University of South Carolina Libraries
\ - x. v ■ , -<■ M- Works for. Welfare in ' 1 ‘ • ' • s. ' ^ / " »' Ways Picture a country estate of 1,500 acres, with stately bulldinrs placed at elevated points to form a great Irregu lar circle of half a mile In diameter. Inclose In this circle a beautiful grove of native oaks, threaded by smooth driveways and paths an^ cement side walks. Turn to the north and for a background outline against the sky at a distance of 20 miles, range after range of mountains, the home of the Highlands, of. Caesar’s Head, White- sides and other lofty peaks of the lilue Ridge. Think of these mountains as in summer clothed with verdure, standing out black against the hori- son, and In winter often white with snow. Take for the southern boun dary a river of Indian lineage and follow in its sweeping crookedness the swift and turbulent Seneca as It twists this way and that to mark the confines of the estate. And to this setting add broad expanses of rtver bottom lands green with corn, steep hillsides slnU- ous with level grassy terraces and cool pastures with winding brooks and graceful shade trees and you have a picture of Clemson College, not col ored to suit the canvas of an artist, but as seen every year by nearly a who seek amid these surroundings an education that will.prepare them for self-respecting, self-supporting cltl r senshlp. A Htorlod Spot. Clemson College is a unique blend ing of the old and the new, of the his toric with the now. Just across the road from the oadet dormitories, which every session house over 800 young men, and in sight of the new electric power station that day or night beats as the industrial heart of tile community, is the white columned mansion of the Illustrious John C. Cal houn. One can almost picture the .great statesman, as with hands be hind him he paces the avenues of cedar and oak, putting into form those matchless Ideals of patriotism whose fulfillment he never lived to see. About 50 yards to the rear of the mansion is a queer little one-story room structure with columned porch to match the mansion. This was the "*tudy~ or the great stateiman, and here were written many of his great orations. Under tills little study, which is about 20 feet square, is dug a deep pit in which Ice cut in winter was stored for summer use. How the seasons must have changed, for only during one or two winters of the 20 which the writer has spent in the "up country" has ice formed in sufficient thickness to Justify such ample stor age. In the old mansion are many his toric relics, including a chair used by Oen. George Washington, and a seven-' foot mohair-covered lounge on the back of which is carved the American angle. It Is said that the engraving on our coins was copied from this carving. The old mansion with its' historic memories, the peer of the Hermitage, Mount-fVernon and Monticello, is a priceless State and national asset, and should be a perennial, source of in spiration to succeeding generations of young South Carolinians who are privileged to live for four years in the shadow of Its historic Walls. Many are wont to ask why the col lege does not bear the name of Cal houn instead of the name of his son- in-law, Thos. G. Clemson. The answer is that nowhere does it appear in the records that Mr. Calhoun ever wished or planned the erection of an indus trial and technical., college on the old homestead. . The complete story of Mr. Clemson’s part in the founding of the college is too hing to be told here. A Vast riant. The college tract contains over 1,500 agres. On the property, there are 23 principal public buildings, 70 dwell ings and 64 minor buildings. The col lege has in its employ 401 teachers, officers and laborers. Its inventoried property is (1,327,728.57. The offi cers of the college send out yearly over 35,000 letters and oyer 435,0.00 other pieces of mail matter, most of which give agricultural Information. In _additIon_ to the^ parent station the college maintains two branch ex periment stations—one near Summer ville and the other at Florence. One more to be situated in the sand hill section of the State, just as soon as funds will permit, will complete a system representing the principal soil types of the State. The enrollment has grown from 446 students' in 1893 to 834. Originally there were but two courses of study— now there are 12. In addition to these regular degree courses, there is a four weeks' course for farmers and' a one-session practical agricultural' course extending from October 1 to June 1 for men over 18. The college maintains 168 four- year scholarships and 51 one-year scholarships, the cost of which, amounting to nearly (22,000, is paid out of the