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?OTTON 0110WEHS IN SESSION, STEPS TAKEN TO DECREASE ACREAOK AND INCREASE PBIOE?DECLARA? TION AGAINST SPECULATION IN II TUItES?FAEMEH8 ADVISED TO RAISE FOOD PUODUCT8; The meeting of tho delegates to tho cotton groweis' convention at the Kim hall House tn Atlanta was a gathering of many notable men from several Stales. Among those high in official circles were Dr. ,1. William Stokes, member of Congress from South Carolina; Col onol 11. T. Nosbol, commissioner of agriculture of Georgia; Hon. 1. s. Cul ver, commissioner of agriculture ol Alabama, and Colonel It. .1. Uedding, superintendent of the Georgia experi ment station. The purpose ol tho meeting was to effect a permanent organization,and at noon [Ion, .1. C. Wilhorn, president oi the Cotton Growers' Association of South Carolina, and also prosidont of the State Fanners' Alliance, was elect ed temporary chairman, Mr. S. E. Watson, of Clark-ion, Tesns, tempo rary vice-president, and Mr. Richard Cheathain. editor of the Memphis Cot ton Planter's Journal, secretary. Thcie was a good deal of discussion as to the methods of prooedure, and Vice President Watson was asked to postpone a speech which he had begun involving financial mcnsuics. On the question of permanent organ ization Congressman Stok?,s did not approve of tho idea of electing vice presidents of the association in.til it was proven whether or not this could not be merged into the American Cot ton Growers' Protective Association, which meets in Memphis next week, and he moved that when the meeting adjourned it do so to meet in Memphis on that occasion. Ex-Governor Northen, of Georgia, was in fav or of a resolution offered by Color ol Uedding for the appointment of a committee on order and rules fo as to dispatcli business more readily and rapidly, For awhile there was considerable confusion, but the meeting dually set tled down and agreed to the appoint ment of a committee of two members from each State represented on order and rules to whom all resolutions and other matter to be presented to the convention are to be referred. The committee appointed wii' as i follows: Dr. J. W. Stokes, of South Carolina, i chairman; I. II. McCalla, of South i Carolina; J. 1- Johnson and W. A. i Broughman, of Georgia; .1. P. Sossa- ?, man and W. T. Bachelor, of North i Carolina; I. S. Culver and Hector 1). < Lane, of Alabama; Hichard Choatham, of Mississippi, and S. 10. Watson, of i Texas. : Aftir accepting an invitatio! to visit i the Stewart farm by committee to in- < Aestigatc and report on the Jackson < African limbless cotton, and appoint- 1 ing a committee of seven, with 1. II. : McCalla, of S. C, as chairman, to con- ( sider certain plans to be submitted, the j convention adjourned to meet again at | 3 o'clock. ; On assuming the chairmanship of < the meeting Mr. Wilhorn doliverod a very strong speech on the purposes of i the meeting, in which he portrayed in i strong terms the condition of the | farmer and the necessity for immedi- i ate relief, and it having been decided > that all present should be admitted as ] delegates, the following answered to | the call of the secretary: I North Carolina: Ham T. Jones, J. i P. Sossanian, W. T. Bachelor, J. M. i Hoy'e and M. T. Leach. South Carolina: J. C. Wilhorn, I). | M. Crosaon, W. T. Bradley, J. R. Blake, Jr., L. W. You tn ans, J. M. i Kinard, W. J. Gaines, J. L. Hughov, i F. T. Ilardee, J. IL Watson, T. C | Robinson, J. R. Eaile, M. L. Donald- j sou, P. T. Brecden J. B. Morrison, J. J. M. Graham, J. W. Stokes, II. S. 1 Lipscoinb, P. E. Chapman, J. B. Stepp, i J. II. Jordan, I. II. McCalla. Georgia: R, T. Nesbit, M. V. Cal vin, O. B. Stevens, W. J. Northen, W. A. Broughton, R. J. Redding, J. L. Johnson, C. P. Morton, E. A. Heard, J. II. Hoskuisou, A. II. Smith, John Bostiek, Ben Milligan. S. II. Griffin, Felix Co rout, A. W. Walker, M. M. Bowden, W. P. Calhoun, J. B. Palmer, J. W. McCalli, J. H. Black, A. B. Camp, J. M. MeElreath, T. A. Jack son, W. IL Culnopner, I. A. Bubh, L. II. O. Martin, W. J. Helton. Alabama: Hector D. Lane, I. S. Culver. Texas: S. E. Watson. Mississippi: Richard Choatham. Among other resolutions the follow ing were introduced by W. J. Gaines, of South Carolina: "Whereas, the condition of the cot ion growing States of America is, and has been since the war, in n precarious condition, bicught about to an alarm ing extent by the enactment of certain laws now in effect upon the statute books, virtually taking the power out of the bauds of the planters and placing the product in the hands of irresponsible laborers and tenants, thereby placing the responsibility in their hands; and "Whereas, we feel that a very effec tive cause of the low price of cotton is brought about by the speculation in futures; "Therefore, bo it resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting, viz., 'The Southern Cotton Growers' conventior, now in session in Atlanta, Ga.,that all such laws that havo been enacted on growing crops, especially the cotton crop, such as Hens, morigages ami any and all obligations allowed to bo placed on the same, bo immed ately repealed at (he first onsuing session of the legis lature o1 each an., every cotton grow ing State, thereby having the crop en tirely independent of home specula tion. "Be it further resolved, That oach cotton growing Stato petition their representative in Congresss and also the representatives of theUnitcd stales, to aid the passage of an unti-oplion bill now being prepared by the Hon. J. W. Stokes, of South Carolina, thereby lifting tho weight thai has boon bear ing down nnd crushing tho prices of our product through speculation in fu tures. Wo hereby pledge ourselves hi stand by and aid in every offort to ro liove the oppressed cotton growers o( the South. We further commend and urge that I ho plauters adopt the plan mapped out by W. G. Bradloy in this article advocating the reduction of acreage." 