University of South Carolina Libraries
Bare#«ll Ptopto-SwUMl EftfwIL R. C, T\nrwimj. Ai 21 in? WHAT’S BEHIND THE WAR IN CHINA Way Back When Japanese Seek New Wealth They Failed to Find in Manchukuo; Chinese Are Not Yet Ready for Unified Resistance. By JEANNE IN THE KEYSTONE STATE SCIENTIST WAS BORN IN SLAVERY WM ;a«SS!; LJ IS master traded a broken-down Ai race horse, worth about $300, for George Washington Carver when he was a little pickaninny just before the Civil war. Today, h~ is the pride of the negro race. A worn-out speller was the only education available to him until he was ten years old, when he attended a small school in Neosho, Mo. He -slept in a barn there and did odd outer Mongolia" A / ■A, SUIVUAN ./ Vlac/i rVjJc!: \ O ) ^^MANcfn ^ivoslock ^ UKW t JEHOL \ JAPAN i iHlketthi .s' .•r CHIHLI So* tfooj Ipngioo TyrtioW itKi jobs to earn a living while learn ing. The young negro boy’s v thirst for knowledge grew, and he went on to finish his elementary school education in Fort Scott, Kan., where he worked as a hotel cook, a dish washer, and a housekeeper. Later he bent over wash tubs night after night doing laundry for people, to pay his way through high school. He worked as a hotel clerk for awhile and then entered Simpson college at Indianola, Iowa, where he earned his tuition by doing odd jobs. Three years later, George Wash ington Carver went ot to Iowa State university, graduating with a de gree in agriculture. In two more Site of America's First 00 WelL The Things That Last Are All in Pennsylvania Kipling flan kin j ° Me Circled on the map above are the five North China provinces which may be the next step in Japanese expansion. By WILLIAM C. UTLEY APAN is an ambitious nation and a needy one. Her ambition J is the governmental and economic leadership of Asia, or at least eastern Asia. Her needs are territory for an ever-ex panding population, raw materials that her own islands can not produce in sufficient quantity, markets for her manufactured goods and adequate defense against her enemies. This is why you rood ovory few»- 1 ■ ■ years—or even every few months— of a new war scare m North Chins. Sometimes it is not merely a scare, but an actual war. even as today, whether war has been ofActally ••declared” or not. Always upon the Chinese who op pose her gradual expansion. Japan wreaks a vengeance which to us across the Pacdk often seems all out of proportion to the *'aggres sion” committed by opposing her. But after each of these retributions at m found, when the smoke and flames clear away, la have as sumed domination or even actual e’Nntrol over one more piece of ter- •Mary. Just how muck more her Influ ence will be extended after the present conflict has died out It to impose .hie ta say Indeed, that may depend upon the degree of oppo sition she meets. If the Chinese national government at Nanking, under the dictatorship of Gen. Chh ang Kai-shek, decides to let the twenty-ninth army carry the mam burden of defense. Japan anil prob ably emerge with nothing more than an extension of control to cov- or the Peipmg-Tiontaia area and part of the province of Chahar. If. however, a China now more united than at any lima since the down fall of the Manchu dynasty decides to coma en masse to the aid of the twenty-ninth army. Japan may at tempt to punish China to terrible degree. Successful in this. Japan would probably extend her domi nance throughout all the five north ern provinces and virtually all of China south of the Yellow river valley. Japaa's Westward March. If Chtang Kai-ahek does throw the full strength of China at Japan, it will be a fight to the death. For tha Japanese are full of that strange oriental pride which per mits no lost of prestige. They will fight China to the bitter end be fore they will submit to a compro- mue en their demands. “Death be fore dishonor!" is more than a slo gan with them. It is a law of na ture as inexorable as the law of gravity. The fighting in North China to day is but another step in Japan’s westward march. Earlier steps were those which resulted in con trol, tantamount to annexation, over the Chinese provinces of Man churia and Jehol. For a short time after those steps were taken Japan marked time, strengthening her hold upon these provinces, and fortifying her front against Russia, the eternal enemy. Manchukuo was supposed to open up vast, new and desirable hori zons. Japan’s population of 70,000,- 000 was growing at the rate of 1,000,000 a year; her people needed more room and more raw mate rials. Since 1931 she has poured in vestment*. totaling 1,400,000,000 yen into the puppet state. Some re sults were forthcoming—soy beans end kaolaiang, chemicals, slight in creases in iron ore and