receipts from the fertilizer tag tax. Public Service. Hut the trustees of Clemson College have not only organized an efficient system of fertilizer inspection and an alysis, by which "the farmer gets value received from the tax he pays, and built and maintained a great agricul tural and mechanical college, but they have gone a step farther than is re quired by their compact with the peo ple and have sought to return to those who pay the tax in the shape of di rect service, all that could be spared over and above the cost of operation and building. The public service has grown as the fertilizer tax lias grown, now reaching an annual total of over $100,000. Clemson College, with its plant well developed, its patronage assured am| overiiowing, its lines of public service popular and' efficient, has behind it a creditable record of achievement, and before it a future bright with the promise of usefulness to ijouttr Caro lina. GROWING COWPEAS THE SOUTH’S WONDERFUL LEGUMINOUS CROP By J. N. Harper, Director, S. C. Ex periment Station. The’ cowpea is the best leguminous crop for the South. It produces hay fully equal to red clover. It resists drouth and a stand is easily secured. It is well adapted to nearly every type of soil in th* South, and has few dis eases and insect pests, and is a won derful soil improver, as it not only adds large amounts of nitrogen to the soil, but also puts the. soil in the best physical condition. This crop ha's been grown for a great number of years in the South, but its full im portance to Southern agriculture has not yet been fully realized. The seed can either be sown b(r^ad- cast or in rows. If wanted for seed, they should be planted in rows three feet apart and cultivated. When sown broadcast no cultivation is re quired. However, more seed must be used. Thexpowpea should not be planted In the spring until the ground is thoroughly warm and all danger of frost is passed. While the cowpea plant is well adapted to all kinds of soils, it is best suited to a warm, sandy soil. The hay from cowpeas is fnlly equal to that of red clover and the best varieties for hay purposes kn the -Pnfcnpyft- .Wonderful—JrQH iay. Whippoorwill, Red Ripper, Red rowder, Calico and the New Era. Land containing thfe fungus which tuses wilt should be sown to the on variety, which. resists the root K>t and wilt disease. The best va rieties for seed are Whippoorwill, New Era, Red Ripper, Black Eye, Red Crowder, Early Bullock, Black Bunch, Calvin and " Clay, Calico, Conch, Sport, Taylor, Warren’s New Hybrid. This station has obtained 19.6 bushels of seed per acre with the Whippoorwill. Probably the best all round variety is Whippoorwill. It is erect in its growth, is medium early in maturing its ^eed and a prolific bearer. The early varieties are New Era, Warren’s Extra Early, Red Crowder, Whippoorwill, Extra Early Brown Eye and Early Bullock. Late varieties are Taylor, Calico, Clay, Unknown, Wonderful and Red Ripper. The best varieties for soil Improve ment are Unknown, Iron Clay, Red Ripper, Whippoorwill, Red Crowder and New Era. The following varieties are trailing to recumbent in their growth: Cali co, Conch, New Era, Red Ripper and Red Crowder. Cowpeas should al ways be well fertilized with acid phos phate and some potash. On the sandy soilg of the coastal plain, a large amount of potash should be used. At growth was made until the soil was sweetened with mart. • V As the cowpea is a legume and col lects large amounts of nitrogeiy ^om the atmosphere by means of the terta growing in the nodules on roots, It fertilizer. . ’ ' When Intended tor bay, cowpeas should be planted broadcast with some other forage crop. German millet and sorghum are probably the best crops for this purpose. This sta tion has obtained as mnch as seven tons of well cured hay from sorghum and peas, two and one-half tons from peas and crab grass, and three and one-quarter tons from peaa and mil let. The most valuable part of the pea plant is the leaves, and the hay should be cured in such a manner lhat the largest amount of leaves pos sible should be retained with the hay. For that reason the pea should- not, remain long in the swath, but as soon as the leaves are dry suificiently, the hay should be raked in windrows for a day or so, then it should be dried out in cocks. A splendid way to ciiVe cowpea hay is to take it from the windrow und^stack It on a pole about six feet long, driven in the ground with crossarms nailed horizontally, the lowest being about eight inches irom the ground. The practical place of the cowpea in rotation is after small grain. ,A“ soon as oats or-wheat are cut, the land should be disked and planted in peas, sown broadcast, from four to