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UrThe Postage must be paid on all comma, j * , IUCUUUU8 Mill I uy IllUit. Fcora the Christian lutelligonccr the excellence of the present english c version ok the scriptures. In 1820 there as published at Glasgow ^ a sermon with the title,i; The excellence of the authorized version of the sacred Scrip- <j tures defended against the Socinians.?A v sermon delivered at the Monthly Lecture in Glouctster-str. chapelt Oct. 18. 1820, hj r James Lister, Minister of Lime-street chap- 1, el." The latter part of it is directed against 1 the Socinian improved (so called) version. The preceding part gives the history of j the present version in common use, and vindicates its excellence, which as it may \ prove interesting and instructive, we extract, i ?Ch. Int. I In di scussing the subject, the preacher i ? < ? - .i i. has adopted trie rouowiug muiuuu ;? i K Give a- history of tiie translations which preceded, and paved the way for our t version. . 1 If. State the manner in which the version J itself was accomplished. f III. Subjoin the testimonies of some of I the first scholars and critics to the ex- ? cellence of our version. i IV. And examine briefly the claims ofjf the improved version. 11 I. Let me detail the translations which t paved the way for our present one, and I which the translators used as helps in their I great undertaking. [ The first is the Septuagin!, the oldest in the world, and the ground-work of all the i translations which have followed. This is a translation into Gredt of the Old Testa- 1 ment. It was made in the reign of Ptolemy Philadeiphus, about two hundred and eighty c years before Christ, was universally used t in the Jewish Synagogues, and was for three a hundred years equally venerated by the s Christian churches. It is called the |: Septuagint because scvcwy-iwo jwcrprciers v are recorded to have been employed in the c great work. t 2. The Jewish Targums may be next t mentioned. After the Babylonish captivity the purity of tbo Hebrew tongue was cor-, r rupted, and neigbouring dialects prevailed p among the Jews. These Targums are L paraphrases of the Hebrew text in the J Chaidee; and, in many instances, both I afford a clear light to the meaning of the Hebrew?and an unquestionable evidence tl of the ancient Jewish faith in the divinity c and spiritual kingdom of the Messiah. 3. The Samaritan is next in order. This ? is a very servile copy of the Pentateuch, e and hy its singular deviations from it in s some texts has excited much discussioo li among the learned. 4. Of all modem versions, the Syriac c versions stand first. They were made, c most probably, in an earlier part of the c second century. There are two -Syriac t versions of the Old Testament, one made r from the seventy, and one from the Hebrew ii original. The version of the New Testa. Inner hern hhrhlv valued amontr ( ?"V?? ?..?w 'V'Q ? o <_J scholars. 5. The Latin. In the first centuries, I various Latin translations were made by private individuals for the western churches I in Europe, as the Syriac had been made for the eastern world. 13ut al! these Latin r versions were finally absorbed in the superior work of the learned Jerome, whose version i altered and improved, and called the Vulgate, has long been the standard text among J all the subjects of the Pope. It is from the Vulgate that the authorized Catholic versions c are derived. v 6. In a very early age, probably the seventh, an Ethiopic version was made, t This was introduced into Egypt and Africa, t, 7. The Coptic. Dr. Wilkins refers it to the third century. n 8. The Armenian. This embraces the u whole sacred scriptures, and was made from the seventy in the fourth century. ^ 9. There is an old Persian translation from the Seventy. There is also a version j of the Gospels nearly 500 years old. t 10. The Gothic Bishop Ulphilae rendered v the sacred scriptures into Gothic in the j, fourth century, omitting the Kings and Chronicles, lest his barbarous countrymen c should read the Jewish wars. Of this truly a venerable version the four gospels remain. s 11. The French. The most ancient in e this language is one effected by Peter de Vaux, in 1160. He was esteemed a leading t man among the Waldenses. Raoul made c another in 1380. In 1535 Olivetan publish- t ed another French version, and in 1550, a c fourth was edited at Louvain. All these f French versions preceded our authorized version, and were doubtless known to the a translators. ^ s 12. The Italian. In 1471, Malermi r published his; and in 1532, at Venice, Brucioli produced his. Our version being t begun at 1G04, these Italian ones preceded a it. c 13. The Spanish. The oldest mentioned