'MYO hold the preliminary meeting in November," said Mr. J. C. Wilborn, who is a prominent planter of Old Point, 8. C, "and we discussed the necessity for forming an organization at that lime,and decided to call a meet ing to he held in Atlanta for that pur pose. "Our object in so doing was that At lanta is a central point and easy of access to the planters of South Caro lina, Georgia and Alabama, the three States winch would naturally come together on questions of this kind, be cause of their COUtiguity and their community of interests. "We have found out, to our cost, that the increased acreage planted in cotton from year to year is proving ruinous to our farmers, and our object is to make an organized movement in favor of the decrease in acreage and the increase in price of cotton,and for the encouragement of the raising ol food crops, so that our farmers may become more independent and self, sustaining. "Under the present regime specula lion runs rife and thousands of dollars are made by those who gamble on the output ol the crop long befoie a boll has opened. The farmers, under the rule of all COllOU, are completely at the mercy of the speeulalois, who have it in their power to raise or lower the price of the staple, ami a reduction in the price of cotton leaves the planters high and dry. as they have not the food crops to fall hack upon. "All these evils must, he met square ly, and the proper remedies adopted, and the only way in which to do this is to effect an organization, for which purpose we have met here today. We j are in full sympathy With the work of 1 the American Cotton Growers' Pro? : tecllvo Association, and, the primal objects being the same, to encourage I the reduction of the acreage and con- i sequontly the increase of the price of I he s taple." I "I have just returned from a tour of < the famous cotton growing belt of the I West," said lion. Hector 1). Lane, I president of the American Cotton 'J rowers' Protective Association, who i lias taken an active part in the Atlanta meeting, "and I lind that the plan to : reduce ihe acreage meets with increas- 1 ing favor out there. I "I visited Indian Torritory, Arkan- i urs and Oklahoma, and I tell you there 1 s the finest cotton growing country in i be world. In the Mississippi delta f mil the Brazos bottoms the only limit t o the amount harvested is the number jf hales that can he picked. t "The planters there have raised one- i bird mote cotton than they can pos- I dbly harvest and they are sick and f ircd of it. Farmors from Kansas h ive t jlveu up raising dollar wheat and have t gOUO into Oklahoma and Indian Terri- I tory to raise 4 1-2 and ? cent cotton, fl mil they all begin to realize the ruin uis policy of planting such a large \. icrenge in cotton and reducing the n >ricc through over-production, yeat I ifter year, until cotton raising has ? grown worse than unprofitable. i '?They kept me there longer than I i ,YOUld have been otherwise, because of heir anxiety for relief, and 1 organ- i zed eleven branches of the association s n that part of the country during my i day. 1 feel very much encouraged by I uy trip and am more than ever hn )rcssed with the fact thai in organizing i he planters of the South may lind that !" relief of which all feel the imperative 1 iced. i "I was at Muscogee, Indian Terri- i ory, when I issued the call for the Memphis meeting, December 21st, and i t was mainly ai the solicitation of the i danters of that section that I called i .he meeting, as they are poor people, < n spite of the enormous crops of cot ton grown, and that dale would he the | best suited to their convenience in at- J Lending. < "They appeared anxious to meet < tvilb the fanners and planters of the l other coi ton growing States so as to \ participate in the discussions relative lo < the objects of the organization, and 1 i expect a large attendance of the dele gates from those sections at the Mein- 1 phis convention." Some of the most prominent planters I of South Caiolina were present in re sponse to the call issued by Mr. Wil born, and the representation included men from all the piincipal cotton grow- 1 ing sections of the State. The new county of Greenwood sent j a strong delegation, consisting of Messrs. j. L. Hughey, G. M. Kinard and W. J. Gainesand John A. Bradley appeared from the Third District. Senator I. H. McCalla and J. B. Blake, Jr.. represented Abbeville, both men of prominence in that section, and Dr. J. W. Slokes was from Orangeburg and is a most Influential citizen. Messrs. L, W. Youmans, Barnwc'.l; J. Helton Watson, Anderson, and M. L. Donaldson, Greenville, arc also prominent members of the convention. Mr. W. A. Strom represents Edge field and from Alken appeared George 0. Robinson, representing the lieecb Island Farmers' Club, the oldest or ganization of the kind in the United Stales. "The Beech Island Farmers' Cub," said Mr. Robinson, "was organized by Governor Hammond in 1847, and therefore bears the proud distinction of being oldest club of the sort in tbo Union. It was organized at Beech Island, just across the Savannah river at the famous Sandbar ferry, and was then in Edgclield District, but has sinco boon cut off into Aikcn. "It's objceis wore to promote tho in terest of the agricultural class cs and to prouioto aelosci bond of social union among the plantors and farmers of that historic section of the proud old Stnto of South Carolina. "Politiis wero entirely eliminated from its deliberations, and although sonroof Ihn most important movemonts than havo over agibitcd tho country originated tho o, tho traditions of tho club havo boen handed down from father to son. "One of its provisions was to havo twolvo dinners overy year, one on the first Saturday in each month, and the elub has not missed a dlnnor in lifty years, this being its semi-centennial year, and the Beech Island Fnnnors' club is in a condition as nourishing as it was the day it was organized with the wealthy slaveowners and cotton planters as its chief promoters half a century age." The meeting of the cotton growers resulted not in the organization of a separate association, hut in the endorse ment of the American Cotton Growers' Protective Association, ivhich is already in existence and has accomplished a great deal on the same lines aimed at by the meeting of the South Carolina planters. The conclusions arrived at and the resolutions passed by that notable body of representative men arc all such as promise relief for the planter ami the inauguration of