six pecks per acre. This crop of peas will, shade the ground and improve the physical condition of the soil, will add nitrogen to the soil and prepare the land for the succeeding grain crop. i As Cowpea hay is a most valuable food, it should always be cut for hay However, if the object is to improve the land tlje pea vines can be turned under, if the succeeding crop, how ever, is to be a small grain, it is bet ter to cut the vines off as the pea vines will form a kind of mulch which will make the soil very loose and pre vent the proper rise of capillary moisture to the small grain. Small grain prefers a compact soil rather than a loose, porous soil. it always pays to plant cowpeas in corn at the last plqwing. If an early maturing variety is planted at this time, such as the Whippoorwill, New ira-nr 'ia* iwr the seed obtained will far offset the expense and trouble ol planting, and the peas growing in the corn, instead of hindering the growth of corn, wilt Increase the yield slightly, and will put tire land in bet ter condition for the aucceeding grain crop. Small one-horse drills now be ing manufactured for the purpose of drilling cowpeas in corn do the work better thhn it can* be done by hand, it always pays to plant a patch ot peas mixed with soy beans as a bog grazing crop. No machine has yet been manufactured that will satisfac torily pick peas. The thrashing, however, can be accomplished by a pea huller, which is far less expen sive.than thrashing out with Hail. In the sandy soils of the Ceastal Plain, the wilt disease and root knot disease is widely disseminated. No method has yet been found for com bating these diseases, excepting the rotation of crops and the planting of wilt resistant cotton and the Iron cowpea, which resists the wilt and the root knot. Stored cowpeas should always be treated with carbon bisul phide to keep away weevils, j numerous places about the barn la wasteful and it makes it very difficult to maintain sanitary conditions, i The spray for treating manure to kill maggots is described in Circular No. 23, of the Experiment Station. THE COTTON RED SPIDER. Methods Recommended for Control of This Insect Pest. . - fey A.i EV Conradl, State Entomologist and Head of Entomologist Division, Clemson College. During this dry weather one will notice reddish p-teas on leaves of cer tain plants. If is especially noticea ble on violets. The leavs soon tufh- brown and become dry and brittle. Maii^ j^eolls^call it rust, but if one stops ' ti> ■ examine into the matter closely he will find little reddish cbl- .ored mites on the under surfaces of the leaves. The characteristic web can also be easily noticed. This is the red spidei*. It is a dry weather insect, and if not stopped, it often does serious damage. The cotton red spider is one of'our most important cotton pests during June, July and August- This, so far, appears -to be a favorable year, and farmers should watch their cotton for the first appearance of this pesf. The damage occurs In spots in the field. Poke weed and vioiefxpianta shquld not be allowed in and abOuvJpiantS,- tions, "While underbrush should' be Kept down as far as practicable. As soon as the first infested plants are discovered they should be care fully removed and ourned. Blood red spots will show on tne upper surface - of leaves attacked. If inis is not done then the insects will spread from plant to plant and in a short time cause the ruination of a large area of cotton. This migration has to take place on foot, as the insects have no wings. This makes it at once appar ent that to a great extent at least it is 'tverybody’s own problem, regardless of his neighbors. * Whenever the. infestation spreads and the infested spots become larger, one of several sprays may -be given. The most satisfactory of these is po tassium sulfidq, recommended by Mr'. E. A. McGregor, of the Bureau of Entomology. 'J I us ^ material costs about 2.-> eVnts per pouncT, and tne spray consists of three pounds of po tassium sulfide in lou gallons of water. In spraying, the under sides of the leaves should be thoroughly covered. This is accomplished by means of an elbow of 4 5 degrees. A short one-quarter inch pipe makes a good extension rod, and in the ab sence of an elbow the end of this pipe may be bent. able fr*m other sources. At the last meeting of the General Assembly, (30,000 was appropriated for co-oper ating with the U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry in the work of tick eradica tion in South Carolina, this sum to be expended through Clemson Col lege. Shortly after this appropriation was received, arrangements were made to place tick eradication under an inspector who could devote his en tire time to this work. Tick eradica tion is now being rapidly pushed into all tick infested counties of this State. BERMUDA THE BEST SOUTHERN GRASS. HOG CHOLERA AND HOW TO CONTROL IT. By J. N. Harper, Director S.