j is in 1500. The epistles and gospels were s published in Spanish by Ambrose do Mon te?ininl512. The whole sacred scrip- c tures were edited by Cassiodore de Reyna c ly\ n 1560. Driandcr dedicated his Spanish \Tew Testament to Charles the Fifth in t 1513. Besides tliese modem Spanish, the a lews had Spanish versions, of a very f incient date, in use among them. 14. The German. Before the reforma. ti ion by Luther, there was a version of the o sacred scriptures in German,. printed at a Vuremburg in 1447. But their superior ti ranslation by Luther, that wonderful man, s ;oon threw the other into the shade. The q i del it}-, simplicity, and energy of Luther's \ ersion afforded a fine model for our ranslators to copy, while it supplied them u rith an exact comment on the meaning of t] he original. Luther's version was com- 2 leted in 1531. y 15. A Flemish version was published at jouvain in 1548. This was a catholic- ? iut a good one. a 16. A Danish one formed on the model 0 >f Luther's came out in 1550. ri 17. A Swedish one in the same way ap cared in 1534. 18. The Bohemian. Eight learned men ? ngaged in this great undertaking, which v as finished in 1589. 19. The Polish. A female, illustrious in a ank, more illustrious by piety, had the jj lonour of producing this version. Under ter auspices, it came out in 1390. 20. Sclavoniau or ancient Russian ap- v >eared in 1581. You may observe how all these versions vero connected, how one suggested mother, and prepared the way for another. >ct rnc now direct you to tiie translations , n our own tongue, which preceded our . resent version. { The venerable Bcdc who died in 785, n ransiated the sacred scriptures into Saxon or the use of our rude German forefathers. Vlfrrvl the Great about a eentnrv after, 5. " " ^ ~ " ' " ri bliowed the example of Bed'*. Tu 1571, 1 >arker of Canterbury published an old c 5a.\on version, John Wicklifie's version 3 n 1360 is well known, and cannot be suf- c icientlv praised, as the morning star which *isiiered in the bright day of the Reforma. ^ ion. William Tindall's is the first which 1 jas the honour ofbeing in modern English. v Ie finished his second copy in 1530, and t >u1>lislted it at the price of his own blood: The Bible called Matthew's was printed s :i 1537. tl Craniners Bible was seen in 1540 and s 1502. The Geneva translation made by our j c tountrymen who were lore-el to resiue v !iere during the tyranny of <2uceii Mary, ]< Lpj>carcd in 1557 and 15G0. On this ver. 0 ;ion the highest encomiums have been h lassed by the first judges. The late Dr. j, Jeddes gave it the loftiest character; and c ?n this most excellent translation, our s ranslators pkiced their eye in every step of (j heir progress. s, The bishop's. The notes and marginal r, codings of the Geneva bible * not being ^ ileasant to the high church part)', Arch- z ishop Parker took carc to have another 0 English version commonly called the t( lishop's bible in 16G0. ? Last of all, our translators Lad before hem an English version done by the cath- ^ lies at Rheims in 1584. ? The list of translations which I have now pven will, I trust, be highly gratifying to r( r.mnft <-ir !?.-? Rihlr* Stnr-inMr nnrt U'lll >r amended them by himself, where he p hinketh good, then all to meet together, o :onfer what thev have done, and agree o * 1 D or their parts what shall stand. e 9. Asany one company hath despatched o< iny one hook in this manner, they shall end it to t^e rest, to he considered of se- U iously and judiciously. a 10. If any company, upon the review of w he book so sent, shall doubt or differ on iny places, to send the others word there- h >f, to note the places, and there withal I b iend their reasons: to w inch if they con-; si er.t not, tiic difference to be compound- i ^d at the general meeting, which is to be >f the chief person of each company at the ind pf the work. ? 1 V/J Ji 111U1JU VJ 4 llivs i/IViV IOVVIVW) 9 ?*MV? ?? ^ j how the very great helps which our transitors had in commencing their undertaking. . II. This leads mo to the second parti. ^ ular proposed, namely a succinct account . if our present version. King James as. , ;cnded the tUrone in 1604. In 1604, the . ranslation was begun. Fifty four learned nen, of the two universities were employed 11 n it, and were divided into six classes, Ten at Westminster translated from ^ Jenesis to I. Chronicles. !? Seven at Westminster finished all the , Epistles of the New Testament. Eight at Cambridge rendered the Ilag. ? ? O agrapha of the Old Testament. c Seven at Cambridge prepared the Apocypha. ' ? Seven at Oxford translated ;he prophet- 11 c hooks. c Eight at Oxford undertook the Gospels, ^ lets, and Revelations. t( The king prescribed certain rules to be arefully observed by the translators, of which I subjoin the following. sl 1. The Lisbon's bible, ordinarily read in ^ he church, to be followed, and as little al- '1 eredas the original will permit. 