'he boiling point ot wa- political faolt-fiudiug machine aod
ter, or higher, and theu sealed up it came to uaugbU Nothing e'ae
In actoal practice the cai s tilied j whs to be expected of it nith such
a demagogue as TUlmaii at iu
bea.i.
bacteria, aod bacteria decompose
them so that thi higher plan's can
ns in ferreet Ut ion, decr>m j «osi tioo
and diseases, I ah^I try to explao
pwtwbst bacteria axe. They are
srMfzXX KJI:'—*—-
Many uillioos of them together do
not weigh as much as a gram of eand
The individual bacteria can only
be seen vitb a oiieroseop* of high
power. Bo* most of them grow to
rapidly that even starting from an
invisible amount they form a mass
readily obaervable with the naked
2 # in a few day s. They form for
a most part very characteristic
masses np a potato or natneent
geietine, so that even without the
mferoaeope we see marked differ
ences. Too see here cultures of
▼arions colors which difler also in
other respect a Ho we can study
bacteria at the present day large
ly mi (boat the microscope.
There sre other minute plants
which also cau*e diseases Certain
lid fungi belonging to the same
« aa the mould every one has
upon old bread or cheesu also
diaeaee, bat bacteria cause
such aa typhoid fever,
eolera, anthrax, Ac, so they are of
more interest at present.
Fermentation ia caused by tbe
yeast fungi which are larger than
bacteria and are ovoid in shape.
They multiply by budding. A lit
tle knob will appear upon one side
of the ovsl bodies and grow sod
semi out another, or bod
as U is called. The bacteria multi
ply by so called fission, i. e , a ba*
teriom divides into two whicb again
divide, Ac. Bacteria are divided
into eoeri or round bacteria, bacil
li or rod-shaped bacteria, and spi
rilla or corkscrew shaped bacteria.
But bow are we able to assert so
eonfldently at the present day that
decomposition and diseases are
caused by bacteria T The proof is
perfectly conclusive. If I take a
piece of meat or vegetables or fruits
of any sort and free them fiom bac
teria aud then prevent tbe access ot
bacteria afterwards the substances
•o treated do not spoil. I can cut
out a piece of flesh fiom a freshly
killed animal and merely stop it
up Id a tube such as you see here
plugged with raw cotton and if I
succeed in doing this without get
ting any bacteria on it. it can Ire
preserved indefinite. Or I can Lake
• freah piece of flesh or other per
ishable article and stop it np in
this way aud then kill all tbe b-.c
teria by beat. Articles treated iu
this wsy sre also prevented from
spoiling. Yon see it is not neces
sary to exelude the air for of
course the raw cotton does not ex-
elude it; all tbe cotton does is to
filter out tbe bacteria so that the
air which comes in contact with the
Mbstaccc to Ire preserved, is pari
fled from tbe things which cause
decomposition.« In every jaa*
where there is decompost lion there
are always bacteria and where there
is no decomposition there are no
bacteria.
The proof In the case of certain
infections diseases of animals is
equally convincing Heveral ob
servers noticed that the blood and
other tissues of animals suffering
from tbe disease known us anthrax
or malignant pustule, contains
small rod like Irodies, and it was
supposed that these were in some
way tbe ctmae ot tbe disease. In
oeulatkws of traces ot blood or tin
sues from affected animals was al
ways followed by the disease, bat
bow was It possible to separate oat
tbe little rods from the other things
contained iu the blood f If this
eon Id be accomplished it coaid be
tried upon animals and if it pro-
dnotd tbe disease the proof would
be conclusive. Now this is just
what Koch accomplished. He
found that tbe little rod like bodies
grow very well outside of the body
by cultivating them through many
geueratioes be freed them from any
thing which have been clinging to
them ia tbe blood. The only thing
which his eoHnrea contained were
the little rods wbieh bad descend
ed from those iu tbe blood. Now
he found his cult arcs to be just as
viru out as the blood, &e., from an
animal Buffering from anthrax,
which proves conclmdvely that it is
these little rod-absped lacteria
which eaose tbe disease.
