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I OI K SUBMARINES STRONGEST. No Others Required to Stand Water Pressure at Depth of 300 Feet. Whatever else may be said of the submarine torpedo boats of the United States, naval experts familiar with this type of craft are confident that the underwater boats of no other nation are built on stronger lines. In fact, naval officers say that none of the great world powers require the ? ? Awi r* 01 C t" ! t consiruuuuu Ui buuiufluucs iu xcoiov anything like the great pressure that is required of American submarines. Submarines built tor the American navy must have hull strength sufficient to resist the pressure of the J ocean at a depth of 300 feet. Before these delicate craft are accepted they must have withstood pressure at a depth around 210 feet, which, is deemed sufficient, but must be strong enough to go much lower. British | and German submarines are not required to stand pressure of 300 feet, the requirement usually running around 200 feet. German submarines, as a rule, are tested at a depth around 150 feet, and. those of the British navy sometimes at a greater depth. From the outset of submarine construction the American underwater ! craft have been built on stout lines. * The original "A" boats are still doing good service daily in the Philippines. 'The first submarines built for the navy are ope^ted on the surface by gasoline engines, which have been replaced in newer boats by Diesel engines, burning heavy fuel oil. The first periscopes were far from satisfactory and are being rapidly replaced by the more efficient periscopes which have been evolved since the introduction of submarines as a naval factor. Another defect of our early submarines?which was common to underwater boats of all navies in the beginning?was faulty ballast tanks. Since the water-ballast tank on a . submarine is a vital part of the ship the naval experts lost no time in improving this feature. All of our submarines now have improved tanks. Of all submarine defects those affecting the propelling engines have been most numerous and bothersome. The development of this type of engine has been very gradual. Until very recently, however, engine trouble has been of common occurrence in submarines, and the work of /lAnofmAtinn hoe hoon riolavprf ID flTP Iy WU0tl UVliVU JUL UrO WV*A V4 M*V? W by engine defects probably than from f: all other defects combined. For example, while the contracts h; for submarines usually call for delivery within two years, it has been y understood at all times that the vesS , sels could not be completed and de} livered in that time, and the reason /-v given always has been the engines. \ It is believed, however, that the submarine engines have been so far perfected that from now on delivery of j:V. the boats may be confidently expected within the contract period. Naval p. experts concede that Germany may " 1 have a superior submarine engine. "Germany was the birthplace of ew .' . f ... rV the Diesel engine," said one expert. "K is only reasonable to believe that y-.( the Germans have succeeded in de1 veloping the various types of this enK". gine to a higher degree of perfection , than the United States or any other naval power. When it is realized that our first heavy oil submarine ' engine was brought to this country in the head of one man?and not from Germany?it is not difficult to understand that the drawbacks to its rapid development were considerable., fin recent years these engines have heen greatly^ improved and are now Sp very promising." < Inasmuch as the same individuals design as many of the submarines .constructed for the British navy as for the United States navy, naval experts here are quite certain that John 1 Bull has northing on Uncle Sam in the way of underwater craft, especially^'' lv in view of the fact that the United m v States always requires greater hull strength than Great Britain.. In this connection naval officers point to the fe* i fact that the British submarines ap|||\ -'pear to be giving ah excellent account of themselves in the operations at gjf, the Dardanelles, having sunk large numbers of Turkish troop ships after |||%; ' entering the sea of Marmora under I the Turkish mine fields. While deeply regretting the loss of the F-4 with its crew of 22 men, naval officers take pride in the fact that that was the only fatal accident to an American submarine, while similar accidents have happened to the submarines of the big European nations on more than one occasion. The only accident at all similar in this country, which, happily, did not result in any fatalities, occurred off Newport several years ago, when the Porpoise, one of the earlv Submarines, suddenly got beyond control and sank rapidly to the bottom in 125 feet of water. The crew, by working valiantlv xHth hand nnmns. managed to remove a sufficient quantity of water ballast to permit the Porpoise to rise to the surface unaided. The ballast tanks apparently had been filled too suddenly and could not be Sp^i AGAINST GREATER EXPENSES. ^ Governor Gives Views on Proposal to i Increase Pay of State Officials. Columbia, Nov. 15.?'The present iinancial condition of the people of South Carolina makes it of the utmost importance that the cost of State government be decreased rather than increased." said Governor Manning today, when asked for his views on the question of increase in salaries as proposed in a statement printed in Sunday's papers. "While ,the salaries paid our judges and State officials are low," said the governor, "we are just now recovering from the financial hardships of the recent panic caused by the low price of our products as the result of the European war, and it behooves us to watch closely every item of expense in order to hold down the tax | levy to a minimum. "The last session of our legislature created the South Carolina tax commission for the purpose of reforming the tax laws of the State and equalizing the burdens of taxation so that all our people would be placed on the same basis. Until this commission shall have completed its work I feel that we should dismiss from our minds the subject of increased expenses. Cause of Education. The awakening of our people on the subject of common school education makes it of the utmost importance that we provide facilities for increasing the efficiency of our rural and common schools. These facilities cost money, and until means for the education of every white child in South Carolina are provid ed I shall. oppose increase in otner departments. If we have any extra money to spend, ^said the governor, "let's put it in the common schools of our State, where it will be the means of furnishing to the boys and girls, the future men and women of South Carolina, the education to which they are entitled and which will inake of them better and more efficient citizens. This is, in my judgment, a most important matter, and one in which the people are vitally interested. "I shall continue to urge such economy as is consistent with the absolute needs of -the State and'the financial condition of our citizens." Receiving the Discard. One of our trenches in the first line suddenly received a fire of shells. The occupants perceived with dis- tress that the projectiles came from the rear and were from our own battery. The battery was-telephoned: "You are firing upon us!" "Not at all. We are firing on the German .trench." "But we are getting all the pruneaux," (the prunes, that is, the shrapnel.) > "At what distance are you from ' the German trench ?" "Twenty meters." The battery commander then replied with mathematical sangfroid: "Twenty meters? Ah, you are probably getting the discard!"?Le Cri de Paris. * empftied in time to prevent, the hasty , descent. "We try to make everything in the navy foolproof," remarked an officer J closely identified with submarine operations. "Every once in a while somebody gets careless, however, and mistakes are made, which, of course, is only human. The navy has been j very successful in making things foolproof,, or very nearly so, and efforts toward improvements along this line are bein? made constantly. As a rule, members of submarine crews are less inclined to 'take a chance' rhan those on surface vessels, realiz- ( ing that so much depends on every man doing his duty promptly and with due caution. - However, the man who insists on taking a chance turns 11 r* ororv nnw anH fh on " But submarine cruising is hazard- | ous at best. The structure of a submarine is necessarily delicate. Any one of many things might be responsible tor wrecking an underwa- 4 <ter boat. They could not stand much ? of a bump from hidden obstruction in the water, and nothing could keep them from reaching the bottom if a hole were punched in the hull large enough to permit the ingress of a considerable volume of water. When sea water comes in contact with a storage battery, chlorine gas, very destructive of life, is developed. Some of the older batteries of the soj called "open" type are more liable to develop chlorine gas than are the nsvfer batteries, which are of the "closed" type and much more expensive. Knowing the danger from the "open" batteries, members of submarine crews are constantly on guard against the menace of sea water. Theoretically the battery deck IS waieril^nt dui ironi unt; ua,use ur another sea water sometimes ?ets into the batteries. There have been no fatalities from this cause, but in a few instances members of a submarine crew have been temporarily overcome. / Should be s< getting USEFUL i At a reasonable cost, shipment of Xmas gift the next few days. In useful for FOR EVERY M Brother, sister, mother, fathei leather, ivory, etc. Be sure Xmas and A large stock of beautifully cards fot * * \ Boob for Boy f. f . , \ A full stock of the better cU Alger, and the New Boy See varied assortment of paper series, etc. TOYS, MODI We also have a ' / of practical to modern building den sets, tea set ) UawaU iici mu Rflm ' . \ sleeted with something tl \ND V> * The Herald Book goods, which will the shipment will EMBER OF r, baby and the sweet) to see us before you j New Y. colored, plain, enamel Christmas and New \ \ s. Girls am iss of books for boy* >ut series. For the sm and cloth story book; ? i V i \ i IIT OUT / CV,*I1 kl,t 176 OlllVill* MUV T X ys, modelit 1 outfits, rubl s, etc. i _ _ r* LDerg, \ vl' "s?' ' *S . . . .? . -.v - m 1 m I V jam B^mm IB f9 Hfl / * * '' ' V ,? * an idea or j ?V 'vJSL .< I , !?S^ nat is 1 W. ' M? SUABLE VWBB Store has a choice be displayed within , i be found something ^ '? V v.-. THE FAMH.Y 1 heart, in bronze, sterling, '? buy Xmas goods or gifts. ear Cards ed and embossed postal \r ^ Year. J fni r 11 ; and girls, Henty and aller children we have a A D r* KAAL- Aomf J Sl9 A U V uuua^9 pctitiv j FITS Etc E M J. i/^ l^ivi ;ry choice line outfits, tops, -* ?*-.* I 1 11 "''.I Der Dans, garll^ '" a ?19 H 9 m n C-;' -. -Jmm . -"*