^C. Exper iment Station, Clemson College. Bermuda grass is the most valua ble grass the South possesses and is the best for pasturage and lawn pur poses. Its true value is not yet ap preciated by its most ardent advo cates. There are several varieties or t^pes of’this grass grown in the South differing from each other mainly in the size of stems and spiculets and in hardiness. Some of the smaller, hardy types are from two to three weeks earlier in making their growth in the early spring than are the coarser varieties. There are other species of-grasses, such as wire grass and Egyptian grass, often mistaken ■by farmers for Bermuda, and for this reason Bermuda grass is sometimes denounced as being worthless by farmers who have growing on their farms the other species wnich are. of littie value. ' | Bermuda grass, when grown on well improved . land and properly treated, will afford during six months of the year as much grass as the aver age blue grass pasture of Kentucky. 1 have known one acre to furnish all the food during the summer months for six calves. Three acres of this grass on improved land will pasture nfleen brood sows with their litters, uiey requiring no other food than that afforded by five acres of forage props. When grown on rich bottom lands and kept free from weeds and properly fertilized, Bermuda grass af fords a splendid meadow, as it can toe cut twice during the season, yielding from three to four torts of excellent hay. Bermuda hay is rich in carbo hydrates and makes as goood hay as timothy. It is well suited for work stock, but is not so good* for dairy cattle. . * Fortunately, we have discovered that Bermuda grass is not a serious GASOLINE ENGINES ON THE. MODERN FARM. Some Practical and Helpful Details !» Operating This Aid to Farming. By Styles Howard, Assistant Profes sor Machine Shop, Clemson College, Of the various power-producing machines in use on the farm, pro ably the most used and the adaptable to all sorts of conditions the single-cylinder gasoline engine < the four-stroke cycle type. This ma chine is made in two forms, vertical and horizontal, and with either air or water-cooled cylinder. While machines of different makers vary as to detail, they all have the same essential parts; namely, cylin der with inlet and exhaust ^ valves, piston, connecting rod, crank shaft, cfank shaft bearipgs with supporU, fly wheels, exhaust valve opener, gov ernor, ignition apparatus, carburetor, cooling apparatus and oiling system. Thebe engines may be purchased in sizes from one-half horse power up ward. . . Unlike the steam engine, with iVhose' plilling powers we are familiar, the gasoline engine will not carry much overload; hence it is advisable to buy a machine large enough to do the maximum work required of it without overloading, if tne engine is to be used for pumping only, small special pumping machines that give excellent service may be .bought at a reasonable price. If the farmer owns but one engine, it is probably advisa ble in all cases to procure a larger machine than the small sizes, a ma- ; chine that will drive the wood saw, the corn sheller, the feed grinder, and so on. These machines give a relatively high efficiency qt light' loads, and it is, therefore,j^not ob- Jqctional to run them light. The farmer, for. a small outlay of money, can provide a room in which he can set his engine and such ma chines as he desires to run with It, and his wood saw may occupy an open shed at the side of the room. A rod of cold-rolled steel, mounted in hang ers attached to the overhead wood work, makes an excellent line shaft at low cost. This sjiaft should run lengthwise the full length of the room to provide, for as many machines as the room will hold. The feed grtnder, corn sheller, etc., may be put together in a part of the room separated from the balance of the room by a pa.n\-f tlon, and beyond this partition may installed the washing machine, tmil Cream separator, the churn, the elec-™ trie plant, etc. These machines are driven by the line shaft by means of belts. In a limited space it is not possible to discuss the many uses to which a gasoline engine may be put on thp weed enemy, for as it uofcs not mature seed to an> exn ul in tms country and larm. but. the writer wishes to im- F1GHT1NG THE HOUSE FLY. Use of Ily Trap, Screens and .Sin-ay Against Dangerous Best. By A. F. Conradi, State Entomologist and He>ad.of Entomological Divi sion, Clemson' College. The house ily breeds mainly in moist horse and