I have cultures which I obtained
from Koch’s laboratory sod I can
produce onihrox in mice, guinea-
pigs and rabbits, Ao, by inoculat
ing tbe amallest trace. Not only
has this been pi oven for anthrax
but for many other diseasea as well.
But It 1 inoculate with snob a small
amount how is It that I And bac-
land
ewM*, posit
infect noes dt^aee or not,
raoLxe tbe sack salts*!, v> prevent
tag lifer rpr*-»4 of the cuea-e. It
is of grea- imfortattee to diagnose
tbe first ease, a jme of you dmm'H
'em ressemb-r reading of tcrerai
eases of eboiera « kick occurred cm \ *tea.
br. ard a veuu-1 ta tao poet of New
York abtmt a year ago. A tmeteri
to a2b.rs of every day life, I believe
1 h-iv* cited in'ide o-s ei.oagfa to
-b«w you that this -tody ha* al-
re»dj assum d very great itnpt>r
•j<-jce. I am not g*>ing too far woen
1 *ay that the benefit which has
beew deitvrd aod tbe possible ad
vsnuges ia tbe future can scarcely I
be oven-stimaied. Men ot all na in the aibussen it is o» less to the
tioealilienan-flocking to Germany i higher plants. Tbe bacteria feed
every year sole r or mainly tor the t upon these albuminous substances,
purposauf stodymg bacteria, an aod libera e tbe nitrogen in the
great has tbe imports
b seek heroan. It «a
higher plants supply lood to ani
malt 1 , aod ani mala aud plants sup
ply lood to the bacreria. For tbe
sake ot illustration take tbe nitro-
gea found in various albuminous
sobstances.
cent, or 18
but as long as it is contained
>tb tbe meats or other contents
are nearly sealed before r hey are
bested, all except a small opening
iu one end which is closed with a
drop cf solder after tbe cans have
been beared long enough to kill tbe
tiseteria. But instead of seaiiug
tbe onb'snces op lu cans they can
11 f<
e, in 18a. expreus-d the eua-
vietioo that eontogiou* di*'-a**w
mast be rsiued by a bring miero-
Abd tbe weight
of this great aatfcoritj’soptCK-t did
much to give new impetus to isre*-
tigatioo ia this line of research.
The reasons why Henle was led to
bis conclusions are the following:
in infeetooss diseases there rs
something which is d.ieexlj or indi
recti) communicated from a arch German govtrssteut
animal to a well o»e and cause* drs-
ai first that this
ab at bacteria would
that it would be found on: that
their importance ia greatly exagger
Jest the opposite is the ease.
;tmwt lagging the me re
the more im-
be preserved by sopping np tbe
It amounts to 16 per ^ vessel conUing them with cotton ns
per cetL in different y<>e see here (exemplifird with tube
of beef tea agar). In this coonee-
lion I should state that most bac
teria are killed by a temperature
much below tbo boiling point of
water. Sti 1 certain sorts of bacte-
of this form of ammonia and nitric scid, ria hsve tbe power of forciog so
predicted only compounds of nitrogen whicb , called spotes whicb are very resist
• the higher plants are capable of ent. It has been recently discovered
die out; j using. The higher plants require that there are several kinds of bac
ofoguk wa
and Veda red the
trine Amue
veuud the fwtorats
towed to
sent for
to be tew
thus pre
being al-
Tfce
recognise the
in tbe Utter. It is very prob
able that be thing which ean—^
tbe sickness is capable of starting
tbe disease in very small qaaotitreu,
because one sick animal can infect
a whole herd. !• is also iiiM-nrible
to tbe nak- d eye. Now if jt were
an invisible poisonous gas it would
begin toaflect the animal at once,
whereas we all know that a certain
time always elapses letweeu tbe
exposure and the breaking out ot
the disease. If you bring a sick
animal into a herd tbe well animals
sre not affected for a day or more,
if at all. if tbe sick animal gave off
an iojorions gas, tbe chemist will
tell yon that it would begin to show
itself at once. There are no chem
ical substances which take such a
long time to operate. It seems,
therefore, that it most be a very
small amount of au invisible sub
stance. But it the substance is too
small in amonnt to cause the dis
ease at once, why does it eaose it
after several days ! Tbe answer is
that the substance, what ever it is,
must have increased, it must have
tbe power of growing, at the ex
pense ot the animal it it doea so
increase aud mnitiply, it most be
a living being of some sort, either
so animal or a plant. And, aa I
have already said, it is now well
known to be plants ot a different
sort in each disease.