many reforms in the busiucssof growing and marketing cotton. The leading idea discussed was the reduction ot acreage so as to relieve the congestion of tno markets of the world and enhance the value of the staple, and supplemental to that idea were the resolutions condemning in (he Strongest terms the pernicious practice of gambling in cotton futures and the permitting of polities to enter into such associations as are formed with a view to protecting the larniers. There is a great display of forensic efforts among the delegates during the afternoon and evening sessions, ami some very strong speeches were made by Messrs. .1. B. .Stepp, II. S. Lips comb, W. J. Gnines ami others from South Carolina, and the delegates from the Old North State took a prominent part in the debates, while Georgia was in nowise behind hand in the oratorical efforts of the delegates t'ol. H. J. Uedding, director of the experiment station, presented a report of the market price of cotton in New York <n the first of every month, ot every year since 1884-5, and his statis tics, winch bad been prepared with groat care, are a valuable addition to the Information evolved from the meeting of the cotton growers. Prof. J. 1\ Hunnicutt made one ol the most telling addresses of the ses sion when ho statid that the fanners would get together and pass resolutions looking toward the reduction of the cotton acreage, but, at the same time, [hey were secretly making up their minds to plant more than ever. Prof. Hunnicutt proposed the follow ng resolution : "Kesolvcd, That each delegate to uid member of this Convention do dedgo and obligate himself to reduce be number of acres planted in cotton n 1807 not less than HQ per cent, for L808. Also, that each delegate and nemher will use bis influence among uul with Ins neighbors to accomplish he same end." Continuing on the same line of bought be said the most salutary ?eform that Could he inaugurated would ic the collection of the evils resulting rom gambling in futures among fac ers and brokers. He went on to give he unintelligent class a roast for not >eing able to discern the remedies that ire apparent to all but themselves. lie said that the landlord could do a jrcat deal toward reducing the cotton icroago by requiring that his tenants llant a sufficient acreage in provision sropa every year to insure a support, ifter which they might plan! as much n cotton as seemed wise and judicious. He said that he was weary of lu lli ng the complaints of men who did not icem to have discernment sufficient to sonduct their own business on business ninciplos. One of the most conspicuous 'igures n the Convention win Hon. J. Win. Stokes, Congressman from the Seventh district of South Carolina, and he was nude chairman of the committee on ?ules and order. The committee on resolutions sub nitted a report, which was adopted iflci an interesting discussion. The ?eport of the committee is given in lull elsewhere ic our columns. There was a stirring debate on the. ?ro| used adoption of the resolutions, uid some, were in favor of a separate organization, but the futility and langer of such a movement were so Strongly presented that the opposition to the adoption oT the resolutions was .'.becked and they were passed by a un animous vole. To Mr. L. If. O. Martin is due a large share in solving the problem* which confronted the convention, and the resolutions adopted endorsing the American Cotton Growers' Protective Association were drawn up at his sug gestion and made a part of the report Of tllC committee. One of the finest speeches of the evening was that delivered by Hon. Hector 1). Lane, picsident of the American Cotton Growers' Protective Association, in defense of that organi zation, after references had been made by other speakers as to what it had or had not accomplished In the most forcible terms he re hearsed tho great good that had been done through the organized efforts of the members of the Association, and ho effectually silenced all criticism on the labors and accomplishments of the Association since its organization in 181)4. Taken as a whole the Convention was made up of as lino a body of planters and men interested in ngriculturil a Hairs as ever gather in any city in the South, and they wcro loud in their pruiecs of the hospitality of Atlanta. THE COTTON GKOWEU8' CON VENTION DECLARES IN FAVOR OK RKDUOED ACHKAOK, AGAINST COTTON SPECU LATION AND ENDORSES TIIK AM ER? ICAN COTTON GROWERS' PROTEO TIVK ASSOCIATION. The Inter-Slate Cotfbn Growers' Convention, mot ami sitting in Atlanta, December 14, 1897, Having thonughly canvassed tho situation of our io lustry in all its many phases, promulgates the following statemont and address as the result ot its deliberations : X, The most pressing need of tho hour for the attainment of our ends is a thorough organization of tho grow ors of cotton, beginning with the indi vidual grower, however humble, and reaching up through township, county, State and Intor-Stato organization. We cordially commend the organization ovor which Hon. Hector D, Lano aply presides, and tender that body at ,ts ! meeting In Memphis on tho 20th instant our COOpeiatiOQ in completing tin organization go well bogUO by it Bevern years ago. To the end thai uniformity may exist throughout all the State; organized and to be organized, w< shall appoint a committee of the hod\ 'to consider all plans of organization that may he submitted at this mooting and mature a plan tor presentation u our brethren at Memphis next week through a delegation to be appointed by this meeting to represent this Con vention in that bod)'. 2. While not abating any of our contentions that the monetary system of our country is at the foundation of our (lifllcultics, as it is at the bottom of the depression in ad industries, we hold that there are deep rooted evils peculiar to our industry that demand immediate attention and remedy. And of first importance among these as a factor in depressing prices is the specu lative control exercised over the price of actual cotton through the linjusl rules and regulations of the cotton ex changes. This evil we are convinced can be reached only by legislation, ami hence we. pledge OUlSClvcs and our organization to labor for the needed legislative restiic.ion of gambling in futures in our respective Slates and in Congress. .'