sow manure and privy closets. Unlike the stable ily it can not bite. Before thunderstorms snd on sultry days the stable ily molests man with its bites and this leads to the erroneous conclusion v that the house Ily bites. , The eggs of the house Hy are laid on the manure and hatch the same, day. in five days the maggot transforms to the pupa or resting stage and in ten days from'the time the egg is laid the full grown insect appears. Its first impulse is to find something to eat, and with the fresh tilth of its putre factive breeding placo covering every part of its body, it goes to the kitchen where it samples the meat, bathes in the milk, trails over the'butter, licks up the jelly, crawls over the baby’s face and hands and then goes back td the manure pile to’lay eggs and retuFn to the house for more food.- ^Bj:sides a general carrier of disease and fllfh, the house fly is known'fo carry several of our most dangerous diseases. " ' : ’ The campaign against the fly should begin at the breeding ground. Use the fly* trap judiciously ■ about the barns, privy closets, kitchen door, hog pens and other breeding places. Circular 23 of Clemson College gives directions for making traps and’ one trap is In the hands of- each of the county demonstration agents where It can Be examined." 4 Avoid filth or any other fly-attract- ink material about the premises, such as garbage or slops. Garbage and kitchen refuse should be kept In tightly covered'vessels. Never throw it on the ground. It is sure to attract flies. ’ ' v--- -- '«• > Screen privy closets. Have every tloset provided with a keg or barrel of air slaked lime'an'd use freely to dry Op .the closet material. -house. Manure is valuable. If removed from stalls at a time when It cannot be Immediately spread on the field it should-toe stored in a . definite place, preferably In a compost shed or pit. to have manure scattered or placed at By Dr. M. Ray Powers, State Veteri narian and Head of Veterinary Division. Clemson College, ( There are two principal methods of preventing Jiog cholera; one by the use of serum, and the other by taking care to avoid the methods ot spread ing the disease, which are here out lined briefly. Hog cholera is spread by failure properly to dispose of the carcases of dead hogs. Buzzards, dogs and.other animals feeding upon these carcasses can carry infection to other premises.' All carcasses should be burned or burled immediately, and buzzards should be destroyed in communities where they are not protected by law. in communities where these scaven gers are thus protected, the law should be repealed-,and the birds de stroyed. — Atrother very common method oT spreading hog cholera is walking through yatds or fields where sick hogs are kept and carrying the infec tion on shoes arid clothing to other premises where healthy hogs are con fined. it should be remembered that discharges from hogs infected with cholera are very infectious, and the owners should not go or allow any of their help to go on premises where there are sick hogs. Neither should they allow neighbors to go among their hogs When cholera exists in the community. Healthy hogs should be cared for by persons who have not been where the disease existsc'and no one else should be. allowed near the healthy drove. --— -Cholera may be spread by streams receiving drainage from infected premises, by buying hogs from prem ises where the disease prists, or from public stock yards, or by failure to isolate newly purchased hogs until their freedom from disease has been ascertained. These three matters de serve careful attention. , When cholera exists in a neighbor hood every hog owner should estab lish a strict quarantine on his in dividual premises. ^Vhen the disease exists on adjoining farms hogs should be protected .by injection with anti- hog cholera serum. The sudden death of one or two hogs should lead the owner to suspect cholera. If upon examination of the carcasses cholera lesiorts are found, all healthy hogs should be moved at once to new lots or pens until they can be Injected with serum. •' A*farmer finding cholera among his hogs should at once apply to the Veterinary Division', Clemson College, for serum, which" is to be had at act ual cost of manufacture,' and should secure the services-of his county farm demonstration agent, who has been instructed in the use of serum. . H is the duty qf all citizens to see that the State law relative to prompt disposal of carcasses is" strictly en forced. . ■ FREEING THE STATE OF THE CATTLE TICK. By Dr. M. Ray Powers, State Veter inarian artd Head of Veterinary Division, Clemson College, In 'July, 1907, the Veterinary Divi sion of Clemson College, in co-oper ation with