The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, December 21, 1897, Image 1
?OTTON 0110WEHS IN SESSION,
STEPS TAKEN TO DECREASE ACREAOK
AND INCREASE PBIOE?DECLARA?
TION AGAINST SPECULATION IN II
TUItES?FAEMEH8 ADVISED TO RAISE
FOOD PUODUCT8;
The meeting of tho delegates to tho
cotton groweis' convention at the Kim
hall House tn Atlanta was a gathering
of many notable men from several
Stales.
Among those high in official circles
were Dr. ,1. William Stokes, member
of Congress from South Carolina; Col
onol 11. T. Nosbol, commissioner of
agriculture of Georgia; Hon. 1. s. Cul
ver, commissioner of agriculture ol
Alabama, and Colonel It. .1. Uedding,
superintendent of the Georgia experi
ment station.
The purpose ol tho meeting was to
effect a permanent organization,and at
noon [Ion, .1. C. Wilhorn, president oi
the Cotton Growers' Association of
South Carolina, and also prosidont of
the State Fanners' Alliance, was elect
ed temporary chairman, Mr. S. E.
Watson, of Clark-ion, Tesns, tempo
rary vice-president, and Mr. Richard
Cheathain. editor of the Memphis Cot
ton Planter's Journal, secretary.
Thcie was a good deal of discussion
as to the methods of prooedure, and
Vice President Watson was asked to
postpone a speech which he had begun
involving financial mcnsuics.
On the question of permanent organ
ization Congressman Stok?,s did not
approve of tho idea of electing vice
presidents of the association in.til it
was proven whether or not this could
not be merged into the American Cot
ton Growers' Protective Association,
which meets in Memphis next week,
and he moved that when the meeting
adjourned it do so to meet in Memphis
on that occasion.
Ex-Governor Northen, of Georgia,
was in fav or of a resolution offered by
Color ol Uedding for the appointment
of a committee on order and rules fo
as to dispatcli business more readily
and rapidly,
For awhile there was considerable
confusion, but the meeting dually set
tled down and agreed to the appoint
ment of a committee of two members
from each State represented on order
and rules to whom all resolutions and
other matter to be presented to the
convention are to be referred.
The committee appointed wii' as i
follows:
Dr. J. W. Stokes, of South Carolina, i
chairman; I. II. McCalla, of South i
Carolina; J. 1- Johnson and W. A. i
Broughman, of Georgia; .1. P. Sossa- ?,
man and W. T. Bachelor, of North i
Carolina; I. S. Culver and Hector 1). <
Lane, of Alabama; Hichard Choatham,
of Mississippi, and S. 10. Watson, of i
Texas. :
Aftir accepting an invitatio! to visit i
the Stewart farm by committee to in- <
Aestigatc and report on the Jackson <
African limbless cotton, and appoint- 1
ing a committee of seven, with 1. II. :
McCalla, of S. C, as chairman, to con- (
sider certain plans to be submitted, the j
convention adjourned to meet again at |
3 o'clock. ;
On assuming the chairmanship of <
the meeting Mr. Wilhorn doliverod a
very strong speech on the purposes of i
the meeting, in which he portrayed in i
strong terms the condition of the |
farmer and the necessity for immedi- i
ate relief, and it having been decided >
that all present should be admitted as ]
delegates, the following answered to |
the call of the secretary: I
North Carolina: Ham T. Jones, J. i
P. Sossanian, W. T. Bachelor, J. M. i
Hoy'e and M. T. Leach.
South Carolina: J. C. Wilhorn, I). |
M. Crosaon, W. T. Bradley, J. R.
Blake, Jr., L. W. You tn ans, J. M. i
Kinard, W. J. Gaines, J. L. Hughov, i
F. T. Ilardee, J. IL Watson, T. C |
Robinson, J. R. Eaile, M. L. Donald- j
sou, P. T. Brecden J. B. Morrison, J.
J. M. Graham, J. W. Stokes, II. S. 1
Lipscoinb, P. E. Chapman, J. B. Stepp, i
J. II. Jordan, I. II. McCalla.
Georgia: R, T. Nesbit, M. V. Cal
vin, O. B. Stevens, W. J. Northen, W.
A. Broughton, R. J. Redding, J. L.
Johnson, C. P. Morton, E. A. Heard,
J. II. Hoskuisou, A. II. Smith, John
Bostiek, Ben Milligan. S. II. Griffin,
Felix Co rout, A. W. Walker, M. M.
Bowden, W. P. Calhoun, J. B. Palmer,
J. W. McCalli, J. H. Black, A. B.
Camp, J. M. MeElreath, T. A. Jack
son, W. IL Culnopner, I. A. Bubh, L.
II. O. Martin, W. J. Helton.
Alabama: Hector D. Lane, I. S.
Culver.
Texas: S. E. Watson.
Mississippi: Richard Choatham.
Among other resolutions the follow
ing were introduced by W. J. Gaines,
of South Carolina:
"Whereas, the condition of the cot
ion growing States of America is, and
has been since the war, in n precarious
condition, bicught about to an alarm
ing extent by the enactment of certain
laws now in effect upon the statute
books, virtually taking the power out
of the bauds of the planters and
placing the product in the hands of
irresponsible laborers and tenants,
thereby placing the responsibility in
their hands; and
"Whereas, we feel that a very effec
tive cause of the low price of cotton is
brought about by the speculation in
futures;
"Therefore, bo it resolved, That it
is the sense of this meeting, viz., 'The
Southern Cotton Growers' conventior,
now in session in Atlanta, Ga.,that all
such laws that havo been enacted on
growing crops, especially the cotton
crop, such as Hens, morigages ami any
and all obligations allowed to bo placed
on the same, bo immed ately repealed
at (he first onsuing session of the legis
lature o1 each an., every cotton grow
ing State, thereby having the crop en
tirely independent of home specula
tion.