{. This evil being abolished or re duced to a minimum by proper legisla tion, and the control of spot cotton being thus restored to the producers under the. law of supply and demand, as far as that law is allowed lo operate under a vicious monetary system, we deem it next in importance that our farms be made self sustaining in so far as climate, and soil conditions permit and incieasc the amount of food sup plies. The cotton grower who makes his supplies ::t home, is in a large measure independent of the manipu lator of the spot cotton market. 4. The next source of loss is alsj an important one, hut is entirely in the control of the grower, as is the last ime?diligent and careful attention to Lhe preparation of our cotton for the market. Thousands?yes, millions? of dolhus are lost annually lo the cot ion grower through careless handling [>f tin- cotton from the field to the gin ind press ami through use of inferior covering. While our fanners fully un lerstanu this, this mooting would neg loot an important responsibility if it failed to r ail attention to Ibis source of oss and urge collection of the evil. We further recommend the cstab ishmcnt of an informal ion bureau. licsolved, That this Convention in lorse the organization known as the American Collen Growers' Protective (V isociation, as it is already in c xistence ind is working for the same objects for Which we arc assembled, lhe reduction if the acreage and increase of the irice of cotton, and the correction of he evils of speculation and others that ippress the producer ; that we give >ur indorsement to the American (jot on Growers' Protective Association. Hcsolved further, That we suggest ;o the mooting of the American Cotton ;rowers' Protective Association, at its noeting in Memphis next week, that he president of each Stale euganiza ion shall he a vice president of the National Association. Resolved lurthor, That such vice >residents appoint pres.dents of count} >rganizations to he formed in all lhe ?entities of the States where col Ion is grown, 80 that the organization may be 10 perfected that the decisions arrivco it by the Association may be carried out hroughout all the cotton growing sec ions of the United Slates as a unit, as t is in this way only that the designs >f the Association ma) he carried out mil the various measures of relief and reform be inaugurated all over the South. Resolved, That this Convention, as far as the votes of North Carolina, south Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi ind Georgia may entitle them, recom mend the reflection of the Hon. Hector D. Lane, of Alabama, as President of lhe American (Jetton (ilowers' Protec tive Association. This committee recommends the following committee as suitable gentle men to represent this Convention at Lhe coming Memphis Convention : Dr. 1). M. Crossen, W. a. Brougblon, W. P. Batehelor, W. J. Lack, Dr. .1. 11. Hunnicult. That these gentlemen elect their alternates. J. lt. Karle was added. Ho it resolved by this Convention, That we commend lhe anti-option hill to the attention of the cotton growers of the South and to the meat and gram producers of the West, and we earn estly urge upon the producers of these articles of commerce that they memo rialize their respective representatives in Congiess and the Senate of the United Stales to give, to the Stokes hill their active and earnest support and to do all within their pov.'i r lo have thlfc bill enacted into law. Committee on K080lutions?J. Win. Stokes, Sou'.h Carolina ; I. II. Mc Calla, South Carolina ; II. D. bane, Alabama ; .1. S. Culver, Alabama ; \V. II. Jiroughton, Georgia ; .1. L. John? son, Georgia ; Samuel E. Wuts.ni, Texas ; J. P. Sassaman, North Caio Una ; W. P. Batehelor, North Caro lina. Keeping household accounts is an affair, if not of necessity, ?tili of the greatest wisdom, In comparison with the small amount of lime and labor which the doing so employs, the satis faction of knowing at lhe end of each year how the family funds have gone is the amplest compensation. One especial satisfaction gained from the keeping of household accounts is the ability when, or if the necessity arises, to reduco expenditures on the OUtlit} for luxuries and unneccessaries. The money spent for food, for medicine or for fuel is capable of far less reduction than that used for amusements, for wages or for clothing, and a system of accounts which will show at oner where, oxponses can bo lessened if ontitled to respectful consideration. Alimony is the fino a man pays foi having made an unsuccessful expoii mcnt. Intimate acquaiutance with the fowli is what leads to success. i?c ?? ? v?There Is no education llko adversl , [HE REAL CAUSE OF THE REBELLION.' j SLAVERY ONLY AN INCIDENT. . \ Praotloal "Teacher in Laurent , County Answers the Question? Her ftletbod of Imparting Know , ledge to ? ? 111>11 - To the Editor of The News and Courier: Being the teacher of history in the graded school o! my town, I iiavo read with gr at interest tho editorials and . communications in your paper relating to ono of tho questions Hsked at tho recent examination of teachers: "What was the real sause of the reoollion in 1801 .*" Please allow me tho space in your columns to make toothers among your readers, likewise interested in tho subject, a few suggestions, from tuy own experience, about a way of teaching United States history in our school. "Tho ultimate purpose of all his torical Instruction should bo the in culcation of a spirit of patriotism, a broadening of the child's ideas ; also to devolop a more thorough understand ing of human nature and oftho prin ciples of political economy." True patriotism must rest upon something tirmor than clap-trap words. It must bo founded upon a belief in and a desire to maintainotho honor of our country. This belief should bo rooted in a know ledge of lirst principles. Wo teachers should curry our pupils' miuds to the starting point of a question, lead them to trace cause and effect, and incite them to individual research. If all the facts necessary for this study of lirst principles are not contained in tho text book, they