* These of coarse are theoretical
reasons, but they are so logical that
they rapidly won conviction. About
tbe same lime that Qenle, in Ger
many, arrived at these conclusions,
an American, Dr. J. K. Miicbel,
brother of Weir Mitcbel, also came
to the same opinion iudejieudeutly
of Henle.
, From tbia time on down to 1876
a great deal of work was dune to
prove the connection between bac
teria and diseaae. It bad already
been proven in 1837 by Uagniard
Latonr and Hcbwarm, independent
ly, that fermentation is due to yeast
fungi, aud Pasteur and others bad
also done valuable work, but it was
reserved for Uobert Koch to estab
lish in tbe manner I have already
described that for malignant pus
tule at least bacteria are tbe cause.
From 1876 bacteriology ha* de
velopedintoa science of itself, in
which are engaged numbers of spe
cislists. Tbe laboratories iu hu
rope and iu America give evidence
of tbe interest and zeal with which
tbe subject is being studied. Not
only have the physicians and octrr-
marian found it of great benefit in
their hraoebee, but agriculturalists
and chemists as well.
But in what way have the results
of bacteriological investigations
been applied to matters of every
day life, aud what can we expect
from them in tbe future f Ot course
it is interesting scientifically to
know that iofectiona diseases, de
com|K>sitioQ aud fermentation are
caused by minute plants, or even
if we could make no application of
our knowledge, tbe satisfaction oi
studying these facts amply repays
tbe student. But, aside from pure
ly scientific interest, it evidently is
of great ass in matters of common
every day life.
In tbe first place the benefit that
has been derived to the bnnbjod-
man has liecn very great. After
Cagniard, Latour aud Hchwarm es
tabiisbed tbe fact that fermenta
tion is doe to micro organisms Pas-
tear devoted himself to the study
of this phenomenon, snd his results
have saved the French people many
thousands of dollars. He found
that the so called diseases of wine
are due to bacteria. The soaring
of wine and the bitter taste which
formerly caused great loss to the
wine growers of France are no lon
ger met with, for by heating the
wine so as to kill I he bacteria and
theu s tiling it np it does not sour
or turn bitter. The silk industry
of France is equally indebted to
Pasteur for be discovered the rem
edy for an infectious disease which
threatened to break up silk grows
ing in that country.
Pasteur also found that by the
use of pare yeast the fermentation
of beer, the saooees oi wbieh was
largely a matter of chance, renders
it powibie for the brewers to rely
■
portent they appear.
Altkosgh we sre indebted te
Pas&ear few aieeh valuable work,
sad his opinion is ef the greatest
worth, be has probably gone s step
too for is his preve .tire iuoeaUe.