coal, and a good increase in oil shale—but these fell far short of Nippon’s hopes. Manchukuo was supposed to open up a great new market for Japa nese manufactured goods; but the increase in exports to the United States for 1933 over 1934 waa equal to one-third of the total exporta to Japanese colonists Manchukuo was pretty much of a flop; less than 23C.0U0 Japanese Uva there today. It was apparent that Japan could not. In pursuing her hegemonic pol icy, continue marking time for very long. In North China wore larger fields for her exports; la addition, the area was that much closer to the greet market of China proper. So the Japeneee began to cast cov etous eyas upon Hopei, which m- chades the cttiee of Petping and Tientsin. Chahar. which bee be tween Mongolia and Manchukuo; Sul yuan, Shanal and Shantung They penetrated (peacefully, to bo eure) through Hopei end Chahar, until these teas became practically •elf governing states. Ajm^Japanese Spir* Grows. In Hopei’s eastern countries. Jap anese influence bloeeomsd Into a virtual protectorate But when It reached a certain pomt Japan’s peaceful invasion was halted. With the rise of Chtang Kai-shek, the Chinese were developing a unity, although they wars not near ly so unified as our states are. for instance Yet the anti-Japanese spirit waa becoming more wide spread and more open. It prob ably culminated in the skirmish be tween Chinese and Japanese at Marco Polo bridge, the incident which gave rise to the present grave crisis. It Is assumed by many observers In the Far East that the Incident was seised upon by Nippon as an excuse for further Japanese Inva sion on the prytext of retaliation, which would extend Japanese con trol over the five North China states and even to the south, even tually. Others contend that Japan's immediate objective is the strength ening of her grip on Hopei and Chahar. Yet it cannot be overlooked that the other three provinces hold rich prizes for Toyyo. Shansi contains more than half of all the coal in China; the other northern provinces are capable of great cotton produc tion for Japanese industries and for the manufacture of gunpowder, so essential to a militant nation. Japan once imported the bulk of the cotton crop of China, which is third in the world’s production; but Chi na began to restrict her cotton exports to Japan and left the latter in a bad way. Suiyan and Chahar are extremely important to Japan’s military strategy, for they would act as an efficient buffer along the left flank of her Asiatic front, greatly strengthening her position on the mainland. On the other side of these prov- 4nces lies Sovietized Mongolia. The terrain of Suiyuan and Chahar, partly included in the Gobi desert, is wild and difficult, and without satisfactory transportation facili ties. It would take only a small, well-trained Japanese army to pre vent penetration by the Russians and to prevent the spread of com munism. Further, the Japanese, in possession of these two provinces, could then put an end to their use as a base for communist guerilla warfare against Manchukuo and Je- hoL Railroads Key to CootroL On the peninsqla of Shantung are the rich Yellow river valley and Tsingtao. With Hopei and Shansi, Shantung forms the transportation center of North China. In posses sion of tho peninsula Japan would be in a position to control tho Gulf of Chihli and tho Yellow sea. Key to domination of China Is Ha railroad system. Who controls tho railroads con control tho territory they servo. It may bo seen upon tho accompanying mop how tho railroads of North China rod is to from tho area about Peiping and Tientsin. Once Japan is in ro pleto control of this area her influ ence could follow tho rolls to tho Important city of Kalgon In Chahar, and from there to Paotow In SuL yuan; Into tho south west over tho Pstptng-Hankow railway to Shib- tuochiong and soutf.avw Hopei, and to Taiyuan In Shanal; southward from Tientsin to Tsaagchow and •cross tho Yallow rtver to Taman, thence southward sgata to Nan king itself and eastward to tho port of Tamguo These railroodo. to ad dition to one across Hopot from Tsang chow to Shthkiochtoag which tho Japoneoo wish to build If they con get the perm laaioo of China, •ro ct tremendous military impor tance. From tho Latest dispatches It ap pears Japan lo to control of tho all* important ttoo between Tientsin and Peiping, although M It a pro- carious sort of control, with tho Chineso twenty-ninth army con stantly threatening to attack. An- tually. during tho early days of tho present crisis, tho Chineso did press o drive along this railroad, cap turing thrso key stations, only td i thorn again oftor a brief ten ure. Lhihouchlao. tho railroad Junc tion south of