can ho given by means of black-board exercises and note looks. Pot several sessions I have pursued the plau of giving too class many lessons, not in their text book, by having them to copy in their note books exercises g'ven on tho black board ; and at stated times they are reviewed upon their note book facts, and avo r< quired to be prepared upon them for examinations just as If they wore in tho text book. According to this method tho text book is laid aside at the olese of the French and Indian war period, while tho class learns, from the black-board, tho growth in England of representa tive government and of tho principle of taxation only through represents* ti n, from Anglo-Saxon and Norman times down to 177? ; reviewing tho Colonial Assemblies and their powers. Thus the children realize that Wash ington was lighting for a principle that had been distinctly contended for by tho English people during fivo cen turies. Tho "tea-parties" of Huston, Now York, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Savannah and Charleston are re cognized as rightful protests against tyranny. Tho Buffering men of tho armies of Washington in Pennsylvania and of Creeno in South Carolina are truly martyrs. And tho children re alize that a freeman's vote is a precious heritage, gained by tho blootl of pa triot* on b )th sides of tho Atlantic. Should it ever become, in their hands, an article of barter? While studying tho Revolutionary period, in the textbook, we learn from tho black-board that ono by ono most of tho colonies, if not all of them, de clared their independence and esta blished each her own State Govern ment before tho Continental Congress was intructed by each and all tho States to declare independence. At the close of the Revolution the text book is again laid aside for the class to study many facts connected with the formation of the present Union. in some of our school histories, Barm a and Montgomery, for example, this period of the formation of the Union is given only brief attention, but, if tho child is to learn first principles, a knowledge of this epoch is not only im portant, but necessary. From books of roforonco tho teacher can gainer many facts and illustra tion* that, taught from tho black board, will give the children a know ledge of the principles upon which our forefathers formed die Federal Union. Tho following are somo of tho facts not>ed : 1. In tho Philadelphia Convention of 1787 two parties arose. Ono favored a "siuglo National Republic," the other, a " Federal Republic of distinct States." Four plans were submitted as outlines for tho Constitution. Fach plan was fully discussed. The anti oentraliziug party was in the majority and tho plan proposed by Mr. diaries Plnokney, of South Carolina, was in tho main adopted, being tho ono by which tho States would be "ono nation as to all foroign concerns" and still re main "distinct as to all domestic ones." 2. In many of tho State conventions, called to approve and ratify or to re ject tho Federal Constitution, there was great opposition to the Constitu tion by tho auti centralizers in those States. Massachusetts, Now Hamp shire, Virginia and New York ratified only after bard tights and with small majorities. Massachusetts piopo&ed Article it) as ono of tho conditions upon which she ratified. Her example was followed by Now Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina and Now York, and later by Rhode Island. 3. Not fully satisfied with this, Now York, Virginia and Rhodo Island do clared in their ratifications, " Tnat tho powors of government may bo re sumed by tho pcoplo whenovor It ?hall bocome necessary tothoir happiness." Throughout tho proceedings of the Convention in Philadelphia, and of those, in tho States, and in thespooehes and writings of individuals, wo are impressed by tho care taken by our forefathers in every section of the Union to preserve tho equality of all tho States, and to prevent any as sumption of powors by tho General Govornmont that might dotract from tho dignity and rights of any Stato ot States. The relation of Stato and Federal Governments was compared by one in Gonneotlcut to " a vast und magnifi cent bridge built upon thirteen strong and stately pillars." In addition to this Illustration, and following its Idea, 1 drew on my blackboard thirteen different triangles In a row, and above thorn a orown ; next the crown, was orasod and tho triangles wero con nootod by a sorios of dots (articles of oonfodoratlon.) Tho unostion aroso, should there bo substituted for these dots a lino across tho top of tho trian gles resting equally upon oach, or . should the triangles be movod closo | . togothor, so us to form one figuro, and something oleo bo substituted for the 1 crow a that had boon abovo thorn V A > bunob of penolls and a string illustrat ed tho same idea. Thus childron can understand such torms as " consolida tion," "Federal," "confederated." i' Even a olass In our county normal - sohool seemod to understand bettor after I usod some suob Illustration. Beginning with the two views hold in 1787, tbo oontest of centralization vs State's rights can be traced through all the subsequent great qestlons of our oountry and under tho banner of . the various polltloal parties. Itetwoen Adams *nd JolVorso?, between Monroe I und those opposed to Internal Improve* meats by tho Federal Government, between Webster and Hayne, between ?Jackson and Calhonn, between Lincoln and Davis, the real question was the same throughout. It had been raised in all tho States when considering their entrance Into the Union ; it had been discussed in Legislative halls, by tho press and on tho stump. The sword alone could sottlo it. Bloodshed was urrested in 1832, but uot in 18(51. Shivery was not tho real cause of the war between tho States. It was only the occasion. With tholr dilTerences of politics and religion, thoughts and modes of life, Cavalier and Roundhead had boon transplanted to Virginia and Mas Ba husetts. 