"Be it further resolved, That oach
cotton growing Stato petition their
representative in Congresss and also
the representatives of theUnitcd stales,
to aid the passage of an unti-oplion bill
now being prepared by the Hon. J. W.
Stokes, of South Carolina, thereby
lifting tho weight thai has boon bear
ing down nnd crushing tho prices of
our product through speculation in fu
tures. Wo hereby pledge ourselves hi
stand by and aid in every offort to ro
liove the oppressed cotton growers o(
the South. We further commend and
urge that I ho plauters adopt the
plan mapped out by W. G. Bradloy in
this article advocating the reduction of
acreage."
'MYO hold the preliminary meeting
in November," said Mr. J. C. Wilborn,
who is a prominent planter of Old
Point, 8. C, "and we discussed the
necessity for forming an organization
at that lime,and decided to call a meet
ing to he held in Atlanta for that pur
pose.
"Our object in so doing was that At
lanta is a central point and easy of
access to the planters of South Caro
lina, Georgia and Alabama, the three
States winch would naturally come
together on questions of this kind, be
cause of their COUtiguity and their
community of interests.
"We have found out, to our cost,
that the increased acreage planted in
cotton from year to year is proving
ruinous to our farmers, and our object
is to make an organized movement in
favor of the decrease in acreage and
the increase in price of cotton,and for
the encouragement of the raising ol
food crops, so that our farmers may
become more independent and self,
sustaining.
"Under the present regime specula
lion runs rife and thousands of dollars
are made by those who gamble on the
output ol the crop long befoie a boll
has opened. The farmers, under the
rule of all COllOU, are completely at the
mercy of the speeulalois, who have it
in their power to raise or lower the
price of the staple, ami a reduction in
the price of cotton leaves the planters
high and dry. as they have not the food
crops to fall hack upon.
"All these evils must, he met square
ly, and the proper remedies adopted,
and the only way in which to do this is
to effect an organization, for which
purpose we have met here today. We j
are in full sympathy With the work of 1
the American Cotton Growers' Pro? :
tecllvo Association, and, the primal
objects being the same, to encourage I
the reduction of the acreage and con- i
sequontly the increase of the price of
I he s taple." I
"I have just returned from a tour of <
the famous cotton growing belt of the I
West," said lion. Hector 1). Lane, I
president of the American Cotton
'J rowers' Protective Association, who i
lias taken an active part in the Atlanta
meeting, "and I lind that the plan to :
reduce ihe acreage meets with increas- 1
ing favor out there. I
"I visited Indian Torritory, Arkan- i
urs and Oklahoma, and I tell you there 1
s the finest cotton growing country in i
be world. In the Mississippi delta f
mil the Brazos bottoms the only limit t
o the amount harvested is the number
jf hales that can he picked. t
"The planters there have raised one- i
bird mote cotton than they can pos- I
dbly harvest and they are sick and f
ircd of it. Farmors from Kansas h ive t
jlveu up raising dollar wheat and have t
gOUO into Oklahoma and Indian Terri- I
tory to raise 4 1-2 and ? cent cotton, fl
mil they all begin to realize the ruin
uis policy of planting such a large \.
icrenge in cotton and reducing the n
>ricc through over-production, yeat I
ifter year, until cotton raising has ?
grown worse than unprofitable. i
'?They kept me there longer than I i
,YOUld have been otherwise, because of
heir anxiety for relief, and 1 organ- i
zed eleven branches of the association s
n that part of the country during my i
day. 1 feel very much encouraged by I
uy trip and am more than ever hn
)rcssed with the fact thai in organizing i
he planters of the South may lind that !"
relief of which all feel the imperative 1
iced. i
"I was at Muscogee, Indian Terri- i
ory, when I issued the call for the
Memphis meeting, December 21st, and i
t was mainly ai the solicitation of the i
danters of that section that I called i
.he meeting, as they are poor people, <
n spite of the enormous crops of cot
ton grown, and that dale would he the |
best suited to their convenience in at- J
Lending. <
"They appeared anxious to meet <
tvilb the fanners and planters of the l
other coi ton growing States so as to \
participate in the discussions relative lo <
the objects of the organization, and 1 i
expect a large attendance of the dele
gates from those sections at the Mein- 1
phis convention."
Some of the most prominent planters I
of South Caiolina were present in re
sponse to the call issued by Mr. Wil
born, and the representation included
men from all the piincipal cotton grow- 1
ing sections of the State.
The new county of Greenwood sent j
a strong delegation, consisting of
Messrs. j. L. Hughey, G. M. Kinard
and W. J. Gainesand John A. Bradley
appeared from the Third District.
Senator I. H. McCalla and J. B.
Blake, Jr.. represented Abbeville, both
men of prominence in that section, and
Dr. J. W. Slokes was from Orangeburg
and is a most Influential citizen.
Messrs. L, W. Youmans, Barnwc'.l;
J. Helton Watson, Anderson, and M.
L. Donaldson, Greenville, arc also
prominent members of the convention.
Mr. W. A. Strom represents Edge
field and from Alken appeared George
0. Robinson, representing the lieecb
Island Farmers' Club, the oldest or
ganization of the kind in the United
Stales.
"The Beech Island Farmers' Cub,"
said Mr. Robinson, "was organized by
Governor Hammond in 1847, and
therefore bears the proud distinction
of being oldest club of the sort in
tbo Union. It was organized at Beech
Island, just across the Savannah river
at the famous Sandbar ferry, and was
then in Edgclield District, but has
sinco boon cut off into Aikcn.
"It's objceis wore to promote tho in
terest of the agricultural class cs and
to prouioto aelosci bond of social union
among the plantors and farmers of that
historic section of the proud old Stnto
of South Carolina.
"Politiis wero entirely eliminated
from its deliberations, and although
sonroof Ihn most important movemonts
than havo over agibitcd tho country
originated tho o, tho traditions of tho
club havo boen handed down from
father to son.
