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K . ' A', \ ' ^ : ' .' '" ;. ;.'< . a ;y. -.v -A. -;: <r ^ : *v; * '.Tt ... . - ' '' * .. V?-^vWif?v. H?'. |; Japanese Battery Asa |' Coaling Warships | sjg at Sea. ; / A New Projection For Facil- J itatinsr Operations in ? Rough Weather. , |r''|W mJI AVAL authorities are * ^ agreed in wishing that a J |V{ more satisfactory method 1 |i- could he found for loading * |. warships with coal than V.tUAAfcvl A ? q 11 port for that purpose. Smallfir er vessels, whose special duty it is to c pi'- convey supplies of fuel, often aceom- * Sryi r ^ ! js32 ^ ^ ^ *7 a fleet when the latter is on the f to a point where it is to establish ^ ockade or watch for a foe. In tine T ther these colliers can come along- 0 with safety, to permit a transfer s heir cargoes. In rough weather a e is danger to both vessels in con- j. lence of bumping sideways. Two gs must be considered. The coal t be hoisted" by derricks, on the er or the warship, from the hold tie vessel and swung around where | it can be lowered into the other. Sev; eral systems of performing the work S have been proposed. A more unique jp* .-part of the business is the prevention of lateral collision. For this second purpose an interest& ing suggestion has been made by A. C. s Cunningham, a civil engineer of the r H United States Navy, in co-operation s ? ^rith William Seaton. Their idea is L to employ pumps, on either side the o collier or the warship, to drive out jets t 1 of water from haios in the vessel's e side in the diirction of the other craft, t REAR-ADMIRAL J( The President of the isth The recent appointment of the Isth neers, of which Kear Admiral Walker ginning of work on the Isthmus by the Commission is now engaged in study in Isthmus. Before work can be really Colon must be drained and supplied v be dredged, healthful quarters for tho must be built, and the problem of propc will have to supervise ail this prelimiu important of r 11. ?v ' . ? ML St gfe; ^ . -r < -?*y ?..* . ?>.* - : ;. . . ..; ; v'jggj mding Heights Back of Kit !n the drawing which is here copied Tom Engineering News, a jet is represented as issuing from the collier. The other arrangement would work >quallv well, of course, though it may >e questioned whether naval construcors would favor making this apparatis a feature of either a cruiser or a )attleship. Mr. Cunningham says: The author has designed an apparttus for use in coaling ships at sea by neans of which vessels may safely lie \ tlongside each other for the purpose, j die general principles of the apparat:s are illustrated iu the accompanying ut. In the illustration the jet apparitus is shown as a separate installaion and fitted to the collier. The cirmlating and bilge pumps may, however, be used to produce the jet, and he latter may be fitted to the warship, nstead of to the collier. With the apparatus projected the hips are kept from touching each otht, and are maintained at the required listance apart by means of water jets, vhich are the equivalent of elastic truts. The required distance between he vessels is secured by lines passed letweeu the ships, for there are no Igid connections of any kind. It is lot intended with this apparatus that ??" ? K1A In"1 On AA/1 olmnl/1 .11 j ap|;icv,iauiu ia.cuu c^v;^u ouvuiu >o produced; a tendency to separate lie vessels sufficient to keep the coulectiug lines taut is all tliat is desired r necessary. THREE MSB 70 QKE SPADE. Korea is away behind the age, is, in act. several centuries behind. This icture shows the extraordinary backwardness of their agricultural methids. The three men are working one pade. The spade has a handle ;bout eight feet long. The wooden >owl is tipped with iron, and has two traw ropes fastened' to it. The man nanipnlating the handle pushes the pade into the ground. Then those molding the ropes throw an insignifantly small amount of earth a disance of about two feet. In the Koran fields one may often see nine men lms employed on one spade. * rH^sSBrc]^. :s* )HN G. WALKER, mian Canal Commission. mian Canal Commission of Engiis Chairman, marked the real bc> United States Government. The g the sanitary condition of the begun, the towns of Panama and ritli water, the harbor at Colon must workmen and cold storage plants >r food solved. Rear Admiral