2. The proper names to be retained as icarly as possible as they are vulgarly t( iscd. 3. The old ecclesiastical words to be tl :ept, as church, bishop &c. b 4. Where any word hath diverse signi- Is ication to be kept which is warranted by t) he most ancient fathers, which agrees it vith the scope of the place, and the ana- v* ogy of faith. n 6. No marginal notes to he ufTixed, but la inly for the explanation of the Hebrew C nd Greek words which cannot without g otne circumlocution be so filly and briefly s< ixplained in the text. ft 8. Every man of each company to take p he same chapters, and having translated o 11. When any place of special obscurity is doubted of, letters to be directed by, uthority, to any learned man in the land or his judgment in such a place. 12. Letters to be sent by every bishop o each of his clergy, admonishing thein f this translation in hand, and to move nd charge as many as being skilful in the ongues, have taken pains in that kind, to end his particular observations to the ompanies at Oxford or Cambridgo or Vestminster. 14. The following translations to be j sed when they agree better with the text j lian the Bishop's bible?1st, TindaPs,? : nd, Matthew's,?3d, Coverdalc's,?4lh, Vhitechurch's?5th, the Geneva. 15. Along with the fifty-four learned j ten,* three or four of the most eminent nd grave of the university divines should versnn tlw* translations and snn tht; nbove i - ? I ules properly observed. When the whole was finished, three coics of it, one from Oxford, one from Cambridge, and one from Westminster i fere sent to London, and two persons fere chosen the joint companies to review nd polish it. These daily met in Staoner's Hall for nine months till they had ompleted the task assigned them. Last f all, Bilson of Winchester and Dr. Miles i ;mit?, who from the beginning hod been i ery active in this affair, reviewed the j -hole, and prefixed the arguments to the ; everai hooks. In their own preface the translators avc the following words. "We had bcare us the Hebrew of the Old Testament nd the Greek of the New, nor were wc lie first who fell in hand with translating le Sacred Scriptures into English, and ! onsequently destitute 01 former helps.j flie work lias not been huduied up, but has J ost the workmen the labour of nearly three ears. Neither did we think it tedious to onsult the translations or commentators, 'haldee, Hebrew, Syriac, Greek, or jalin, or the Spanish, French, Italian, or )utch. Neither did we disdain to revise rhatweliad done, and to bring back to be anvil what we had hainmared," dec. The lecturer then proceeds to that tatcmcnt of two considerations, which brow a clear and steady light on the whole ubject. I. The time when our translation was nmnlelerh though two hundred voars aeo. 1 7 ? ^ # a ' ;?s remarkable for classical and biblical} earning. Tlic classics from the capture | f Constantinople, had been revised, and ' ad been studied with enthusiastic ardour j 1 all the countries of Europe. In the j entury immediately proceeding our vcr- i ion, schools and colleges had been muliplied over till the western world. Manucripts were explored, compared, and cored copies of the aucicnt authors, both rofanc and sacred were published with a eal and patience far exceeding any thing j bservablc in our time. Oriental litera- j ire, Hebrew, Chaldee Svriac, and Greek ; as deeply studied; and dictionaries, con- 1 ordances, polyglots, such as the world j ad never seen before for the depth & va- i iety of erudition, remain to this day as j lonumonts of the talents, learning, and \ L'search of our ancestors. Exalted on ; lesc monuments, some of the punyschol- j rs, in these latter days of great pretenon, have taken their lofty stand, and af;cted to despise the very men by whom lose monuments were reared. It is well liown to the enlightened biblical scholar, [iat during the early part of the last cenirv, the knowledge of Hebrew and all sared literature was at a low ebb in thi$> ountrv, and that the revival of it cannot c dated back much later than fifty years. iCt us beware then of putting the suggesons of modern critics on higher ground jan the modest but solid claims of our ancstors. 