"One of its provisions was to havo
twolvo dinners overy year, one on the
first Saturday in each month, and the
elub has not missed a dlnnor in lifty
years, this being its semi-centennial
year, and the Beech Island Fnnnors'
club is in a condition as nourishing as
it was the day it was organized with
the wealthy slaveowners and cotton
planters as its chief promoters half a
century age."
The meeting of the cotton growers
resulted not in the organization of a
separate association, hut in the endorse
ment of the American Cotton Growers'
Protective Association, ivhich is already
in existence and has accomplished a
great deal on the same lines aimed at
by the meeting of the South Carolina
planters. The conclusions arrived at
and the resolutions passed by that
notable body of representative men
arc all such as promise relief for the
planter ami the inauguration of many
reforms in the busiucssof growing and
marketing cotton.
The leading idea discussed was the
reduction ot acreage so as to relieve
the congestion of tno markets of the
world and enhance the value of the
staple, and supplemental to that idea
were the resolutions condemning in (he
Strongest terms the pernicious practice
of gambling in cotton futures and the
permitting of polities to enter into such
associations as are formed with a view
to protecting the larniers.
There is a great display of forensic
efforts among the delegates during the
afternoon and evening sessions, ami
some very strong speeches were made
by Messrs. .1. B. .Stepp, II. S. Lips
comb, W. J. Gnines ami others from
South Carolina, and the delegates from
the Old North State took a prominent
part in the debates, while Georgia was
in nowise behind hand in the oratorical
efforts of the delegates
t'ol. H. J. Uedding, director of the
experiment station, presented a report
of the market price of cotton in New
York <n the first of every month, ot
every year since 1884-5, and his statis
tics, winch bad been prepared with
groat care, are a valuable addition
to the Information evolved from the
meeting of the cotton growers.
Prof. J. 1\ Hunnicutt made one ol
the most telling addresses of the ses
sion when ho statid that the fanners
would get together and pass resolutions
looking toward the reduction of the
cotton acreage, but, at the same time,
[hey were secretly making up their
minds to plant more than ever.
Prof. Hunnicutt proposed the follow
ng resolution :
"Kesolvcd, That each delegate to
uid member of this Convention do
dedgo and obligate himself to reduce
be number of acres planted in cotton
n 1807 not less than HQ per cent, for
L808. Also, that each delegate and
nemher will use bis influence among
uul with Ins neighbors to accomplish
he same end."
Continuing on the same line of
bought be said the most salutary
?eform that Could he inaugurated would
ic the collection of the evils resulting
rom gambling in futures among fac
ers and brokers. He went on to give
he unintelligent class a roast for not
>eing able to discern the remedies that
ire apparent to all but themselves.
lie said that the landlord could do a
jrcat deal toward reducing the cotton
icroago by requiring that his tenants
llant a sufficient acreage in provision
sropa every year to insure a support,
ifter which they might plan! as much
n cotton as seemed wise and judicious.
He said that he was weary of lu lli
ng the complaints of men who did not
icem to have discernment sufficient to
sonduct their own business on business
ninciplos.
One of the most conspicuous 'igures
n the Convention win Hon. J. Win.
Stokes, Congressman from the Seventh
district of South Carolina, and he was
nude chairman of the committee on
?ules and order.
The committee on resolutions sub
nitted a report, which was adopted
iflci an interesting discussion. The
?eport of the committee is given in lull
elsewhere ic our columns.
There was a stirring debate on the.
?ro| used adoption of the resolutions,
uid some, were in favor of a separate
organization, but the futility and
langer of such a movement were so
Strongly presented that the opposition
to the adoption oT the resolutions was
.'.becked and they were passed by a un
animous vole.
To Mr. L. If. O. Martin is due a
large share in solving the problem*
which confronted the convention, and
the resolutions adopted endorsing the
American Cotton Growers' Protective
Association were drawn up at his sug
gestion and made a part of the report
Of tllC committee.
One of the finest speeches of the
evening was that delivered by Hon.
Hector 1). Lane, picsident of the
American Cotton Growers' Protective
Association, in defense of that organi
zation, after references had been
made by other speakers as to what
it had or had not accomplished
In the most forcible terms he re
hearsed tho great good that had been
done through the organized efforts of
the members of the Association, and
ho effectually silenced all criticism on
the labors and accomplishments of the
Association since its organization in
181)4.
Taken as a whole the Convention
was made up of as lino a body of planters
and men interested in ngriculturil
a Hairs as ever gather in any city in the
South, and they wcro loud in their
pruiecs of the hospitality of Atlanta.
THE COTTON GKOWEU8' CON
VENTION
DECLARES IN FAVOR OK RKDUOED
ACHKAOK, AGAINST COTTON SPECU
LATION AND ENDORSES TIIK AM ER?
ICAN COTTON GROWERS' PROTEO
TIVK ASSOCIATION.
The Inter-Slate Cotfbn Growers'
Convention, mot ami sitting in Atlanta,
December 14, 1897, Having thonughly
canvassed tho situation of our io lustry
in all its many phases, promulgates the
following statemont and address as the
result ot its deliberations :
X, The most pressing need of tho
hour for the attainment of our ends
is a thorough organization of tho grow
ors of cotton, beginning with the indi
vidual grower, however humble, and
reaching up through township, county,
State and Intor-Stato organization. We
cordially commend the organization
ovor which Hon. Hector D, Lano aply
presides, and tender that body at ,ts
! meeting In Memphis on tho 20th instant
our COOpeiatiOQ in completing tin
organization go well bogUO by it Bevern
years ago. To the end thai uniformity
may exist throughout all the State;
organized and to be organized, w<
shall appoint a committee of the hod\
'to consider all plans of organization
that may he submitted at this mooting
and mature a plan tor presentation u
our brethren at Memphis next week
through a delegation to be appointed
by this meeting to represent this Con
vention in that bod)'.