10 ich of those colonies became the parent of others and the typo of two distinct civilizations. Geographical situation alVccted each. One became agricultural, the Other seafaring and manufacturing. Tho interests of all the colonies were united for the first timo in the French and Indian war, and tho Revolution Stranvthnnnri fcttn hnnri Tiieir common dangers weresearooly removed when, in 1803, tiie New Eng l?nders opposed tlie extension of tho country over tho fcrtilo Mississippi Vulley, with its system of rivors, that migiit become highways of trade in competition with their own, and some of their public men loudly advocated secession. One set of States oppo cd the second war with Holland, and did much to thwart it. this time going so far as to formulate plans for withdrawal from tho Union. Tho same States opposed the annexation of Texas. Again, for at least the fourth time in her history, Massachusetts threatened, through her Legislature, to secede. This was only a few years, about fifteen, before South Carolina did seeode. Tho Southern States favored both wars, and did mi st of tho lighting, as they hud already done in tho Uevoiu tion. Ono set favored a protective tarilT, tho other opposed it. In every In stance of Opposition to the policy of tho Federal Government the opposing party looked to secession as a remedy. Kvory titno tho old issue came up in a new form its force increased and the angry passions of eentralizers and anti-central izcrs waged hotter and hotter. While New England was the hotbed of tho doctrine of secession no one called it. rebellion and treason, but a change of geographical position re sulted in a changed understanding, by somo people, of tho terms patriotism and treason. Since I860 many people at the North, and a few at tho South, have Used tho word secession as a synonym for rebellion, insurrection aud treason. For more than tho tirst half century of our nat'onal existence those terms) wore distinct. To niako clear to tho child's mind the movements of armies in this war between the States I tiave found most Useful a large map of those States that were tho theatre of war. It is drawn upon a black-board, but no localities are marked upon it until they are put in by the pupils, as tho daily recita tions proceed. To excite greater interest and en courage individual research, magazine aud newspaper articles, read aloud on Fridays, and pictures, etc., shown then, are oust wonderful helps. A class to whom 1 had taught United States history according to this plan, as 1 gradually evolved it, arj now studying ancient history. When .. few sveeks ago we came to Leonidas anil his bund, tho children compared them to tho heroes of the Alamo : again, they asked if tho Democratic party in Athens was anything like ours, if Aristldes was as noble as Lee. They conti asted tho conduct of the Spartans upon the fall of Athens with the magnanimity of Grant at Appomatlox; ami, commenting upon the condition of (.recce after tlie 1'eloponcesian war, rejoiced that ours is no longer a house divided against itself. Wo teachers owo to our American Union the duty of pointing out to our pupils the blessings of harmony, tho proud position that our country now holds among tho nations of the world, and how much better it is for tho country and for the Southern people that slavery has boon abolished : but. to our heroes of the Hag that is furled, wo alsUjOwe too equal duty of studying tho principles for which they fought, tho glory they won and tho noble characters they bore in war and in peace. Wo shoithj seo that justlco Is done their cause and honor paid to them and their memories. A child's self-respect would not bo increased by behoving slanders against parents. If the children of to-day are to become men and women of tho highest typo and loyal American citi zens, tticy should bo certain that tholr fathers wero not M Insurrectionists;" (as tho G. A. it. would havo them taught;) also, that tho surronder at AppomattOX decided that tho United States of America shall henceforth bo '? ono and inseparable." it is my belief that the plan of study hero imperfectly outlined makes our boys and tfirls patriotic from convic tion, broadens their ideas, arouses tholr interest in tho principles of the Government and makes thorn loyal citizons, while reverencing tho oauso that was lost. Mary Perrin Farrow. JiHiirens, S. C, Deoembor 4, 1897. ANDKItSON'S BLHOTRIO VN V A fSkcie.li of I lie | Anderson Water, Ijlght and 1'ower Company?Tlio lMant t>t I'ortmaii Simula Complete ? Us Cheapness ami Conventeuoo. Anderson Intelligencer. Vory fow peoplo outside of Andor hoo have uny Idea of what bus recently boon accomplished in the development and advancement of eleotrloal energy In thia city by tho Anderson Water, Light and Tower Company, and the influence this almost unlimited power will have upon the future history of this cntlr6 auction. Cheapness of pro duction is one of tho stern demands of the times, particularly in manufactur ing Industries, and cheapness of powor to propel tho machinery used Is tho gr^at desideratum. At Portman Shoals, on tho Seneca river, nlno miles from Anderson, an electric plant has boon completed which Is dosigncd to generate an dec trlcal onorgy of 6.000 horso power, as occasion May require, and the plant Is now generating und successfully trans mitting to this city 2,0U0 eleotrical horso power, tho greater portion of which is distributed among important mechanical Industries and usud in light ing tbo city. Tho dam and powor houso of this plant are as substantial as granlto and good masonry can malco them, and tho olootrlcal apparatus Is of the latest imnrovod doslgns, com* paratlvely simple, and tbo plant aB completed should involve a vory small expenditure for maintenance. In the dam arc inserted five " penstocks " or flumes with turbines, tho (sbaft(ng ol orators, Bavins the usual loss of power resulting from the use of shafting and belting, thus transforming the entire hydraulic power into electric euergy. Only two of these Humes are being used at present, the others being held in reserve to he put in motiun as the power is contracted for by manufactur ing industries. Of the 2,(<u0 electric horso power now being generated and transmitted, the Anderson Cotton Mills take about 11'JO horso power, a considerable quantity is used in operating the wa..er works, driving large power pumps, a considerable quantltlty dis tributed to various other smaller in dustries, and so much as is