Walker ary work, which is, indeed, the most . V. ' .. f ' ' nohow After Landing: GOYAZ, CHIEF OF THE CAYAPO INDIANS. The great army of outdoor people everywhere will be glad to know that Caspar Whitney, the distinguished editor of Outing, has arrived home from his adventurous trip through South | America. His journey lay through the i interior of Brazil, where he was the ! guest of Chief Goyaz; through Paraguay, the Argentine Iiepublic, Paragonia, Bolivia, and across tlie highest * ^' ft . - h ij r* 'fVv $3X". CHIEF GOYAZ. Andes to Chile. Mr. Whitney reports j exciting encounters with jaguars, rev-! olutions, plagues and yellow fever, all of which will add interest to future vigorous articles in Outing. This trip completes Mr. Whitney's world wanderings. THE HATIOKS' OSE P.-03UCT. The accompanying diagram represents the ore product of the nations of! the world in. a very comprehensive j manner. The column representing the j v UNITED STATES .1 THE ORE PRODUCT OF THE NATIONS. United States towers above the others like the chimney over a mill, and yet ! our nearest neighbor, Canada, occupies the place at the foot. Criminals Kept in Suspense. In France, when a convict is sentenced to death by the guillotine, the I day of his execution is not named iu j his presence, and he know; not when 1 he is to be led forth until within flf- i teen minutes of the fatal moment, j - '. '? - '. ' WARLIKE CHUN-C TERRORS 0 COUNT ZICHY, TH TELLS OF THE] Powerful Arrny of Brigandstoy Desperate Men From < fields?Efforts to Suppres ^^^OrNT EX GENE ZICHY, | on * tl10 1:U;-0US Hungarian ex- so j? plorer, known particularly T1 for his researches in Asia sr In quest of the original ki home of the Magyars, gives a graphic fn ami detailed account of the Chim-chus Pi from his personal experiences in Man- in churls; of Since the outbreak of 'hostilities be- so tween Russia and Japan frequent men- m tion has been made in the press of the di Chun-chus and their exploits. Most ai of the descriptions given are purely T< imaginary. The Chun-chus. whose name in Chinese signifies britlands. are an organized band of outlaws famed pi for their audacity. They, have long be | been the terror of Manchuria, and do re I not fear to attack the Russian soldiers T1 | themselves. They have spies every- ta | where, at Mukden. Kirin. Harbin, Port 'C< | Arthur, and Dalny, to inform them si, ! whenever an opportunity for a good in * m j srroKe presents useu. <-i I The origin of the Chun-chus only ! dates back to the middle of the nine- m | teenth century. At that time the Pe- A | kin Government began to turn its at- pr tention toward the rich gold fields of oc I Northern Manchuria. This icy region W was still almost unknown even to the Celestials themselves when Manchuria traders brought nuggets worth as much as $2000 apiece to China. This aroused the Government, whereupon travelers were questioned and com- ^b pelled to indicate the spot where gold aE was to be found in such quantities. ur The Chinese became acquainted in This sp manner with the existence of three sy gold regions in Manchuria, one in the yr; Sungari basin, near the Russian fron- ca tier; the second on the heights of jn Tchenbo-chan, and the third on the m shores of Clietonga, a tributary of the of Amur. pi; The Chinese Government determined fit to monopolize the output from these Ai gold fields and threatened the natives ne with the severest punishments if they fo continued to gather gold for their own oc use. Chinese miners were then re- lal cruited in great numbers by the Pekin re Government and forcibly sent to Man- au churia. The working of the mines was Cn very soon organized in a remarkable bo manner by the mandarins to whom the gi< Government had intrusted this duty. st; They set up in the midst of the gold or fields provision houses and shops, of built spacious barracks, of which the tic ruins still remain, made new roads hi: over the mountains and across forests et to facilitate the conveying of provis- an ions, but were unable, notwithstand- dr ing their efforts, to injure a regular < service for the "transport of victuals, h" The laborers were decimated by famines and by the arctic cold of this re* of gion, where the temperature often falls to forty degrees below zero Centigrade. an Poorly paid and ill fed, many of the Pri wretches, commried suicide. Others be fled to the neighboring forests regard- wi less of the fate--capital punishment? meted out to deserters if they were Ar caught or if hunger drove them back to the camp. These deserters were the m first Chtm-chus. The existence Jed by the refugees in an the mountains was singularly hard. crWithout food, clothing or shelter, they qu were obliged to protect themselves ys from the wild beasts abounding in that Is region. Many of them became the ize prey of wolves, bears, panthers, and H A^r\ AAirtlT i? r\ f \t AT?A??f h /il oec A ^ uopev^ia.