2. While not abating any of our
contentions that the monetary system
of our country is at the foundation of
our (lifllcultics, as it is at the bottom of
the depression in ad industries, we
hold that there are deep rooted evils
peculiar to our industry that demand
immediate attention and remedy. And
of first importance among these as a
factor in depressing prices is the specu
lative control exercised over the price
of actual cotton through the linjusl
rules and regulations of the cotton ex
changes. This evil we are convinced
can be reached only by legislation, ami
hence we. pledge OUlSClvcs and our
organization to labor for the needed
legislative restiic.ion of gambling in
futures in our respective Slates and in
Congress.
.'{. This evil being abolished or re
duced to a minimum by proper legisla
tion, and the control of spot cotton
being thus restored to the producers
under the. law of supply and demand,
as far as that law is allowed lo operate
under a vicious monetary system, we
deem it next in importance that our
farms be made self sustaining in so far
as climate, and soil conditions permit
and incieasc the amount of food sup
plies. The cotton grower who makes
his supplies ::t home, is in a large
measure independent of the manipu
lator of the spot cotton market.
4. The next source of loss is alsj an
important one, hut is entirely in the
control of the grower, as is the last
ime?diligent and careful attention to
Lhe preparation of our cotton for the
market. Thousands?yes, millions?
of dolhus are lost annually lo the cot
ion grower through careless handling
[>f tin- cotton from the field to the gin
ind press ami through use of inferior
covering. While our fanners fully un
lerstanu this, this mooting would neg
loot an important responsibility if it
failed to r ail attention to Ibis source of
oss and urge collection of the evil.
We further recommend the cstab
ishmcnt of an informal ion bureau.
licsolved, That this Convention in
lorse the organization known as the
American Collen Growers' Protective
(V isociation, as it is already in c xistence
ind is working for the same objects for
Which we arc assembled, lhe reduction
if the acreage and increase of the
irice of cotton, and the correction of
he evils of speculation and others that
ippress the producer ; that we give
>ur indorsement to the American (jot
on Growers' Protective Association.
Hcsolved further, That we suggest
;o the mooting of the American Cotton
;rowers' Protective Association, at its
noeting in Memphis next week, that
he president of each Stale euganiza
ion shall he a vice president of the
National Association.
Resolved lurthor, That such vice
>residents appoint pres.dents of count}
>rganizations to he formed in all lhe
?entities of the States where col Ion is
grown, 80 that the organization may be
10 perfected that the decisions arrivco
it by the Association may be carried out
hroughout all the cotton growing sec
ions of the United Slates as a unit, as
t is in this way only that the designs
>f the Association ma) he carried out
mil the various measures of relief and
reform be inaugurated all over the
South.
Resolved, That this Convention, as
far as the votes of North Carolina,
south Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi
ind Georgia may entitle them, recom
mend the reflection of the Hon. Hector
D. Lane, of Alabama, as President of
lhe American (Jetton (ilowers' Protec
tive Association.
This committee recommends the
following committee as suitable gentle
men to represent this Convention at
Lhe coming Memphis Convention : Dr.
1). M. Crossen, W. a. Brougblon, W.
P. Batehelor, W. J. Lack, Dr. .1. 11.
Hunnicult. That these gentlemen
elect their alternates. J. lt. Karle was
added.
Ho it resolved by this Convention,
That we commend lhe anti-option hill
to the attention of the cotton growers
of the South and to the meat and gram
producers of the West, and we earn
estly urge upon the producers of these
articles of commerce that they memo
rialize their respective representatives
in Congiess and the Senate of the
United Stales to give, to the Stokes hill
their active and earnest support and to
do all within their pov.'i r lo have thlfc
bill enacted into law.
Committee on K080lutions?J. Win.
Stokes, Sou'.h Carolina ; I. II. Mc
Calla, South Carolina ; II. D. bane,
Alabama ; .1. S. Culver, Alabama ; \V.
II. Jiroughton, Georgia ; .1. L. John?
son, Georgia ; Samuel E. Wuts.ni,
Texas ; J. P. Sassaman, North Caio
Una ; W. P. Batehelor, North Caro
lina.
Keeping household accounts is an
affair, if not of necessity, ?tili of the
greatest wisdom, In comparison with
the small amount of lime and labor
which the doing so employs, the satis
faction of knowing at lhe end of each
year how the family funds have gone
is the amplest compensation. One
especial satisfaction gained from the
keeping of household accounts is the
ability when, or if the necessity arises,
to reduco expenditures on the OUtlit}
for luxuries and unneccessaries. The
money spent for food, for medicine or
for fuel is capable of far less reduction
than that used for amusements, for
wages or for clothing, and a system of
accounts which will show at oner
where, oxponses can bo lessened if
ontitled to respectful consideration.
Alimony is the fino a man pays foi
having made an unsuccessful expoii
mcnt.
Intimate acquaiutance with the fowli
is what leads to success.
i?c ?? ?
v?There Is no education llko adversl
, [HE REAL CAUSE OF THE REBELLION.'
j SLAVERY ONLY AN INCIDENT.
. \ Praotloal "Teacher in Laurent
, County Answers the Question?
Her ftletbod of Imparting Know
, ledge to ? ? 111>11 -
To the Editor of The News and Courier:
Being the teacher of history in the
graded school o! my town, I iiavo read
with gr at interest tho editorials and
. communications in your paper relating
to ono of tho questions Hsked at tho
recent examination of teachers: "What
was the real sause of the reoollion in
1801 .*" Please allow me tho space in
your columns to make toothers among
your readers, likewise interested in
tho subject, a few suggestions, from
tuy own experience, about a way of
teaching United States history in our
school.