2. To this I add anoiher consideration, nd then I finish this part of my subject; ic time when our authorized version was ompletcd was a time of awful contention etween catholics and protestants ; a con:st in which whole nations were cmbarkd 10 a man, arranged under their respecve civil authorities. Every nerve was trained on both sides to obtain the ascenency. Learning, talents, piety, and zeal jshed forth to tho conflict. And the mighty eld on which they met was " the translaoti of the sacred scriptures into the vulgar ingues." In this fearful combat, England stood at ic hand of the Protestent union; and oth sides were fully aware of the incalcuiblc consequences connected with an au horized version of the sacred scriptures ito the English tongue. The catholics atchcd every measure of our governlent, and put every measure of our transition to the severest scrutiny. The latholics had already sanctioned the Valate and were prepared to impugn every mtpnee wherein our vcrson should difTcr oin their authorized text. The mass of rotcstant learning was engaged on the i ne side to make our version as fair a co-y as possible of the matchless originals; nd the mass ol popish erudition, on the thcr side, stood fullv prepared to detect very mistake, and to expose without mcry every error of our public version. Such then, were the circumstances ofj ip period in which our version was made: nd 1 leave yuu to judge of the weight j hicli they throw into its scale. III. The third part of my subject i ; to adduce tiic testimony of eminent iblical scholars in favour of our verion. In making a brief selection, 1 designed* Forty-seven only were employed in the work f translation. ly abstain from adducing the witness of such critics and commentators as are j: known to be hostile to new versions, and wedded even to the blemishes of our au- tj thorized translation. The selection is Cl made from scholars, some of whom were a] engaged in new translations themselves, p and who therefore were not interested in ^ sustaining the merit of the common ver- p, sion ; and whose concessions ia favour of ^ a translation in many respects different S| from their own, ought to have the great- C( est weight with the candid hearer. c My first is from the great Scldeit, whose authority is an host.?The English h translation is the best translation in the world, and renders the sense of the origi- a nals best. The translators took an excel- Vl lent way. The part of the bible was giv- o: en to him who was most skilled in a par- c< ticular tongue. When they met together, tc one read the translation, and the next held h in their hands some bible either in the ori- Ci ffinal or in French. Snanish. Latin. <fcc. if c ^ | ' n they found any fault they spoke." Selden 11 died in 1654. u 2. At a grand committee for religion, under Oliver Cromwell id 1656, it was 11 thought expedient to examine the present a translations, to discover its mistakes,? " and, if needful, publish a better. Lord ^ Wbitlock of the treasury was ordered to u superintend the business, and Dr. Walton, P Dr. Cudworth, Mr. Clark, and other first scholars of the day were consulted about ti it. After manv meetings and nmch con- S1 sultation, the design was dropped, and the ? committee allowed that the public version a was the best extant. 0 3. pr. Walton, in tho prolegomena to c the polyglot, that English pyramid of sacred learning has the following confession. ^ " The sacred oracles have been translated " into altoost all the European tongues in ^ modern times. But among them all, the 0 English version effected under the auspi- a spices of King James, stands pre-eminent. tl 4. To Dr. Walton mav be added lj Poole in his Synopsis Criticorum 1669. t< "In the English version published in 1761, ? occur many specimens of an edition truly J1 gigantic, of uncommon skill in the origi- ? nal tongues, of extraordinary critical ^ acutencss aud discrimination, which have l( been of great use to me very frequently in f' the most difficult texts." ! 11 5. Dr. Doddridge is well-known to ? have given a new translation in his family " expositor. In Lis preface, he says, v " there are so few places in which the ge- Y ncral sense will appear different from our received translation, that some will per- jl haps think this an unnecessary trouble. 1 But I can by no means repeat i% &c,' c And ho proceeds to give his reasons fi r s this course. c 6. Mr. John Wesley in his preface to T his New Testament makes the following f concession : 44 The common English ver 0 siou is in general so far as I can judge, abundantly the best which I have seen." 7. Dr. Lowth in his short introduction Jj a V nnll.U (vpommnt* 1 7f\fl enro H tlm 1/111 _ IU JLtii^n^u ^laiumvi) i.? owjo M?W ?%? gar translation of the bible, is the best j? standard of our language." This serious a testimony in the more valuable, as the * writer possessed tlie most delicate taste in English composition, while known to be p( profoundly versed in the intricacies of f( Hebrew and biblical learning. 