imponasee of tku to sock us ex- j omm. L5« has esUOimhed tbe fa t
tent tks? they reqaireda naabet of ( Oat it is osstble to vaecinaie for
mwrioe aid army surgeon* to go to email. •n»'aaes aud reeder The an
Berlin and receive iuatiadioa from imsi *o v«ceiasud imruore. bat the |
Koch is the methods for studying . methods are not perfect cao'.gh an
the cholera bacterium. jet io aii«w of introd .etiou into
The greatest benefit which has genersl u*e. It is to be hoped that
been derived from bacteriology is such will finally be the care, hot at
probably in tbe prevention aud present it is s matter of purely
treatment of body abw-ewpea and saent fic value. The time may
wound*. All boils aud suppurating i com* when we shall be able to vac-
wounds which are ordinarily met - wnate for malignant pustule, chick
en cholera, swiue plague, Ac., just
with, sre caused by certain sorts of
bacteria. It seem* to be true that
certain chemical »ahsUnces under
peculiar cireumstanocs also caure
mattering, but in every d y life the
as we vaccinate for smallpox sow-
a-day a, Irut in some ca es at least,
| it is questionable whether this will
ever be accomplished. Of coarse
pas which the surgeon or physiciso the best w»y to guard against iu-
meets with i« caused by Imc'ena
if now a substance is found which
kills these bacteria, and at the same
time does no injury lUelf. tben
there will be very little trouble in
av< idiug suppuration ft* it tscalled
In the old days of surgeiy It osed to
be thought necessary to have a lot
of matter come from a wound, but
tiow-s-dsys it is a disgrace to any
surgeou to have suppuration an>i« r
ordinary circumstances. I have
seen iu the last few years all sorts
of operations from catting off a toe
or finger np to cutting oat tbe
breast or cutting a hole in the abdo
men, aud in no case wa* there more
than a few drops of pas. Sir Jo
seph Lister was the first to attempt
what is now called aseptic or anti
septic surgery. De used wry sne*
cesafully car** lie uc.d to wash out
tbe wounds he madn and then ban*
daged with many layers of cat lad-
ized gauze or cotton l/Uttiug. But
Ko h found out that conosive sub
limate even in very weak solutions
is much better for kiliug bacteria,
in other words is a better antisep
tic, than carbolic acid. So at tbe
present day corrosive sublimate
p ays the main part in the treat
ment of all sorts of wounds aud
abscesses, if a bod is just started
it can be aborted by iujectmgicor
rosive sublimate into it. If an ab
t*ce*a is fully formed it can be -ap
idly cuied by using solutions oftor
rosive sublimate. Surgeons have
kept up with the ad vane- s iu medi
cine iu this respect ami there is a
great de-J less suffering ami fewer
deaths, in the best hospitals there
are n * longer such scourges as
blood poisoning, lockjaw, Ac. Ho
the study of lacier iolugy has been
of incalculable benefit if we consid
er this point alone. Hi ace the in
troduction of antiseptic surgery
lockjaw never occuis from an oper
ation in the bauds of those sur
; eons who keep abreast with the
times. Lockjaw of new born in
fants has been banished where the
proper use of aseptic precaution are
resorted to. If a new born infant
dies of lockjaw at the present day,
the attending physician is entirely
to blame. These precautions are
much more easily carried out iu a
hospital, aud it won d be much (let
ter to have hospitals as they have
iu £uro|>e, no that our dwelling
houses would no longer be infected
with disease and where the surgeou
could do his work properly.
I think I have made it plain that
although many important processes
aud many terrible diseases are caus
ed by lacteria, still we are able to
control their action to a large exs
tent, making them do useful work
on the one hand aud preventing
the injurious effects on tbe other.
1 have shown that by the iutrodne-
tion ot corrosive sublimate solution
in tbe treatment oi wounds the sur
geon is enabled to |>erfor .. the most
serious operations with absolute
certainty that he will not produce
gangreeu, blood poison or even sup
puration.
But the nse of disinfectants, as
they are called, is not only benefi
cial iu suigery but iu other esses
au Weil. And although corrosive
sublimate is the lies! disinfectant
known it cannot always be applied
lu some cases it is better to ose
steam. In many cities iu Germany
litey have large steamers construct
ed so as to subject dcthing, bed**
ding, &c., whicb have been used by
peryous suffering from smallpox or
other iofoctaous disease to stream
ing steam. This ose of steam as
• disinfectant is of great use, aod
rMi"
fectuous diwras a is to get rid of tbe
cause of infection and the s'ody of
bacteria has given os valuable
means with whicb to accomplish
this end. 1 have already* stated
that Koch baa found corrosive sab*
lunate a very potent disinfectant.