Potping which controls tho Poiping-Hankow railroad routo. Is also vital to Japanese hegem ony; It was tho scene of ooo of the early battles. As this Is being written Gen. Chtang Kai-shek is faced with a de cision that China haa had to mako again and again sines tho Japa nese awakened to tho necessity for expansion. Shall ho declare open warfare against Japan, or shall his national government continue to make feeble protests while the lo cal troops of the North defend their country—ineffectively, as they are wont to doT Japanese Better Equipped. China is more united today than it has been for many years in the past; indeed the very bond of unity i been the common feeling of % years be woo Ms Master of Jr tones degree, and waa mado a member of (he faculty, so impressive were hto la agricultural la MB?, be took chart • of tho agricultural department at Ttwkegeo Institute, k loading negro university Tho coatrtbuttoo tngtoo Carver has hire of the South ors Ho ww PrnwrHbrNxtfeMilGcorraptiic Society, i leghenies, of Horace Greeley's Uto- Waihioftoo, d. c.—wnu Sereica. pia. or of the French settlement af A FTER having visited the six- Asylum? l ty-seven counties of Penn- Likewise, everyone knows somo- sylvania, trod the streets of all thing of the oil romances of Tituo- its teeming cities, gazed on its I ville and Oil City, but how few know ui 8 . • ’ b conntprprl °* rejuvenation methods in tho noble mountains, sauntered Bradford fl c id now in full soring! through all its glorious nigh- tjj, gtory of Oto BuM’s hopless od- land valleys, motored along all venture in the heart of the Big its fine rivers, traveled through Woods, where the Viking virtuooo its dense, young forests, in- dreamed his dream of "a new Nor- sp r' d rj'r t ss ts and studied its amazing Indus- tvctcd ^ ^ union’s mighty flag," tries, it becomes easy to under- | i* one that stirs the heart of every stand how Kipling, after a transcontinental trip, could orrite: ‘They are there, there with earth immortal (Citizens. I give yon admirer of the artist. During his concert tours through the South. Ole Bull hod many of hto countryme to acclimate areas than tho lends ef he things that truly last •nd time have They are all hi ** heart of Market lo Later, mere tally •gnrulturoi Met into Carver esefle M , from the sweet potato IIS. A F-'ttt— once invited Mm to work with hen. hut ae preferred to con centrate en problems ef oouthere ! agriculture. ta eddtuon to hto prominence hi science. George Washington Carver ' Is ee accomplished musician • • • •tar rrrctiRR was a tha hto- y o»d tho Mcvhukuo. As a new home for I the ports of Chefoo, Wcihalwci sad HERMAN (DIZZY) DEAN waa bora to Lucaa. Ark.. I la 1911. ton af a poor cotton pick er. ha waa forced to quit school erheo he roe chad the four Ji gredo. because tho family waa ao poor that the 10 cents a day ha could earn to the cotton Aelda waa a nder-nourished, poorly and uneducated, ae he eras. Dizzy Dean always bad confidence in him- Perhape that explains why he was able to develop what small ad vantages circumstances to life aL him. and develop them to championship quality. Confidence and a strong right arm hardened in iia: indignation over the encroachment of the Land of the Rising Sun. There are many demands for war pouring into Nanking from the prov inces. But the feeling is generally that the time has not yet come for general and unified - effort to throw out the invaders. Local Chinese forces in Hopei and Chahar are not equal to the task of repulsing the Japanese, even though every last man is ready to lay down his life. The twenty- ninth army is fairly well equipped, but hordes of the provincial troops have only long swords with which to battle airplane bombers, artil lery, tanks and machine guns. Tho Japanese are ready to make war with the finest modern parapher nalia, and there are plenty of troops ready for replacements. Chiang’s only hope, if he should declare war, would be to dispatch the national government’s best troops to the North China front and defeat the Japanese with sheer power of num bers—for he could outnumber them two to one, and better. Probably he will decide to let tho Japanese have what they want, just as they took what they wanted ia Manchuria and Jehol. a Wsstara N m the cotton fields were Dizzy's equip ment for facing life. He learned to throw a baseball with amazing speed and control. In 1929, he was signed up by Don Curtiss, scout for the Cardinals' Texas league. The salary was com paratively small, but it looked like a fortune to the former cotton pick- Whoro the commerce af Philadel phia throbs. William Bsc jam m Fraaklto philosophized; the Derlarotlee of la- deeeedeiice had tta birth; and I lederol Constitution