8. Dr. Durell in his critical remarks on Job. The Dr. was very fond of detecting the blemishes in our version, and con Stributed much in his day to the elucida- ' tion of dark passages in prophetic He- a brew. Yet after all he owns?the chief ^ excellence of our English version consists in its being a closer translation than any p which preceded. Without the afiectation of sublimity or the charge of vulgarity it employs the language most proper for a popular benefit. It has also observed a ^ due medium between the scrupulosity of 0 the puritans on the one side, and the ohscurity of the catholics on the other, c avoiding both the new turns of tiie jI former, and the obsolete words of the lat- 0 ter." c 9. Dr. White, Laudin professor o j Arabic at Oxford, in a sermon recommend- b il*A 1 nf* Anr ttrnconf VPKtnn 4.1 UJg .CI9U. ?? V,u. f--?? * 7 LI says, " When the authorized version np- Sj peared,it contained nothing but what was a pure in its representation of scriptural tl doctrine, nothing but what was animated tc in its expressions of devout affection, h General fidelity to its original is hardly c more its characteristic than sublimity in v itself. The English language acquired new dignity by it; and has scarcely ac- js quired additional purity since; it is still fe considercd as the standard of our tongue. d If a new version should ever be attempted |( the same turn of expression should doubt- SI less be employed, for it is a style no less c| consecrated by custom than by its own tl native propriety." fr 10. I shall adduce the testimony of It another student and scholar, to which la much weight may bo attached by some d who hear me. Dr. Priestly in his preface 6< to the English edition of his harmony of h< of the evangelists, says, " I have correct- ir cd our common version, wherever I a thought it necessary, either 011 account of // its giving a wrong sense, or for the sake of a changing some obsolete words and phra- tl ses. An entire new translation I thought ni necessary: and indeed it would not have ci been easy to make one, the general char- ti actcr of which would give more satisfac- tl tion, or more happily express the simplicity si of the original writers of the gospel histo- o ry," Such is the deliberate judgment of it Dr. Priestly about a new translation, c Let our modern Sociniaus attentively con- j sidcrg. Jm EXEBCI9E OF THE LUNGS, rom Combo on Health and Mental Education ^ Judicious exercise of the lungs is one of ?. ic most efficacious means which we can 81 mploy for promoting Jheir developement P' nd warding off their diseases. In this res- ? ect the organs of respiration closely rcsemle the muscles and all other organized ?' arts. They are made to be used, and if icy are left in habitual inactivity their Irength and health are unavoidably impair- ** J; while, if their exercise be ill-timed or ex. 8 essive, disease will as certainly follow. The lungs may be exercised indirectly J? y such kinds of bodily or muscular exeron as require quicker and deeper breathing; -c nd directly by the employment of the oicein speaking, reading aloud, crying, j r singing. In general, botli ought to be Dnjoined. But where the chief object is u > improve the lungf, those kinds which ave a tendency to expand the chest, and all the organ of respiration into play, ought > be especially preferred. Rowing a boat, ? 1. r O incmg, quons, siiuiuercuctt, uuu uicjjiv^ci se of dumb-bells and gymnastics am of ^ lis description. Al! of them employ acvely the muscles of the chest anil trunk, f nd excite the lungs themselves to freer and illcr expansion. Climbing up hill is, for 0 le same same reason, an exercise of high a tility in giving tone and freedom to the a ulmonary functions. 1 Where, either from hereditary prodisposi- v on or accidental causes, the chest is unu- t| ually weak, every effort should be made, j, om infancy upwards, to favour the growth 'j nd strength of the lungs by the habitual use t| f such of the above mentioned exercises as 0 an most easily be practised. The earlier t| 1CV urc rcsuncu l*J, cuiu mw muio oIV.UUOJ ^ ley arc pursued, the more certainly will icir beneficial results be experienced. In . icir employment, the principles complained . f in the chapter on the muscles ought to'be , dhered to. Habitual exercise in a hilly country, and s lie frequent ascent of acclivities, especial- n ; in pursuit of an object, are well known n } have a powerful effect in improving the v :ind and strengthening the lungs, which is a ist another way of saying that they increase n le capacity of the chest, promote free circu- t| ition through the pulmonary vessels, and ^ ?n/t Fn the more complete