Now bow wrould we apply this in
care of an epidemic T Sup|»ose au
epidemic of chicken cholera were to
break our. As we know ot no trust-
won by me.ns of curing the disease
we should try to limit it as much as
oossible. In tie first place the fowls
should confined iu the chicken
house, when this is feasible. Ami
every few days the walls ami floor
should be seonred with lye and theu
wiped over with a solu ion of coiro
rive sublimate. The sablun rte
should be allowed to remam reveral
hours aud tbe walls aud floor again
scoured wiih lie or soap. The cor
rosive snblimste solution need not
be stiougor ihan CO grains or 1 dran
to the gallon of water. Tuts is a
very weak solution, but of course
it most cot la* left carelessly around
so that any one would be likely to
drink any of it aa it ia a deadly
poi»oti. It ha* been recommended
to color tbe solulion with a small
quantity of soiuecherp dye stuff so
that it would not be mistaken for
water. It would be better to have
two houses and to disinfect them
with the cono-ive sublimate solu
lion and tnuster the fowls every
few days from one to the other, dis
infecting every time as soon as the
fowls are removed, iu the manner
already described.
* Oui heiihousesaud stables should
be so constructed reside that they
they could lie wiped over with a
Kolu ion of corrosire sublimate
and leave no coiners uuwiped.
There should be no sharp comers
where dast can nccummulate and
which am ditlicult to reach. If in
spite of tbe disiulectioti the fowl*
all die the house should be thor-
ongldy scoured with soap and wa
ter and corrosive sublimate soli.*
tiou, applied liberally and allowed
to remain h day or so aud again
scoured aud again disinlected sev*
eral time* bciote other iowis are
allowed to go in. If the yard is
also infected it should be liberally
doused with fn shly slaked lime, it
would be mere > fleetual to use cor
rosive suliimate even for disiuleet*
ing the yard, but tiiat would h .id
ly be advi.-able. Freshly slaked
Inue is a good di- infectanr, but it
must be applied to every part cl
the yard. The fences and ground,
iu every nook and corner, should
receive a thorough drenching. Not
only in chicken cholera bnt in otb
er infectuons diseases the same
means should be used.
1 have spoken a while ago of the
fact that lockjaw does not occnr any
more after surgical operations.
What 1 wish to say now is that
if the wounds in animals are treat
ed at once with corrosive sublimate
or strong carbolic acid there need
be no fear of lockjaw. If a horse
has run a nail in bin toot tbe wound
should be thoroughly washed oat
with a strong solution of corrosive
sublimate aud stopped np with a
plug of cotton soaked in corrosive
sublimate solution. The bacteria
of lockjaw are very wide spread.
They have been found iu garden
earth, upon splinters of dirty wood,
iu old tags and io the dust of rooms.
I shall now ask sour attention to
the part playe4 by bacteria in de
composition. As you already know
tbe chief supply of food for the
higher plants ia farnubed by de
composed animal and vegetabia
nrrogee in the form of these two
cum pounds.
C 17 H 33 N O 3.
Now here is a formula showing
that this substance called cerebrin
contain* attr geo. but the nitrogm
is held so clorety by tbe G. H. snd
O- that the higher plants could
not use it at ail if it were not liber-.
«lrd 1 have used nitrogen merely lllf
as aa example; whnt 1 have said i
applies equally welt to other sub- !
KoLOr-s beard-. Tims the mineral
**!u are also liberated from com
plicated compounds by bacteria.