"Tho ultimate purpose of all his
torical Instruction should bo the in
culcation of a spirit of patriotism, a
broadening of the child's ideas ; also to
devolop a more thorough understand
ing of human nature and oftho prin
ciples of political economy." True
patriotism must rest upon something
tirmor than clap-trap words. It must
bo founded upon a belief in and a desire
to maintainotho honor of our country.
This belief should bo rooted in a know
ledge of lirst principles. Wo teachers
should curry our pupils' miuds to the
starting point of a question, lead them
to trace cause and effect, and incite
them to individual research. If all
the facts necessary for this study of
lirst principles are not contained in
tho text book, they can ho given by
means of black-board exercises and
note looks. Pot several sessions I have
pursued the plau of giving too class
many lessons, not in their text book,
by having them to copy in their note
books exercises g'ven on tho black
board ; and at stated times they are
reviewed upon their note book facts,
and avo r< quired to be prepared upon
them for examinations just as If they
wore in tho text book.
According to this method tho text
book is laid aside at the olese of the
French and Indian war period, while
tho class learns, from the black-board,
tho growth in England of representa
tive government and of tho principle
of taxation only through represents*
ti n, from Anglo-Saxon and Norman
times down to 177? ; reviewing tho
Colonial Assemblies and their powers.
Thus the children realize that Wash
ington was lighting for a principle that
had been distinctly contended for by
tho English people during fivo cen
turies. Tho "tea-parties" of Huston,
Now York, Philadelphia, Wilmington,
Savannah and Charleston are re
cognized as rightful protests against
tyranny. Tho Buffering men of tho
armies of Washington in Pennsylvania
and of Creeno in South Carolina are
truly martyrs. And tho children re
alize that a freeman's vote is a precious
heritage, gained by tho blootl of pa
triot* on b )th sides of tho Atlantic.
Should it ever become, in their hands,
an article of barter?
While studying tho Revolutionary
period, in the textbook, we learn from
tho black-board that ono by ono most
of tho colonies, if not all of them, de
clared their independence and esta
blished each her own State Govern
ment before tho Continental Congress
was intructed by each and all tho
States to declare independence. At
the close of the Revolution the text
book is again laid aside for the class to
study many facts connected with the
formation of the present Union. in
some of our school histories, Barm a
and Montgomery, for example, this
period of the formation of the Union is
given only brief attention, but, if tho
child is to learn first principles, a
knowledge of this epoch is not only im
portant, but necessary.
From books of roforonco tho teacher
can gainer many facts and illustra
tion* that, taught from tho black
board, will give the children a know
ledge of the principles upon which our
forefathers formed die Federal Union.
Tho following are somo of tho facts
not>ed :
1. In tho Philadelphia Convention
of 1787 two parties arose. Ono favored
a "siuglo National Republic," the
other, a " Federal Republic of distinct
States." Four plans were submitted as
outlines for tho Constitution. Fach
plan was fully discussed. The anti
oentraliziug party was in the majority
and tho plan proposed by Mr. diaries
Plnokney, of South Carolina, was in
tho main adopted, being tho ono by
which tho States would be "ono nation
as to all foroign concerns" and still re
main "distinct as to all domestic ones."
2. In many of tho State conventions,
called to approve and ratify or to re
ject tho Federal Constitution, there
was great opposition to the Constitu
tion by tho auti centralizers in those
States. Massachusetts, Now Hamp
shire, Virginia and New York ratified
only after bard tights and with small
majorities. Massachusetts piopo&ed
Article it) as ono of tho conditions
upon which she ratified. Her example
was followed by Now Hampshire,
Virginia, South Carolina and Now
York, and later by Rhode Island.
3. Not fully satisfied with this, Now
York, Virginia and Rhodo Island do
clared in their ratifications, " Tnat
tho powors of government may bo re
sumed by tho pcoplo whenovor It ?hall
bocome necessary tothoir happiness."
Throughout tho proceedings of the
Convention in Philadelphia, and of
those, in tho States, and in thespooehes
and writings of individuals, wo are
impressed by tho care taken by our
forefathers in every section of the
Union to preserve tho equality of all
tho States, and to prevent any as
sumption of powors by tho General
Govornmont that might dotract from
tho dignity and rights of any Stato ot
States.
The relation of Stato and Federal
Governments was compared by one in
Gonneotlcut to " a vast und magnifi
cent bridge built upon thirteen strong
and stately pillars." In addition to
this Illustration, and following its
Idea, 1 drew on my blackboard thirteen
different triangles In a row, and above
thorn a orown ; next the crown, was
orasod and tho triangles wero con
nootod by a sorios of dots (articles of
oonfodoratlon.) Tho unostion aroso,
should there bo substituted for these
dots a lino across tho top of tho trian
gles resting equally upon oach, or
. should the triangles be movod closo |
. togothor, so us to form one figuro, and
something oleo bo substituted for the
1 crow a that had boon abovo thorn V A
> bunob of penolls and a string illustrat
ed tho same idea. Thus childron can
understand such torms as " consolida
tion," "Federal," "confederated."
i' Even a olass In our county normal
- sohool seemod to understand bettor
after I usod some suob Illustration.
Beginning with the two views hold
in 1787, tbo oontest of centralization vs
State's rights can be traced through
all the subsequent great qestlons of
our oountry and under tho banner of
. the various polltloal parties. Itetwoen
Adams *nd JolVorso?, between Monroe
I und those opposed to Internal Improve*
meats by tho Federal Government,
between Webster and Hayne, between
?Jackson and Calhonn, between Lincoln
and Davis, the real question was the
same throughout. It had been raised
in all tho States when considering
their entrance Into the Union ; it had
been discussed in Legislative halls, by
tho press and on tho stump. The
sword alone could sottlo it. Bloodshed
was urrested in 1832, but uot in 18(51.
Shivery was not tho real cause of the
war between tho States. It was only
the occasion.
With tholr dilTerences of politics
and religion, thoughts and modes of
life, Cavalier and Roundhead had boon
transplanted to Virginia and Mas
Ba husetts. 10 ich of those colonies
became the parent of others and the
typo of two distinct civilizations.