nece;isary used to run the arc and incandescent lights of the city. The cost of this electrical power as compared with steam is at least 2~> per cent, cheaper, and when it is con sidered that it can be delivered at any place designated by the manufacturer, enabling him to locate his industry with reference to railroad facilities, taxes, healthful locality and the like, the advantages of this wonderful power over steam must add) ess itself to every 11)inking manufacturer, Anderson has this power. The plant Is complete. The enterprise is a success. Thirty six thousand spindles ami twelve hundred looms arc being operat ed hero In the Andersen Cotton Mills by this electric energy, as well as many smaller industries. Cheapness and convenience is tho very essence of this enterprise, and Anderson now wants to soo manufacturing industries spring up on every side. There is no city in tho South which can offer greater advantages. Situated at the foot of the Blue Ridge mountains, in the famous Piedmont region, with pure air and water, delightful climate the year round, and with natural advant ages soldom equalled, Andersen offers all that the most exacting could da in a nil. That tho development of this great electrical power plant and the natural advantages offered by Anderson must eventually surround this city with manufacturing industries, there can be no doubt, and we confidently believe that in less than a decade the popula tion of this city will double. But we Would remind those of our cit'/.ens who have been successful in their business enterprises that the prompt and rapid growth of these now industries will depend largely, very largely, upon the encouragement and impetus they ex tend to them, Hy this we mean not such encouragement as ends with words, but substantial encouragement by the investment of dollars. Every now industry started will benefit every citizen. They will furnish work for our people and prosperity and happi ness will mostoertainly follow. Before closing this article a few words concerning Mr. W. C. Whitner, the moving spirit in the electrical de velopment of this city, cannot be in appropriate, lie was born and raised in our midst, and Iiis family is one of the most prominent in the State. He was born Sept. .'i, 1804, and, as will be seen, is still a young man. It was he who took the initiative step ami laid tho foundation for this great enter prise, in 1 x'.n) ho established the Anderson Water Works and lit the city with 7?0 incandescent lights, gen erating the electric current by steam power. In 180J he conceived the idea to utilize some neighboring water power to operate the electric light plant and the water works. Mr. Whit ner was convinced at tbe time, that the transmission ol electric power was a success, and was in favor of purchasing Portman Shoals on Seneca river, 10 miles distant, and developing it. Hut his associates did not agree with him, nor was the Anderson Cotton Mill ready at that time, to make a contract for electrical power to operate the mill, a condition which was very neces sary in so large an undertaking. Mr. Whitner, however, feltsure of bis posi tion, that tbe development of Portman Shoals was tho proper step, and com menced to buy such parts of this shoal as ho could secure as a private invest ment. In the meantime iiis company signified their willingness to try the I ing distance transmission of electric power on a small scale, and for this purpose authorized Mr. Whitner to lease High Shoals on Rooky river, 0 miles distant, and with an investment of $26,000, a part of which was Ander son money, devcloned and successfully transmitted 2UU electrical horse power. Tho incandescent lights were increas ed to 2,(K)U and TU arc lights were put in, tho largo power pumps at the water works plant were operated by this power, and the balance was distri buted to various smaller (nduttriofe In tho city which had been induced to put in motors. Tho cheapness and convenience of electrical power soon became evident to our people. Investigation showed it a necessity. The Anderson Cotton Mills, through Mr. J. A. Hrock, the president, signilicd their willingness to use elec tric power insteaii of steam. Other in dustries did tbe same and tho company undertook tho enterprise determining ;o develop tho water power at Portman Shoals. A meeting was called and Anderson subscribed to $.">(.),UOU of tbe bonds pro posed to be issued. The company was reorganized as the Anderson Water, Light and Power Company, with Dr. S. M. Orr, as president and quite a number of our leading business men us directors. In a short time through tbe efforts of Dr. Orr, Mr. W. J. Roddy and W. C. Whitnor, *!UU,0l)U was raised outsido of tho city, aiu.' work begun with tho above results. Just here it is not inappropriate to say that Dr. Orr ! showed his faith in this enterprise ) from the very beginning, doing every thing in hia powor to convince our peo ple that tho development of 1'ort nun Should wna what was really needed to givo Anderson u new start anil make it a great manufacturing center. The in I tercat he manifested, and tho work lie did among our business men certainly I played an important part in bringing I about tho success which hua attended I this great onterpriso. Dr. Orr was ably assisted by Mr. R. S. Hill, roprosenting the Farmers and Merchants' Bank, and Mr. B. F. Maul din, representing tho Bank of Ander son, who were appointed a committee to solicit the subscription of $50,000 to the bonds proposed to bo issued and which the company determined to raise from tho people of Andoraon bo foro soliciting outside subscription. Tho work accomplished by those gen tlemen waa remarkable, and had they boen working for thoir roapectlve banka, or for any individual enterprise, thoy could not havo dlaplayed greater enorgy. Tho $50,000 wassubscribed in an incredibly short tlmo, which clearly in dicated that the onterpriso was prompt ly endorsed by tho business men of Anderson, and this prompt endorse ment had muoh to do with tho suoooss of Heating the $100,000 of bonds puteldo of Andorson. MrWhitnor la justly ontltled^ to bo tattoo transmission power plant estaH lished in the Soutb, und the electrUl generator then U80d whs the lirst a 1 