Now if decomposition is caused
by bacteria it is important to find
out whether all bacteria causes it
or whether there are only certain
kin>!a which do so Also whether
they do so under all circumstances,
it has been Useovertd that all sorts
of bacteria do not pr< dace decom
position, at least not enure decom
position, and those which do require
certain condition*. Prof. Wolling
states that those bacteria which
are concerned in the process of de
competition require abuo.lano* of
air and moisture and also warmth.
Applying this knowledge to every
day life, it is necessary to keep
vegetable and animal matter mo at
and warm and mIIhw abutid mce of
air to prepare it as a fertilizer. It
follows that i!\ our ooapost heap
is too dry it will not decompose aud
if it i* too onld it d« coft'itores very
slowly. If your compost heap is too
wet it uill u«d Iboroutbly derom
pose lor reasons I *hsll give pres
ently. For the same reason ciop*
which are turned under hare to be
kept moist and warm and allowed
to have plenty of air. Of course
the t-jitto* jm-pwralion of the com-
p >st or of the soils whicb are turu-
• d under mast he varit d to sn't
etch case. If your soil is gaudy the
ccop eiiould be tnrueil thoroughly
and./ and tbe earth al*ove it iollrd
so «a to retain a* much moisture
«u d h.*.it as possible. With clay
1 tud ot course t!ie opposite cause is
indicawd. Again if \our compost
pile is too much packed to allow
access of air it should be opened up.
at tbe same time it most not be too
loose otherwise it will diy out too
much and lose heat. •
Ho we have to bear in mind that
the bacteria which prepare the food
for our crops will only do so when
they have the coiidiiinus favorable
to their growth. If the conditions
are unfavorable they either do their
work imperfectly or they are sur-
plantel by other bacteria which
r-plit up vegetable and animal mat
ter into substances, which are for
the mos part of no use to plants as
food. This takes place when the
air is partially or wholly cut off. If
a crop is turned underhand the ail
is not allowed free access ihero will
be ver. little benefit derived and iu
some cases even injury to the sou
may n suit. It eau readily happen
in a c! y soil that the earth may be
come so packed that the air is ex*
eluded. Even iu a sandy soil tbe
I ores may become so clogged with
water that the air is kept our.
Pasteur first called attention to
the fact that there are too kn.d* of
bacteria, one sort requiring full ac
cess of air aud the other unable to
grow in free oxygen. To repeat,
those which require the presence of
free ox geu cause decomposition,
and i hose g owmg wi bout oxygen
cause only p.iribtl «bcom|tosition.
But beside the iufiueuce exerted
by the pres« nee or absence ol ox> •
gen there are olh« r things which
influence :he growth of bacteria.
Certain metallic salts Intel fere with
it «This concentrated solution of
common salt act in this way. Cor-
rosive sublimate, which is a salt of
mercury, even iu a very dilute sola-
lions kibs bacteria. The same i*
true to a greater or less extent of
mineral acids and o'her substances.
So a soil must not only hsve
abundance of mointure, warmth,
and air, bnt it must also be free
from substances injurious to bacte
ria. Tbis can be tested even with
out a chemical analysis by simply
taking cultures similar to these
w bich I have here, but derived from
the so 1 and seeing whether the
bacteria from them grow in tbe soil
to be examined. This is a more
direct teat tbau a chemical examin
ation. It is also more delicate, for
there are certain substances which
even in minote traces afieot the
growth of bacteria, aod in some of
these traces are soaroely apprecia
ble.
Not only do tbe prineipiec which
I hare jaat tried to explain under
lie the process of decempositiou,
but they aiao find application la tbe
tens in the ground which form
•pores so resistant that they can
be boi ed several hours with- ut be
ing killed.
2. Meats, vegetables, Ac., are also
preserved by drying. This needs
no fuitber explanation, for I have
already stated that moisture is es-
j sen ial to the growth of nncro-or-
tui
3. Tbe addition of certain sob
stances which are injurious to bac
teria is also often emplojed. I have
already said that concentrated so
latious of salt, that is to say bune,
prevents the growth of bacteria.