Geographical situation alVccted each.
One became agricultural, the Other
seafaring and manufacturing. Tho
interests of all the colonies were united
for the first timo in the French and
Indian war, and tho Revolution
Stranvthnnnri fcttn hnnri
Tiieir common dangers weresearooly
removed when, in 1803, tiie New Eng
l?nders opposed tlie extension of tho
country over tho fcrtilo Mississippi
Vulley, with its system of rivors, that
migiit become highways of trade in
competition with their own, and some
of their public men loudly advocated
secession.
One set of States oppo cd the second
war with Holland, and did much to
thwart it. this time going so far as to
formulate plans for withdrawal from
tho Union. Tho same States opposed
the annexation of Texas. Again, for
at least the fourth time in her history,
Massachusetts threatened, through her
Legislature, to secede. This was only
a few years, about fifteen, before South
Carolina did seeode.
Tho Southern States favored both
wars, and did mi st of tho lighting, as
they hud already done in tho Uevoiu
tion.
Ono set favored a protective tarilT,
tho other opposed it. In every In
stance of Opposition to the policy of
tho Federal Government the opposing
party looked to secession as a remedy.
Kvory titno tho old issue came up in a
new form its force increased and the
angry passions of eentralizers and
anti-central izcrs waged hotter and
hotter.
While New England was the hotbed
of tho doctrine of secession no one
called it. rebellion and treason, but a
change of geographical position re
sulted in a changed understanding, by
somo people, of tho terms patriotism
and treason. Since I860 many people
at the North, and a few at tho South,
have Used tho word secession as a
synonym for rebellion, insurrection
aud treason. For more than tho tirst
half century of our nat'onal existence
those terms) wore distinct.
To niako clear to tho child's mind
the movements of armies in this war
between the States I tiave found most
Useful a large map of those States that
were tho theatre of war. It is drawn
upon a black-board, but no localities
are marked upon it until they are put
in by the pupils, as tho daily recita
tions proceed.
To excite greater interest and en
courage individual research, magazine
aud newspaper articles, read aloud on
Fridays, and pictures, etc., shown
then, are oust wonderful helps.
A class to whom 1 had taught United
States history according to this plan,
as 1 gradually evolved it, arj now
studying ancient history. When .. few
sveeks ago we came to Leonidas anil
his bund, tho children compared them
to tho heroes of the Alamo : again,
they asked if tho Democratic party in
Athens was anything like ours, if
Aristldes was as noble as Lee. They
conti asted tho conduct of the Spartans
upon the fall of Athens with the
magnanimity of Grant at Appomatlox;
ami, commenting upon the condition
of (.recce after tlie 1'eloponcesian war,
rejoiced that ours is no longer a house
divided against itself.
Wo teachers owo to our American
Union the duty of pointing out to our
pupils the blessings of harmony, tho
proud position that our country now
holds among tho nations of the world,
and how much better it is for tho
country and for the Southern people
that slavery has boon abolished : but.
to our heroes of the Hag that is furled,
wo alsUjOwe too equal duty of studying
tho principles for which they fought,
tho glory they won and tho noble
characters they bore in war and in
peace. Wo shoithj seo that justlco Is
done their cause and honor paid to
them and their memories.
A child's self-respect would not bo
increased by behoving slanders against
parents. If the children of to-day are
to become men and women of tho
highest typo and loyal American citi
zens, tticy should bo certain that tholr
fathers wero not M Insurrectionists;"
(as tho G. A. it. would havo them
taught;) also, that tho surronder at
AppomattOX decided that tho United
States of America shall henceforth bo
'? ono and inseparable."
it is my belief that the plan of study
hero imperfectly outlined makes our
boys and tfirls patriotic from convic
tion, broadens their ideas, arouses
tholr interest in tho principles of the
Government and makes thorn loyal
citizons, while reverencing tho oauso
that was lost.
Mary Perrin Farrow.
JiHiirens, S. C, Deoembor 4, 1897.
ANDKItSON'S BLHOTRIO VN V
A fSkcie.li of I lie | Anderson Water,
Ijlght and 1'ower Company?Tlio
lMant t>t I'ortmaii Simula Complete
? Us Cheapness ami Conventeuoo.
Anderson Intelligencer.
Vory fow peoplo outside of Andor
hoo have uny Idea of what bus recently
boon accomplished in the development
and advancement of eleotrloal energy
In thia city by tho Anderson Water,
Light and Tower Company, and the
influence this almost unlimited power
will have upon the future history of
this cntlr6 auction. Cheapness of pro
duction is one of tho stern demands of
the times, particularly in manufactur
ing Industries, and cheapness of powor
to propel tho machinery used Is tho
gr^at desideratum.
At Portman Shoals, on tho Seneca
river, nlno miles from Anderson, an
electric plant has boon completed
which Is dosigncd to generate an dec
trlcal onorgy of 6.000 horso power, as
occasion May require, and the plant Is
now generating und successfully trans
mitting to this city 2,0U0 eleotrical
horso power, tho greater portion of
which is distributed among important
mechanical Industries and usud in light
ing tbo city. Tho dam and powor houso
of this plant are as substantial as
granlto and good masonry can malco
them, and tho olootrlcal apparatus Is
of the latest imnrovod doslgns, com*
paratlvely simple, and tbo plant aB
completed should involve a vory small
expenditure for maintenance. In the
dam arc inserted five " penstocks " or
flumes with turbines, tho (sbaft(ng ol
orators, Bavins the usual loss of power
resulting from the use of shafting and
belting, thus transforming the entire
hydraulic power into electric euergy.
Only two of these Humes are being
used at present, the others being held
in reserve to he put in motiun as the
power is contracted for by manufactur
ing industries.