*ij \jl I uucoo, number of Chun-elms increased rapid- 18 on ly. The miners deserted the gold fields by the hundreds, the mandarins in ?l< charge being unable to track them into ? the forests. To replace the fugitives ! the Chinese Government was obliged j to gather together beggars and vagabonds and dispa :ch them to the mines. *. But these outcasts soon rejoined the ti.? first Chun-chus in the mountains, and thus the ranks Df the brigand hordes were increased by several thousand. ^ The Chun-chus soon formed themselves into a well organized associa- c tion. They had among their numbefr men belonging to the highest classes ca of Chinese socie y. For years previous ptC the Chinese Government had deported qc to Tsitsihar, in northern Manchuria, sei the mandarins who had been disgraced. ert for political reasons and those afiiliat- "a ed with secret societies which the f0] Court considered. as dangerous to the qc State. Many of. these mandarins had 0f fled from Tsitsihar and taken refuge sti with the Chun-chus, who, aware of the er] mandarins' intellectual superiority, it placed them at their head and made \ them draw up the rules of the asso- on ciation neeessaiy to every Chinaman's Qc existence. ve Gradually the federation of outlaws be became more f.nd more powerful as mc new recruits joined the ranks. In time the boldness of the Chun-chus in- sh creased; they established posts on- cei every highway in Manchuria, from ]es which they waylaid caravans and pil- a laged Government convoys. They wl robbed the inhabitants of the small qu villages and levied taxes on the most an important towns of the province. They sit ruled over the country by the terror tof they inspired i;i the inhabitants. The ica merchant; vessels which ply on the tal Sungari were not even safe from their "E attacks. These boats, many of large yt> dimensions, were stopped daily and po raasaciica. The daring of the Chun-chu3 wa9 r. such that thej openly shovred them- in selves in the s erects of Mukden. The Si! entire 'population knew them, but no toi ' \v;. v* >HUS ^ IF MANCHURIA ? [E EXPLORER, [R EXPLOITS. --Was Originally Formed ! Chinese Government Gold- ; s Them. *. 1 ie dared denounce tliem to the police, * great v.-as the terror they inspired. iieir increasing audacity finally reilted i.\ their discomfiture. They dnaped Chinese generals who reised to come to terms with them. The ?kiu Government then resolved to : ake a great effort to /id Manchuria ! the Chun-chu hordes. An army was ! nt' to exterminate the brigands, but j ost of them managed to escape by | viding themselves into small groups J id seeking refuge in the inaccessible I L-han-bo-chnn Mountains. Military posts were then established j t the Government throughout the : ovince; these posts have for the time ! fing prevented the Chuu-chus from ! newing their more daring exploits, j tiey have now retired to the moan- j ins of northern Manchuria, but j nmt Zichy states that further I!us- ; an defeats will undoubtedly result; a revival of brigandage by the I iiin-ehus throughout Manchuria. The incursion which the Chun-clius i ade in 1900 on the left banks of the mur was, it will be remembered, the etext used by the Russians for the cupation of Manchuria.?B. C. De i in the New York Times. DEPOSITS -OF BORAX. ??ions rroilucins: It Hare in >'o Cas? I Keen Exhausted. Herodotus, the father of history, a!