the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, commenced tick eradication work in Oconee, Pickens, Greenville and Anderson Counties. Since that date this work has been gradually and systematically extended until fourteen counties are now free from ticks and released from Federal Quarantine. Systematic, work has also beemiaf^e "Shapes begin progress- in mx'-other v-ounttesiforTfir past year, and these should be in con dition for releasfTth+s fall. - Prior to 1914 (he expense* of tick eradication work was borne by Clem son College and the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry,* With the exception of about (600 (received from citizens of these counties) no funds were ttv&fl- xteat ohly oy underground and overground stems it can be easily kept in cneck. As it is a tropical plant and requires plenty of sunlight it can be easily eradicated in two or three years by shading it out by growing winter legumes, such us vet^ch, planted with outs, followed by a summer legume, such as cowpeas or vtelvet beans.- Ber muda does not damage cotton any thing like us mifeh as does crab grass, and a good crop of corn can be made In the field badly infested with Ber muda if properly cultivated. Bermuda grass is of great benefit to the soil in that it prevents it from washing, adds humus to the soil and fills the soil with innumerable fibrous roots .which produce the best form of humus. It is an annual with perennial, under ground stems. If Bermuda is planted in the fall it can be grown with oats and vetch, or with bur clover. It is a splendid plant for terrace banks and is also valuable to grow on railroad and pond banks to prevent }hem from cat’Rtg in and washing away. As it requires plenty of sunlight, it will not grow well in shaded places, it can be propagated by sowing the seed at the rate of two pounds to the acre or by planting pieces pf sod. v$ ! A good way to obtain a Berrtiuda sod is to break the land with a turning jpilow or disk plow and in every furrow drop a small piece of sod every ■twelve inches, the' next furrow covering it from two to three inches deep. It cun be sodded almost any time dur ing tlie year, but the best time is in the early spring. It should be planted after some winter legume, such as our clover, crimson clover, or vetch, if planted in the spring; and if planted in the fall, should follow cow peas, soybeans, velvet beans or beg- garweed. After the land has been plowed and the plants dropped, the land should be thoroughly harrowed to make the pasture smooth and even.- Cattle should be turned into the pasture as soon us possible. The best Bermuda pasture can be ruined by allowing weeds and other grasses to grow. Bur clover can be sown in the fall in a Bermuda pasture. Bermuda grass is usually ready *for good pas ture by Juqe 1st. After the pasture Tills remained in Bermuda grass four or five years, it should be plowed up jn Hie early spring and planted in cowpeas. The cowpeas will improve the physical condition of the soil and will add nitrogen, which is most bene ficial to tiie-Bermuda. If a Bermuda pasture is allowed to run’too long it becomes sod-bound and a poor quality of grass] is produced." It is a heavy feeder on nitrogen and should be fer tilized with an application of nitrate of soda about the middle of every April, using froiii 50 to 100 pounds per acre. Acid phosphate should be applied every four years at the rate of 300 or 400 pounds per adre. A good time to apply this is at the time the land is broken in the spring prepara tory for a crop of peas. One thousand pounds of lime is also very beneficial. This can be applied once every live or six years. If Bermuda is planted with Texas blue grass, white clover and common vetch a pasture can be ob tained that will afford good grazing nine or ten months in the year. RESULTS OF TOP-DRESSING. Best Times to Apply Nitrate of Soda to Com and Cptton. By T. E. Keitt, Chemist, S. C. Experi ment Station, Clemson College. ' Results obtained at the South Caro lina Experiment Station show that a top-dressing with nitrate of soda gives go.od results on cotton, corn and small grains. The Increase is most marked duringra-wt year. trccause this nitro gen is already in an immediately available form, while the rotting of the organic sources does not proceed as rapidly as usual on account of tin excess of t moisture in the soil. Thd amount to apply per acre varies with th» fertility of the soil and the pre vious fertUjzaUop^,hut we would eug- gest from fifty pounds per acre on poor land up, according to the fertil ity of the soil/ Early applications are coming into favor. We recommend that the soda be applied to corn when it is between knee and waist