Other substances, such as ralycetie
acid, coperasjaud a great number of
other things, either kill bacteria or
prevent their grovtb, snd conse
quently may be used as preserva
tires, tbe most tffectaal of nil is
e rrosive sublimate. Tbe great
objection to this method of preserv
ing substances for food is that most
ol the germenites, as they are call
ed, are injarioosto health and many
of them are very jioisoiiuas. Oi
course this objection does not hold
in the case ol Urine.
4 Articles are preserved in ice
bat gem-raily far a shoit time only,
as this is an expensive me hod. It
i* hardly worth while lor me to ex
plain tbe principle of this method
as I have already said that bacte-
tiirequire warurib :o grow.
S<>you will see, gentlemen, that
the study of bacteria has led to a
cl arer audersiaudiug of the say in
a Inch food is prepared for tbe high
er plants on the one hand and the
preservation of perishable articles
on the other. It baa led to the pre
vention many infectnoas diseases of
animals and plants and an im-
improvement in wine making and
brewing. •
The Besnlt ot the Recent Primary.
Editor of The Darlington Newt:
How do the farmers feel shoe
their defeat on the 21st alt. f Feel f
They are a plumb sight i I tell
yon sot I speak authoritatively,
however, lor only one—oar “poet
ical parson.” Be looks sad feels,
for the world, like that gallant
s-ddier, whom General Johnston
met, a* he came flying, Cutting the
wind, to the rear when the battle
waxed fierce and furious” Why
are you running aud blubbering
like a baby wbeu you are so much
needed at tbe front, you great,
strong man f 7 Enquired tbe Gen
eral. “Mistur Johnston,’’ blabbered
the fleeing fagitive, “I wish I wur
a baby aud a little gal baby at
that!”
What is the matter f say yon,
man got leftf Mr. Editor, yon ask
so many questions, you caiedy
give one rime to say that lie rueful
d y cairn* because some of as fid
dled, some danced and some played
the tool. How much originality in
thai last expression f Htop your
catechising and let me tell you its
origin t
While Messis. Gannon, Clements
aud Beuslev were representing
Darlington County iu the Legisla
ture, years ago, it came loathe ears
of Mr. Beasley that Gapt *iu Can
non hud told it, around home, that
the three had got leu to be amatuer
players in Columbia; that he
(Cap'aiu Cauuo") played tbe fid
dle, Chap Clements played the
‘‘laukitauk” rud Wes Beasley
played the ‘‘pliule.” Of coarse Mr.
Beasley bounced the Captain at
sigl t. “Did you use the language
attributed to you Captain f” En
quired Mr. Beasley savagtly. “Kau-
sackiug the recesses of tbe store
honse of memory 1 fail to recall
any such phieusied phraseology.
But if it was meant to be asserted
that, ‘I fiddled, Chap Clemeut*
danod aud Wes. Beasley played
the fool.’theu some monstrous teto
man did say it,” complaceutly, re
plied'he Captain, as Mr. Beasley
rode off iu a gallop.
Coiicerotug how we fiddled, why
we danced aud when wu played the
fcol most be tbe batden, with yoar
permission, of a future article.
Until then 1 am sadly and sorrow-
tally yoars.
A. W. I’ABBOTT.
IfSha
UIMT. Ife kilter pluOtMMt .TOMluanctiM.&aMl,, 1. ^
Down With The Trusts!
(From th* Sumter \ Irenoe )
In this day of “frosts” and com
binations of every suit by whicb
farmers are continually fleeced oat
of their hard earned money in or
der that a few rich men may be
made richer, it Is imiicrntive
tbe farmers should do someth
if it be possible to protect
selves.