tori nating ourront maenine in the world tol be built and operated for an initial vol-l tage of 0,000 volts. It was considered im practicable to operate this type of dynamo at so high a voltage. The alternating current was comparatively new and blab voltage was an experi ment ami considered dangerous, itun ning the machines at low voltago and using Btepuptransformers to obtain the high voltage required was considered the only practicable method, and when | Mr. Whitner visited the electric Manu facturing companies ?vith a view of having this machine built, his views were regarded by many as rather pre vious. The Stanley Kleetrio manufac turing Company, of Pitts field, Mass. fully agreed with Mr. Whitner, bow over, and encouraged him to uso this voltage. They built the machines, and since that time the building of genera tors of high voltage has been adopted by all the manufacturers. When tho plant at Portmac Shoals was estab lished Mr. Whitner decided to uso generators giving 11,000 voltage, and they are now being* operated siuccss luiiy aim villi perfect safely, and thia is lhe only plant in the world whero alternating current generators are operated with so high a voltage as 11,000 direct on the generators and switch hoards This is a magnificent electrical plant. The re is none better in the world. The power is abundant, convenient, clean and chean, and manufacturers through out the country no.v using steam power or establishing new manufacturing industries should investigate the ad vantages and Inducements held out to them by the citv of Anderson and the Ander son Water, l.ight and l'ower Company. liy substituting electrical power for steam power the Anderson Cotton Mills make a saving of $10,000 per. annum which is a considerable dividend within itself and clearly indicates the advan tages the development of tuis electric power enterprise ?fters to manufactur ing industries. It has been necessary heretofore in the building of cotton mills in our midst for our people to of fer special Inducements, but with a .-bowing like this?where $10,000 is actually being saved annually by the Anderson Cotton Mills?the induce ment is permanent and should be of it self sutlioient. A. CAROLINA IMcINOHSS. The South Carolina Cannibal King lias an Heiress. Herald and News. A princess in whom Columbia, Lex ington, Nowberry, and this section of South Carolina generally should feel an interest was born in New York a few days ago. She is " Ulynda," a daughter of " Uumulea," who is other wise known in this section as Colonel John b\ Uobbs, who is a native of Lexington, a graduate ol Nowberry college and a number of years ago ru n as an Indopendent candidate for solicitor of this (the lifth) judicial circuit. Colonel Bobbs, who has made i o oral trips to Australia, came bllC : i nee with the news thai he was king of a tribe of cannibals inhabiting the lllyka islands, In iho South Pacific seas. About a year ago ho married a wealthy Now York woman of rare boauty and accomplishments, which event was noted in the New York newspapors at tbo time with all the eclat and space that a genuine royal marriage could possibly evoke. 1'iotures id KLg Oumalea and his bride, whose title will bo Queen Mlallo when she shall -hare the throne with her royal bus band, were given in the New York newspapers in their conventional costumes and the royal purple of the lllykas. So great an event \? as joy fully celebrated by the islanders. The marriage has borne royal fruit and the World of last Sunday do voted two full pages to the birth of illynds, the little royal princess, who was burn in that city a few days ago. Over land and ?ea a thankgsgiving message is swiftly speeding to the group of cannibal is lands announcing the birth of the future queen of their tribe. The whole group of isles will be in commotion and every but will bo decorated with ?lowers and skeletons of missionaries loothsomely devoured. The great joy dan00 will bo performed nightly in the village squares. Almost naked and olaborrtoly tatOOOd, the braves of iho tribes will whirl in wild gyrations. They will branish spears mado of human bones, they will sound their tomtoms, covered with human llosh, and throw their huge javelins high into the air. Tho great carnival will linally ter j ininato with royal pots of hot mis sionary soup. A FlteNIMslt ?R1MK, Seven People Brained By a Neuro Brute?A Lynching Follows. Full particulars of the most fiendish crime ever recorded have, just come to hand. Almost the entire family of Brown Smith, a respeotablo white farmer, :t"> years >f age, were brutally killed with a club in the hands of Charles Lewis, a black Uond, more devil than human. Smith was working at a gin a fo>v miles from his home, whioh is situated about tw.; and a half miles from I'earl Iii vor, on the east bank, in Lawrence county, Mississippi, and in a sparsely settled and wild country. The house is oil' the main road and no white family lives within two miles of it, although several negro families livo near. It wa? one of these negroes, who, on Wednesday, sumo time between noon und darkness, crept up to Smith's house und most brutally assaulted Mrs. Smith, then brained bur with a club, and then to forever hide Ids crime, lie begun on their six children, only sparing a babe, which ho loft un touched. Tho fiend's work was not done as well as ho thought, for ono of tho children, a little girl live years Of ago, regained consciousness and when hor father entered after his day's work was finished, she told him the numo of the brnto. Tho mother and four children were found lying in tho yard, showing how they had struggled to cscapo tho brute. Tho father and husband immediately sounded tho alarm and a posse was organized, tho negro was captured, o&rriotl to Monti cello, the county seat of Lawrence county, and at 7 o'clock was carried hack to tho scene of his crime, whore he was fully idontilied by tho littio girl. It is said ho was promptly lynch ed aftor tho identification by a largo crowd of infurl ated citizens who had joined in the search. ?Pooplo snoro because they lie ;vlth their heads thrown baok, aod thore is consequently a dropping of the undor jaw. To break the habit sloep with tho mouth closed. -*J?C Some mec