high, to cotton Just as be taken not to sow nltr&te of soda on wet plants,, because it is likely to scald them. It is Best td apply it Just after a rain, when tKe moisture has dried off of the letoves of the plants, then cultivate -with, a mulch forming press on the farmer the fact that it is well worth the farmer's time to acquaint himself with the possibili ties of the gasoline engine with refer ence to his own particular case. Man ufacturers and dealers are ready to supply full and free information on request. A great many people are under the impression that the gasoline engine is a very unreliable and dangerous thing. This erroneous impression is due to the fact that the machine is not un derstood by these people. As a mat ter of fact, the gasoline engine is one of the simplest of prime movers, and if kept in good order’ and in proper adjustment, it is a most -dependable source of power. When the farmer forms the habit of rubbing down his engine frequently and looking it over for loose nuts and slipped adjust ments, at the same time looking care fully to the quality of lubricating oil he uses, he will find that he possesses a safe, economical, and very satisfac tory power. — COLICS OF HORSE AND MULE Type* of Malady tfnd What to Do iu Treating Kadi Kind. By Dr. M. Ray Powers, State Veter inarian and Hoad of Veterinary Division, Clemson College. One of the most common and alarm ing diseased conditions occurring in horses and mules is that of colic. The- term is a very loose one, being generally used to denote any abdominal pain whatever, and it may readily be inferned'that it, therefore, occurs in & great variety of diseases, it "Is. however, only necessary here to consider it unRer two heals, viz., spasmodic colic and colic due to im paction or obstruction of the bowels. ' Spasmodic colic is probably of the most frequent occurrence and consists of a violent'contraction of the muscles of the intestines, causing intense pain. It is usually brougtit on by giving large amounts of cold water to a horse over-heated; by exposing such a horse to chilling rains after a hard driv.J sometimes by giving a heavy feed q J green succulent food; and iq horses N that are predisposed to it, a sudden change of diet may be all that is necessary to bring on an attack. The condition is recognized by the horse suddenly showing symptoms of intertse pain following some of the causes above mentioned; stamping violently with one hind foot; looking around at the flanks with an anxious expression; sweating; lying down sud denly and rolling in agony, and with occasional perio.ds of freedom from pain followed by similar attacks. Colic from impaction is a condition in which there is a partial or complete stoppage of the bowels, and may be brought on by overloading the* stom ach when in a tired out condition and particularly with dry, innutritious feed. A faulty condition of the teeth may atso be a predisposing factor on account of imperfect mastication of the food. This condition Is accom panied by constipation and the animal shows evidences of a continuous dull pain as compared with that of spas modic colic, moving stiffly, lying down occasionally and groaning, but with the absence of-violent movements. It also runs a longer course usually than spasmodic colic. In spasmodic colic a sedative or narcotic treatment should be resorted to in urder to overcome the violent contraction and relieve the pain. One of the best remedies is fluid extract of Cannabis indica, or Indian hamp, given in doses of six drams by the mouth. This brings on drowsiness and, as a rule, by the time the drowsi ness has worn off the colic has disap peared. Another good remedy is chloral hydrate given in doses of one ounce dissolved in a pint of water; or if a hypodermic syringe be availa ble, two grains of sulphate of mor phine may be dissolved In a little water that has been boiled and al-‘ lowed to cool and Injected under the skin. With impaction colic, entirely dif- ferent remedies are needed, the ob ject being to unload the Intestines of the offending material. For this pur} pose five drams of aloes dissolved i a quart of hot water and conjoinl with one ounce of oil of turpentMB^ and one dram of fluid extract of nux vomica may be given; or ther ,? h iL P f ? eg lr- t0 v (innyeffiaiujg small grain in March. Care Miould half pinu of linseed oil may T * and if there is evidence "ofmuch^pafn three drams of Cannabis indica may also be given. Copious recUl injec tions of soap suds are beneficial also. These remedies will usually suffice, _ but If more drastic treatment is hpom implement as soon as the ground-IS sary it should bq entrusted to a vataT dry enough to plow. --'r manar, ™ » veter-