Of the 2,(<u0 electric horso power
now being generated and transmitted,
the Anderson Cotton Mills take about
11'JO horso power, a considerable
quantity is used in operating the
wa..er works, driving large power
pumps, a considerable quantltlty dis
tributed to various other smaller in
dustries, and so much as is nece;isary
used to run the arc and incandescent
lights of the city.
The cost of this electrical power as
compared with steam is at least 2~> per
cent, cheaper, and when it is con
sidered that it can be delivered at any
place designated by the manufacturer,
enabling him to locate his industry
with reference to railroad facilities,
taxes, healthful locality and the like,
the advantages of this wonderful power
over steam must add) ess itself to every
11)inking manufacturer,
Anderson has this power. The plant
Is complete. The enterprise is a success.
Thirty six thousand spindles ami
twelve hundred looms arc being operat
ed hero In the Andersen Cotton Mills
by this electric energy, as well as
many smaller industries. Cheapness
and convenience is tho very essence of
this enterprise, and Anderson now
wants to soo manufacturing industries
spring up on every side. There is no
city in tho South which can offer
greater advantages. Situated at the
foot of the Blue Ridge mountains, in
the famous Piedmont region, with pure
air and water, delightful climate the
year round, and with natural advant
ages soldom equalled, Andersen offers
all that the most exacting could da
in a nil.
That tho development of this great
electrical power plant and the natural
advantages offered by Anderson must
eventually surround this city with
manufacturing industries, there can
be no doubt, and we confidently believe
that in less than a decade the popula
tion of this city will double. But we
Would remind those of our cit'/.ens who
have been successful in their business
enterprises that the prompt and rapid
growth of these now industries will
depend largely, very largely, upon the
encouragement and impetus they ex
tend to them, Hy this we mean not
such encouragement as ends with
words, but substantial encouragement
by the investment of dollars. Every
now industry started will benefit every
citizen. They will furnish work for
our people and prosperity and happi
ness will mostoertainly follow.
Before closing this article a few
words concerning Mr. W. C. Whitner,
the moving spirit in the electrical de
velopment of this city, cannot be in
appropriate, lie was born and raised
in our midst, and Iiis family is one of
the most prominent in the State. He
was born Sept. .'i, 1804, and, as will be
seen, is still a young man. It was he
who took the initiative step ami laid
tho foundation for this great enter
prise, in 1 x'.n) ho established the
Anderson Water Works and lit the
city with 7?0 incandescent lights, gen
erating the electric current by steam
power. In 180J he conceived the idea
to utilize some neighboring water
power to operate the electric light
plant and the water works. Mr. Whit
ner was convinced at tbe time, that the
transmission ol electric power was a
success, and was in favor of purchasing
Portman Shoals on Seneca river, 10
miles distant, and developing it. Hut
his associates did not agree with him,
nor was the Anderson Cotton Mill
ready at that time, to make a contract
for electrical power to operate the
mill, a condition which was very neces
sary in so large an undertaking. Mr.
Whitner, however, feltsure of bis posi
tion, that tbe development of Portman
Shoals was tho proper step, and com
menced to buy such parts of this shoal
as ho could secure as a private invest
ment. In the meantime iiis company
signified their willingness to try the
I ing distance transmission of electric
power on a small scale, and for this
purpose authorized Mr. Whitner to
lease High Shoals on Rooky river, 0
miles distant, and with an investment
of $26,000, a part of which was Ander
son money, devcloned and successfully
transmitted 2UU electrical horse power.
Tho incandescent lights were increas
ed to 2,(K)U and TU arc lights were put
in, tho largo power pumps at the water
works plant were operated by this
power, and the balance was distri
buted to various smaller (nduttriofe In
tho city which had been induced to
put in motors.
Tho cheapness and convenience of
electrical power soon became evident to
our people. Investigation showed it a
necessity. The Anderson Cotton Mills,
through Mr. J. A. Hrock, the president,
signilicd their willingness to use elec
tric power insteaii of steam. Other in
dustries did tbe same and tho company
undertook tho enterprise determining
;o develop tho water power at Portman
Shoals.
A meeting was called and Anderson
subscribed to $.">(.),UOU of tbe bonds pro
posed to be issued. The company was
reorganized as the Anderson Water,
Light and Power Company, with Dr.
S. M. Orr, as president and quite a
number of our leading business men us
directors. In a short time through tbe
efforts of Dr. Orr, Mr. W. J. Roddy and
W. C. Whitnor, *!UU,0l)U was raised
outsido of tho city, aiu.' work begun
with tho above results. Just here it is
not inappropriate to say that Dr. Orr
! showed his faith in this enterprise
) from the very beginning, doing every
thing in hia powor to convince our peo
ple that tho development of 1'ort nun
Should wna what was really needed to
givo Anderson u new start anil make it
a great manufacturing center. The in
I tercat he manifested, and tho work lie
did among our business men certainly
I played an important part in bringing
I about tho success which hua attended
I this great onterpriso.
Dr. Orr was ably assisted by Mr. R.
S. Hill, roprosenting the Farmers and
Merchants' Bank, and Mr. B. F. Maul
din, representing tho Bank of Ander
son, who were appointed a committee
to solicit the subscription of $50,000 to
the bonds proposed to bo issued and
which the company determined to
raise from tho people of Andoraon bo
foro soliciting outside subscription.
Tho work accomplished by those gen
tlemen waa remarkable, and had they
boen working for thoir roapectlve
banka, or for any individual enterprise,
thoy could not havo dlaplayed greater
enorgy. Tho $50,000 wassubscribed in an
incredibly short tlmo, which clearly in
dicated that the onterpriso was prompt
ly endorsed by tho business men of
Anderson, and this prompt endorse
ment had muoh to do with tho suoooss
of Heating the $100,000 of bonds puteldo
of Andorson.