- i ough lie was a very close observer j id wrote of almost everything coming j ider his eyes, does not anywhere | oak of borax or of what we knew as ich. Yet there is no doubt that it as known and used in his time and rlier. In the desert regions, consistg of old lake beds in Tibet and Asia inor, and from the volcanic regions Tuscany, in Italy, the world's supy of borax was obtained until about ty years ago, when North and South nerican began to present fields arer home. The favorable regions , r its existence, in paying quantities, cur most generally where old. dry Ices are found, situated in volcanic gions. Italy is an exception to this; , id, although verdure is abundant at istlenuevo and elsewhere nearby, racic acid is produced, yet, the Tern is volcanic, and gases are con- ' intly emayaiing from the numerous J ifices that abound over a large tract . country.' In Italy borax, in solum i<s nrntln.-^r? frnm thf wntors of ? -? ? I my springs: in Asia Minor and Tibit is obtained as a white powder, , d in a crystalized form from the old, y lake beds. 3n the Sea of Marmora there are ;ge deposits of borate of lime, in licli there exists a large percentage boracic acid. Of late years an Engh company has secured the deposits, 1 d for some years has been profitably 1 educing borax from them. As might : expected in such a country, borax j is discovered in many plates in the ' ?h, dry. desert plateaus of South J nerica as early as 1S23. About 1S35 ( posits were discovered at Ascotan, ! Bolivia, and about the same time rax discoveries were made in Peru 1 d Chile, where by crude methods, * rstallized borax was made in limited < antities; the quantity of borax then < ed in the world, compared with what 3 now, was small, but the prices real- < >d were high, being in most countries I )in fifty cents to .<1 per pound. J strange feature about the borax 1 that regions producing it have in no i se as( yet been exhausted, the min- l ll in the old lake regions continuing ] send up borax from below, as an taloid. and where worked this year ' may be worked again the year fol- : ving. Especially if there be any j ecipitation of snow or rain at any 1 e of the year*, the waters will pone- : ite .the soil and produce" chemical I tion that brings tbc borax, in either j powdered or crystallized state, to j i surface.?Mines and Mining. < i ioetbe and the Poetic Temperament. ] i recent book published in Munich T TT/m. neu i uiivu \uu jje\eui5.u?> uuu uci < icollections of Goetiio, shows us , >ethe at the age of seventy-four, pos- j ssing still a youth's capacity for , lotion, which Eckermann refers to as , fresh vivacity of heart.*' It was ^ : the seventeen-year-old Ulrika that | 1 >ethe wrote the impassioned "Elegy ^ Marienbad," a poem compact of \ ess and intensity, having, says Eck- ] inann, "something immediate about j ( as of a single jet of feeling.*' ! j Ulrik.i denies that she was, at sev- I ^ J. - i! I leeu, U &?uuuitrmui v^uauuue auu j ^ tetlie an aged Werther. She tells, } , ry ingenuiously, of being called from r embroidery one day by her grand)ther to meet an old gentleman. Unrare of his name and his celebrity, t e met him with the utmost uncon-1 , rn and indifference. It was doubt-1 s \ ! i ;s this ingenuiousness, coupled witii j childlike and charming appearance, | } lich won the poet's heart. The ac- j < aintauce riperied 4,into friendship i ^ d, into a deep devotion on the poet's j j le. The two took long daily walks! > jether." Goethe, in his mineralog-! j il excursions, has found an "humor- \ } [ violet,'' writes a contemporary, [e is distractedly in love with a ung girl, and wants to marry her. A . efc's folly!"?Harper's Weekly. J Hie pig iron.production of Germany j J January was S31,or>3 tons, against; 5,748 tons in December and 782,033. * is in January, 1903. j ? ? . Government AiU. HE advocates of Govern^ ^ meat aid in building and O O improving the roads are * ^ ? engaged in hunting up pre- '< cedents. The "latest thing In this line is Government aid to edu- j carton. They call attention to the *?' fact that, in our earlier history, large gifts of public lauds were made to the States to be used in support of * * the public schools. In 1S62 the Motrill act was passed by Congress making large grants of public lands to all the States, the income from which was to be used in the maintenance of agri- ^ cultural colleges. Iu 1S90 the second Morrill law was enacted making a national appropriation of $15,000 to each State to be used in supporting these -4 agricultural colleges. This annual appropriation has been increased from year to year until it is now $25,000 for each