was crested. Where Broddech fought and « fatally pound id now lives • toe tog population, and hard by i some of tho principal plants ef the world. The Thompson Stool mills, the house Electric, and scores of stand on ground that was earshot of tho fatafui bottle; and R to stated that a h mevee wtthia twelve miles ef Br deck's field than hi any ether m at He size. Vast ladeetriee Are There. The coal that comae down the Monongahela; the ore that from tho Great Lakes; the Iron and stool fabricated in the Pittsburgh district’s scores of mighty planta; all the commodities bound oast and west and north and south by rail end river—all these, the most con centrated tonnage in the world, paaa by or within a dozen miles of the spot where the hostile savage turned back the English forces. On the Ohio between Economy and Baden, where Dam No. 4 stretches across tha river, Is ths vast plant of the Byers company, manufacturers of wrought iron. In front of the plant offices la s marker which proclaims the site of Logs- town, whers Georgs Washington, carrying the greatest "message to Garcia" of all our history, negotiat ed andtbargained with the Half King and his confreres for an escort to Fort Le Bouef. Across the bridge, a stone’s throw down the highway, is a smaller marker proclaiming the site where Gen. Anthony Wayne had his win ter camp. In signt across the river is the factory-studded area where Queen Aliquippa had her cornfields. Here where Indian conferences created tribal agreements and wampus belts sealed bargains be tween redskins and paleface, giant furnaces and mills now mix slag and purified iron and produce more Kettle la the of Ole of hto cua- tho frolic Of tho day ao eito er. After training in Houston, he was shipped to St. Joseph, Mo., I than’half of the nation’s wrought- where his confidence and fast pitch- | iron pipe. ing won 17 games. Transferred to Houston, he developed rapidly and soon became star pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals. Meantime, his brother Paul, or "Daffy,” also won a pitching berth on the Cardinals’. Dizzy was always the more spec tacular, the higher paid, and the more widely publicized. He haa endorsed ipany advertised products, made a motion picture, appeared in vaudeville, and spoken over the ra dio. His recent earnings have been 140,000 or more per year. B—WKV Sanhcs. Almost Forgotten Romance. Everybody knows the stories of Gettysburg and Valley Forge, but how many know the story of Ole Bull and his castle in the wilds of the big woods of the Kettle creek country? Every travel folder and historical map tell of the chief points of interest in Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and Erie, but who hears of the birth and boy hood days of Robert E. Peary spent at Cresson, of Prince Gallitzin’s su perb work in the heart of the Al- hamtot of remaiae ef the « he hears Kettle All went weU with thto way of America until < when Ole Bull waa aome friends la hto castle. A mes senger rode up and carried a notice from the actual owner of the prop erty. The men who had sold R to him had no title. The real owner waa a Philadelphia merchant. For five years Ole Bull fought a losing battle In the courts against those who had sold him land they did not own, earning the coots of his suit by his concerto. In the end he got small damagaa. But mean while the colony had perished. Prince GaDHsia’s Mission. In tho heart of the Alleghenies, high above Johnstown and Altoona, there are markers, memorials, and institutions which preserve tha memory of a prince who elected to become a pauper in order to terra the cause of Christ and to carry His message of benevolence and brotherly kindness to the humble mountain folk of the region. Princa Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin was born in Holland in 1770. Hia father was Russian ambassador to tha Netherlands and his mother tha daughter of a field marshal of Fred erick the Great. At the age of seventeen he picked up a Bible in a bookstore and be gan to study it, with the result that he became a convert of tha Church. Later his father sent him to Amer ica for a season of travel. Once here he decided to spend a season's theological studies in Baltimore. Then, after ordination in 1799, ha started out as a traveling mission ary. Erecting a log church on tha west slope of the Alleghenies, ha traveled far and wide, visiting homes where bare floors wars his bad, his saddle a pillow, and his food the coarsest mountain fare. Prince Gallitzin lost his aO. His isther left what was to have bean his patrimony to his sister. But ha used the money his mother gave him for his mountain miasta and at Loretto that work carried oo in the schools, and churches ha