MrWhitnor la justly ontltled^ to bo
tattoo transmission power plant estaH
lished in the Soutb, und the electrUl
generator then U80d whs the lirst a 1 tori
nating ourront maenine in the world tol
be built and operated for an initial vol-l
tage of 0,000 volts. It was considered
im practicable to operate this type of
dynamo at so high a voltage. The
alternating current was comparatively
new and blab voltage was an experi
ment ami considered dangerous, itun
ning the machines at low voltago and
using Btepuptransformers to obtain the
high voltage required was considered
the only practicable method, and when |
Mr. Whitner visited the electric Manu
facturing companies ?vith a view of
having this machine built, his views
were regarded by many as rather pre
vious. The Stanley Kleetrio manufac
turing Company, of Pitts field, Mass.
fully agreed with Mr. Whitner, bow
over, and encouraged him to uso this
voltage. They built the machines, and
since that time the building of genera
tors of high voltage has been adopted
by all the manufacturers. When tho
plant at Portmac Shoals was estab
lished Mr. Whitner decided to uso
generators giving 11,000 voltage, and
they are now being* operated siuccss
luiiy aim villi perfect safely, and thia
is lhe only plant in the world whero
alternating current generators are
operated with so high a voltage as 11,000
direct on the generators and switch
hoards
This is a magnificent electrical plant.
The re is none better in the world. The
power is abundant, convenient, clean
and chean, and manufacturers through
out the country no.v using steam power
or establishing new manufacturing
industries should investigate the ad
vantages and Inducements held out to
them by the citv of Anderson and the
Ander son Water, l.ight and l'ower
Company.
liy substituting electrical power for
steam power the Anderson Cotton Mills
make a saving of $10,000 per. annum
which is a considerable dividend within
itself and clearly indicates the advan
tages the development of tuis electric
power enterprise ?fters to manufactur
ing industries. It has been necessary
heretofore in the building of cotton
mills in our midst for our people to of
fer special Inducements, but with a
.-bowing like this?where $10,000 is
actually being saved annually by the
Anderson Cotton Mills?the induce
ment is permanent and should be of it
self sutlioient.
A. CAROLINA IMcINOHSS.
The South Carolina Cannibal King
lias an Heiress.
Herald and News.
A princess in whom Columbia, Lex
ington, Nowberry, and this section of
South Carolina generally should feel
an interest was born in New York a
few days ago. She is " Ulynda," a
daughter of " Uumulea," who is other
wise known in this section as Colonel
John b\ Uobbs, who is a native of
Lexington, a graduate ol Nowberry
college and a number of years ago ru n as
an Indopendent candidate for solicitor
of this (the lifth) judicial circuit.
Colonel Bobbs, who has made i o oral
trips to Australia, came bllC : i nee
with the news thai he was king of a
tribe of cannibals inhabiting the lllyka
islands, In iho South Pacific seas.
About a year ago ho married a wealthy
Now York woman of rare boauty and
accomplishments, which event was
noted in the New York newspapors at
tbo time with all the eclat and space
that a genuine royal marriage could
possibly evoke. 1'iotures id KLg
Oumalea and his bride, whose title
will bo Queen Mlallo when she shall
-hare the throne with her royal bus
band, were given in the New York
newspapers in their conventional
costumes and the royal purple of the
lllykas. So great an event \? as joy
fully celebrated by the islanders. The
marriage has borne royal fruit and the
World of last Sunday do voted two full
pages to the birth of illynds, the little
royal princess, who was burn in that
city a few days ago. Over land and
?ea a thankgsgiving message is swiftly
speeding to the group of cannibal is
lands announcing the birth of the
future queen of their tribe. The whole
group of isles will be in commotion and
every but will bo decorated with
?lowers and skeletons of missionaries
loothsomely devoured. The great joy
dan00 will bo performed nightly in the
village squares. Almost naked and
olaborrtoly tatOOOd, the braves of iho
tribes will whirl in wild gyrations.
They will branish spears mado of
human bones, they will sound their
tomtoms, covered with human llosh,
and throw their huge javelins high
into the air.
Tho great carnival will linally ter
j ininato with royal pots of hot mis
sionary soup.
A FlteNIMslt ?R1MK,
Seven People Brained By a Neuro
Brute?A Lynching Follows.
Full particulars of the most fiendish
crime ever recorded have, just come to
hand. Almost the entire family of
Brown Smith, a respeotablo white
farmer, :t"> years >f age, were brutally
killed with a club in the hands of
Charles Lewis, a black Uond, more
devil than human.
Smith was working at a gin a fo>v
miles from his home, whioh is situated
about tw.; and a half miles from I'earl
Iii vor, on the east bank, in Lawrence
county, Mississippi, and in a sparsely
settled and wild country. The house
is oil' the main road and no white
family lives within two miles of it,
although several negro families livo
near. It wa? one of these negroes, who,
on Wednesday, sumo time between
noon und darkness, crept up to Smith's
house und most brutally assaulted
Mrs. Smith, then brained bur with a
club, and then to forever hide Ids
crime, lie begun on their six children,
only sparing a babe, which ho loft un
touched.
Tho fiend's work was not done as
well as ho thought, for ono of tho
children, a little girl live years Of ago,
regained consciousness and when hor
father entered after his day's work
was finished, she told him the numo of
the brnto. Tho mother and four
children were found lying in tho yard,
showing how they had struggled to
cscapo tho brute. Tho father and
husband immediately sounded tho
alarm and a posse was organized, tho
negro was captured, o&rriotl to Monti
cello, the county seat of Lawrence
county, and at 7 o'clock was carried
hack to tho scene of his crime, whore
he was fully idontilied by tho littio
girl. It is said ho was promptly lynch
ed aftor tho identification by a largo
crowd of infurl ated citizens who had
joined in the search.
?Pooplo snoro because they lie ;vlth
their heads thrown baok, aod thore is
consequently a dropping of the undor
jaw. To break the habit sloep with
tho mouth closed.
-*J?C
Some mec