oxygenation of #i ic blood. Ilence the vigorous appetite, the j icreased muscular power, and cheerfulness t| f mind so commonly felt by the invalid on ?j is removal to the mountains are not to be r ronderedat. I was myself sensible of ad- j antage from this kind ofexercise during a v Iighland excursion. The necessity of freuent and deep inspirations, and the sfimu- c js thus given to the general and pulmonary j, irculation, had an obvious effect in increa- j ing the capacity of the lungs, and the power j, >f bearing exertion without fatigue. Even t rhen 1 was wearied,-the fatigue went off -j. nuch sooner than after a walk of equal r 3iigth on a level road, and it was unattend- ^ d with the languor which generally ac. ompanied the latter. In fact, the most greeable feeling which I exf >erienced during a he whole time was on resting after under;oing, in ascending a hill, a degree of exer- j, ;on sufficient to accelerate tlie breathing, ud bring out a considerable degree of perpiration. A lightness and activity of mind nd freedom about tiie chest which I never * ilt to the same extent at any other time, c allowed such excursions, and made the fa. 1 gue comparatively light. Before such practfces, however, can be ^sorted to with advantage, or even with ^ ttinm mitct K/> nr.tUinfr in tllf? sliatK? I U1V.IO lliuut UV IlUtlllU,. ... _ ; m o I f active disease existing. If there be, the doption of such exercise will, in all probaility, occasion the most serious injury, 'his also I experienced in my own case, as, )r many moDths at an earlier stage of con- ^ ? C3 alescence, going up a stair, ascending the lost gentle acclivity, or speaking aloud for ^ few minutes, was equally fatiguing and urtful, and often brought on cough, and ccasionally a slight spitting of blood. At rnt time, riding on horseback, which exer- 1 ises the body without hurrying the breathig, was especially useful. Tne advantage 1 9 f these exercises in giving tone and capa- ^ ity to the lungs, where debility rather than * isease is complained of, is shown in their eing regularly resorted to in preparing for | ? le race.coursc and for the field. The true | 11 portsman puts himself in training as well I s s his dog or his horse, and fits himself for v ic moors by regular excursions previous ^ > the 12th of August. By so doing he ^ nprovcs his wind and increases his rnus- c ular strength to a remarkable cxteut in a v ery snort time. v When no active pulmonary disease ex. ;ts, these exercises may, with the best ef- f . cts, be frequently carried so far as to in. uce free perspiration; only great care ought v > be taken immediately after, to rub the jj jrface of the body thoroughly dry, and to hange the dress. It is quite ascertained, c lat with these precautions perspiration om exercise is the reverse of debilitating. : equalizes and gentiy stimulates the circu. e ttion, relieves the internal organs, improves igestion, and invigorates the skir. Jack- t< 3n testifies strongly to these results when h e declares that the severe exercise incurred h i training not only improves the lungs, but h Iwavs renders the skin "quite clear, even s lough formerly subject to eruptions. "* These h ssertions arc, of course, to be received as ii ic statements of a man partial to his own n rt; but they are in accordance with experi. n ace, and with the laws of the animal func. t< ons, so far as these arc known. They ? lerefore merit the consideration of profes- tl ional men, and of those whose features are d ften disfigured by eruptions which they find b ; difficult to remove by any kind of modi- b inc. p ?-? c CoJo of Health, 5th edition. Appendix, p. 37. 5 I need hardly say, that when wishing to ivour the developement of the lungs, we ught to be scrupulous in avoiding such potions of the body as hinder their full exansion. Tailors, shoemakers, clerks at a 'riling desk, and the like, are uufkiroutaly situated in this respect, as their bent potion constrains the chest, and impedes the reathing and circulation. Direct exercise of the lungs, in speaking, siting, singing, and playing on wind in. truments, is very influential for good or for vil, according as it is indulged in with or ithout due reference to the constitution of ie individual. If it is, nothing tenda more > expand and give tone and heahh to these nportant orguns; but if either ill-timed or arried to excess, nothing can be more det- . mental. The crying and sobbing of children cofl ibute as much to their future heahh, on- 'ss thev are caused by disease, and carried ) a very unusual extent* The loud jaugn nd noisy exclamations attending the spoils f the young have an evident relation to the ime beneficial end ^and ought therefore to e