State. This direct appropriation, ? added to the income which all the States derive from the land grants of 3S62. makes an aggregate of nearly $2,000,000 a year which the States now receive as national aid to agricultural education. One interesting feature of this Gov- '* .. ernmeut aid scheme is that it involve? , co-operation between the nation and the States somewhat similar to that now proposed iu the Brownlow-Latimer rord bill. The Government appropriations and the land grant funds * must be used only in maintaining the colleges, not in establishing thorn. The States must provide the buildings and equipment. Most of the States also supply part of the funds used in pay- ^ ing the current expenses. In addition to all this Congress in 1SS7 passed the Hatch act, making a gift of $15^000 " annually to each. State to aid in sop- t porting a State experiment station, and ifi this we have another example of the same kind of co-operation. The > States now receive from the Government for the support of these stations nearly $800,00 annually. This added to the Government aid which/the colleges enjoy makes a grand total of more than $2,700,000 annually. < The good roads people are asking why their plan for national aid to road improvement should be branded as unconstitutional and paternalistic + while Government aid to education is a well established feature of our national poiicy. They point out that* while the Constitution- expressly em- i powers Congress "to "establish post roads." it is silent on the matter of education. They also claim that agricultural education is something which the States could handle far more easily than the imnrovement of the roads. * - I -'yjt Protect Their Roads. There is considerable agitation over the question of good roads. No one loubts the desirability of good roads. But suitable material for making good roads on a foundation of Florida sand is scarce in this State. If we had such laws as exist in Europe, our roads ?ould be made good with the material it band. European countries have long dis- 1 ** warded narrow tires in order to preserve and build their highways, and llso because it is economy in the use ^ )f the vehicle and the weight that a s I iiorse is able to draw, says the good Good Roads Magazine. Wide tires are not only lighter in their draught than narrow ones under nearly all condi?/ tions, but they roll the roads smooth" ; instead of cutting them to pieces. A V ; four-inch tire on a wagon carrying a heavy road is a road builder. . v v In France every freight and market wagon is a road maker. Tiie tires are from three to ten inches in width, usu, ' * lily with a single horse, the loads sveighing over two tons. With the new. ** * four-wheeled vehicles used in France the tires are rarely less than six inches in width, and the rear axle about fourteen inches longer than the fore * ixle, so that the rear or hind wheels run about one inch outside of the ^ level rolled by the front wheels. . In Germany the law prescribes that ill the wagons drawing heavy loads, such as coal, brick, earth, stone, etc., must have tires at least four inches ' . ivide. It is worse than useless to creite expensive and valuable highways 4 to have them only cut to pieces by the use of narrow tires as now used for ^ ' :he hauling of heavy loads in this country. When an expensive highway has ;;esn created it must be taken care jf. and methods heretofore permitted * must be changed in order to help main:ain it. Wide tires are of the greatest ralue in preserving ordinary dirt reads. -Florida Agriculturist. 1 The Greatest Ocean Depths. The deepest sounding ever made by ? my vessel was by the United States f ship Nero while on the Honolulu-Mania cable survey, with apparatus borrowed from the Albatross. When ^ iear Guam the Nero got 5269 fathoms, Mr 31,614 feet, only sixty-six feet less ?an six miles. If Mount Everest, the t_ lighest mountain on earth, were set ? ^ Iottii in this hole, it would have above ts summit a depth of 2612 feet, or icarly half a mile of water. - c, All Hindoos Are Poets. Foetry is ingrained in the Hindoo lature. Even the schoolboys are aught to recite and compose poems )eforc they can spell words of three ? syllables, and the very beggars solicit ilais with harps in their "hands and 7 iongs upon their lips \ * '