Now the Farmers of tbis Coouty
amt State have another organiza
tion offered to taesi which is eons
ducted on a different basis aud we
trnst that oar farmer* will take
hold of it with unanimity. To oar
mind it offers many advantages to
oar farmers, since there is to be a
St te Alliance in every Com.tj sad
iu every township, ail operated
under tbe same rule*. Tne advan
tage* of such au organization as
this will be great for, auder it, not
only can all (he farmers to a State,
act in concert, bat the farmers of
tbe different States can also act to
gether in matters toaebing theu
general well are. Tbe Alliance is
very popular io North Carolina and
is gaining ground rapidly in this
State.
We frost that every farmer in
Sumter County * ill avail himself of
tbe opportunity now offered ot join
ing tbe Afliauce, for we believe it
to be to bis interest to do ao.
Because other farmers’ Associa
tions hsve gone down ia ao reason
why tbe farmers should not go
into this, but tbe v#ry reason why
they should. Do not be skeptical
of its advantages bat goiato it and
help to make it a success. It will
best the Tillman machine too far
to talk about.
We have not the space to argue
this subject farther nor, bat mere
ly call tbe attention of oar fanner*
to it and urge its importance upon
(bem, ha their frit-nd aud advocate.
,7,
Hb
Ia outer to do anything
... >.* ...
who has removed bis stcck of
GENERAL MERCHANDISE,
to the stand opposite his former
— PLACTK DU
PE A RLE STREET,
offers s well selected variety of all
traits of tnis season.
Apples, Mafeg*. Concord, snd Cot*whe
grope*, basennes. peer*, irnoo*. orange-,
ocoasuie, tig-, Jatee, end sll kind* of nut*.
Craaberriei sod el! leading Northern reg-
elsble*. Michigan ce lery reoatvad fresh
twice a week, tly prince will cow pare fe-
torsbly witk say Market Nertk or Booth.
I cell apeciol attention to my Qrosery De
partment which is foil end complete. Hea
dy. erockere of all kinds, eigerm, tot. iceo.
Atom s fell lioo of Tin u 1 Crook cry war*
at lowest price*.
Noe. 10. '87.
COXE m, coil ILL,
TO TUB
L0NE STAr^ @/\LLERY
For Pho'ngtaplits Ferretyjwsor any
kind of work iu the Pbo’ogrspbie
Line. For s short time I will mak*
tbe ftd osing unparalleled offer:
Photograph*, $2 |«er dozen.
Fe retypes, 4 for 50 cents
All worn gnsrantnd to give satis
fiction or no pay.
E. W. SUTTON,
Darlington, S. 0.
* Sep 20, ’88
goldeFFrops
is the name of the latest brand offlrU
quality OLD RT8 Whieky. far w neh M.
.vtanae has been appointed sole local ifeoL
This brand was brought out for the *pret»l
purpo-e of rivalling the celebrate l Ne*
York .Stock Exchange Whisky, f*»r •bich
M Mann* also ha* tbe sole ngeuev in l ht*
town.
FOR SAXaU-
Apply to
C. MOONEY.
Dm 30, WT.
BRICK! BRICK!
We new have on hen I snd ready for ml*
M
Folly eq iel to tboao mado is Columbia or
oltewhere is the State. Our price !•
$8 a Thousand,
AT THE KILN,
which issttualed about half •
the Town of Dnrlinzton. Those desmm |
to pnro'uaie should giva u* _»
Darliuglen.
give i.» — -—■ »
guarantee that our briok will
satisfaction. A. 0, SPAIN A CO.
May 8, ’88—if
10,000
Bushels Rust Proof Oats!
I have bought a choice lot
Rust Proof Oats, and will
tbis week 2,000 bushels, and otb»r*
to follow. Farmers wfll §*▼*.
by calling and secoring their ■ 00
before the rise. .^rnvr
0. W.HEWIT&
Ang. 9,1888.
Notie* I*
lieu will ■
Notice of Renewal-
L ud.d*fef«*»-7^ of
Ch*r»”J
to *
Scrip I
--