encouraged instead of being repressed, s they are often sought to be, by those who, A aving forgotton that they themselves were nee young, seek in childhood the gravity nd decorum ofmore advanced age. I have Iready noticed, at page 109, an instance ou large scale, in which the inmates of an istitution were, for the purpose of preser* big their health, shut up within die limits of ieir hall for six months, and not allowed to idulge in any noisy and romping sports., ? .'he aim of the directors was undoubtedly ie purest benevolence, but from their want iflrnnwlodire. their obiect was defeated, and 0? J ? lie arrangement itself became the instrument of evil Beneficial as the direct exercise of the mgs is thus shown to be in strengthening tie chest, its influence extends still farther, f we examine the position of the lungs as eprcsented in the figure on page 169, we hall see, that, when fully inflated, they most lecessarily push downwards and flatten the moveable arch of the diaphragmDJD. by irhich they are separated 6om the belly or bdonien. Tliis alteration, however, canot take place without the diaphragm in Us urn pushing down the liver, stomach, and owels, which it accordingly does, causing hem to project forwards and outwards, Jut no sooner are the lungs fully inflated man the contained air is again thrown out. Die lungs diminish in size: the diaphragm ises, and with it all the contents of the abomen return to their former position. The ihole digestive apparatus is thus sub. acted to a continual pressure and change >f place, and the stimulus mence arising 3, in truth, essential to the health/ performance cf the digestive function?, and s one of the means arranged by the Crea. or for the purpose. Consequently, , if the ungs he rarely called into active exercise, lot only do Ihey suffer, but on important con- * ? lition .of digestion being withdrawn, the tomach and bowels also become weakened, nd indigestion and costiveness make their ppearance. I have already alluded to this abject in the chapter on muscular exercise; tut the principle will now be better undertood with the aid oftbeligurc. After this exposition, I need hardly my hat the loud and distinct speaking enforced in many public schools is productive of nuch good to the young, and that in this 4 espect the occasional songs in which all ire required to join in the Infant Schools, md other institutions, are iraieh to be comnended. Let any one who doubts their fficacy as exercises of the kings, attend to phut passes in his own body on reading* loud a single paragraph, and he will find, ot only that deep inspirations and full expirations are encouraged, but that a eonsidrable impulse is communicated to the bowIs, affording a marked contrast to the slight ireathing and quiescent pjosturc of those /hose voices never rise above a whisper. Reading aloud, public speaking, and lecjring are excellent exercises for developi&g tic lungs and the chest But as they retire some exertion, they ought to be isrulged in with prudence, and with constant eference to the constitution and health of lie individual. When early resorted tor nd steadily persevered in, they are useful i warding off disease and communicating trength to an important function- But /hen begun suddenly, and carried toexccss y persons with weak kings, they arc more ircctly injurious than almost any other a use. It is not uncommon ibr young dimes to give themselves up to preaching,, without any previous preparation for.the efE)it which it requires, and to experience, in onsequcnce, pains in the chest spitting of a?Iiwfnrma ?fdisease. 'ivuuj aiiu uiuvi v ? w. ?w - - p diich often extinguish their brightest pnosccts injlie morning of life. Sacrifices of [lis kind are the more to be laanale^. be* N ausc it is probable, that, by a weA plumed ystem of gradual preparation, many who ill victims might find in their profession ven a source of safety. The late illustrious Cuvier is considered 5 have been saved from an early death by is appointment to a professorship leading im to the moderate and regular exercise of is lungs in teaching,?a "practice which oon removed the delicacy of chest to which e was subject, and enabkxl h jm to pass unjjurcd through a long fife of acjive usefuless. Other examples of the same kind sight be mentioned. But it is important > observe, that in all of them die exercise ras, at all times, accurately proportioned to *e existing state ofthe lungs. Had active isease existed, or the exertion required been eyond what the lungs were fully able to eat>the effect would nave been, not to im. rove health, but to destroy life; and this ondition of accurate relation between the mount of rxercisc and the state of the or