The Barnwell people. (Barnwell, S.C.) 1884-1925, June 11, 1914, Image 6
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x. v
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Works for. Welfare in
' 1 ‘ • ' • s. ' ^ / " »'
Ways
Picture a country estate of 1,500
acres, with stately bulldinrs placed at
elevated points to form a great Irregu
lar circle of half a mile In diameter.
Inclose In this circle a beautiful grove
of native oaks, threaded by smooth
driveways and paths an^ cement side
walks. Turn to the north and for a
background outline against the sky at
a distance of 20 miles, range after
range of mountains, the home of the
Highlands, of. Caesar’s Head, White-
sides and other lofty peaks of the lilue
Ridge. Think of these mountains as
in summer clothed with verdure,
standing out black against the hori-
son, and In winter often white with
snow. Take for the southern boun
dary a river of Indian lineage and
follow in its sweeping crookedness the
swift and turbulent Seneca as It twists
this way and that to mark the confines
of the estate. And to this setting add
broad expanses of rtver bottom lands
green with corn, steep hillsides slnU-
ous with level grassy terraces and cool
pastures with winding brooks and
graceful shade trees and you have a
picture of Clemson College, not col
ored to suit the canvas of an artist,
but as seen every year by nearly a
who seek amid these surroundings an
education that will.prepare them for
self-respecting, self-supporting cltl r
senshlp.
A Htorlod Spot.
Clemson College is a unique blend
ing of the old and the new, of the his
toric with the now. Just across the
road from the oadet dormitories,
which every session house over 800
young men, and in sight of the new
electric power station that day or
night beats as the industrial heart of
tile community, is the white columned
mansion of the Illustrious John C. Cal
houn. One can almost picture the
.great statesman, as with hands be
hind him he paces the avenues of
cedar and oak, putting into form those
matchless Ideals of patriotism whose
fulfillment he never lived to see.
About 50 yards to the rear of the
mansion is a queer little one-story
room structure with columned porch
to match the mansion. This was the
"*tudy~ or the great stateiman, and
here were written many of his great
orations. Under tills little study,
which is about 20 feet square, is dug
a deep pit in which Ice cut in winter
was stored for summer use. How the
seasons must have changed, for only
during one or two winters of the 20
which the writer has spent in the "up
country" has ice formed in sufficient
thickness to Justify such ample stor
age.
In the old mansion are many his
toric relics, including a chair used by
Oen. George Washington, and a seven-'
foot mohair-covered lounge on the
back of which is carved the American
angle. It Is said that the engraving
on our coins was copied from this
carving.
The old mansion with its' historic
memories, the peer of the Hermitage,
Mount-fVernon and Monticello, is a
priceless State and national asset, and
should be a perennial, source of in
spiration to succeeding generations of
young South Carolinians who are
privileged to live for four years in the
shadow of Its historic Walls.
Many are wont to ask why the col
lege does not bear the name of Cal
houn instead of the name of his son-
in-law, Thos. G. Clemson. The answer
is that nowhere does it appear in the
records that Mr. Calhoun ever wished
or planned the erection of an indus
trial and technical., college on the old
homestead. . The complete story of
Mr. Clemson’s part in the founding of
the college is too hing to be told here.
A Vast riant.
The college tract contains over 1,500
agres. On the property, there are 23
principal public buildings, 70 dwell
ings and 64 minor buildings. The col
lege has in its employ 401 teachers,
officers and laborers. Its inventoried
property is (1,327,728.57. The offi
cers of the college send out yearly
over 35,000 letters and oyer 435,0.00
other pieces of mail matter, most of
which give agricultural Information.
In _additIon_ to the^ parent station
the college maintains two branch ex
periment stations—one near Summer
ville and the other at Florence. One
more to be situated in the sand hill
section of the State, just as soon as
funds will permit, will complete a
system representing the principal soil
types of the State.
The enrollment has grown from 446
students' in 1893 to 834. Originally
there were but two courses of study—
now there are 12. In addition to
these regular degree courses, there is
a four weeks' course for farmers and'
a one-session practical agricultural'
course extending from October 1 to
June 1 for men over 18.
The college maintains 168 four-
year scholarships and 51 one-year
scholarships, the cost of which,
amounting to nearly (22,000, is paid
out of the receipts from the fertilizer
tag tax.
Public Service.
Hut the trustees of Clemson College
have not only organized an efficient
system of fertilizer inspection and an
alysis, by which "the farmer gets value
received from the tax he pays, and
built and maintained a great agricul
tural and mechanical college, but they
have gone a step farther than is re
quired by their compact with the peo
ple and have sought to return to those
who pay the tax in the shape of di
rect service, all that could be spared
over and above the cost of operation
and building. The public service has
grown as the fertilizer tax lias grown,
now reaching an annual total of over
$100,000.
Clemson College, with its plant well
developed, its patronage assured am|
overiiowing, its lines of public service
popular and' efficient, has behind it a
creditable record of achievement, and
before it a future bright with the
promise of usefulness to ijouttr Caro
lina.
GROWING COWPEAS THE SOUTH’S
WONDERFUL LEGUMINOUS CROP
By J. N. Harper, Director, S. C. Ex
periment Station.
The’ cowpea is the best leguminous
crop for the South. It produces hay
fully equal to red clover. It resists
drouth and a stand is easily secured.
It is well adapted to nearly every type
of soil in th* South, and has few dis
eases and insect pests, and is a won
derful soil improver, as it not only
adds large amounts of nitrogen to
the soil, but also puts the. soil in the
best physical condition. This crop
ha's been grown for a great number of
years in the South, but its full im
portance to Southern agriculture has
not yet been fully realized.
The seed can either be sown b(r^ad-
cast or in rows. If wanted for seed,
they should be planted in rows three
feet apart and cultivated. When
sown broadcast no cultivation is re
quired. However, more seed must be
used. Thexpowpea should not be
planted In the spring until the ground
is thoroughly warm and all danger
of frost is passed. While the cowpea
plant is well adapted to all kinds of
soils, it is best suited to a warm,
sandy soil. The hay from cowpeas is
fnlly equal to that of red clover and
the best varieties for hay purposes
kn the -Pnfcnpyft- .Wonderful—JrQH
iay. Whippoorwill, Red Ripper, Red
rowder, Calico and the New Era.
Land containing thfe fungus which
tuses wilt should be sown to the
on variety, which. resists the root
K>t and wilt disease. The best va
rieties for seed are Whippoorwill,
New Era, Red Ripper, Black Eye,
Red Crowder, Early Bullock, Black
Bunch, Calvin and " Clay, Calico,
Conch, Sport, Taylor, Warren’s New
Hybrid. This station has obtained
19.6 bushels of seed per acre with the
Whippoorwill. Probably the best all
round variety is Whippoorwill. It is
erect in its growth, is medium early
in maturing its ^eed and a prolific
bearer.
The early varieties are New Era,
Warren’s Extra Early, Red Crowder,
Whippoorwill, Extra Early Brown
Eye and Early Bullock.
Late varieties are Taylor, Calico,
Clay, Unknown, Wonderful and Red
Ripper.
The best varieties for soil Improve
ment are Unknown, Iron Clay, Red
Ripper, Whippoorwill, Red Crowder
and New Era.
The following varieties are trailing
to recumbent in their growth: Cali
co, Conch, New Era, Red Ripper and
Red Crowder. Cowpeas should al
ways be well fertilized with acid phos
phate and some potash. On the sandy
soilg of the coastal plain, a large
amount of potash should be used. At
growth was made until the soil was
sweetened with mart. • V
As the cowpea is a legume and col
lects large amounts of nitrogeiy ^om
the atmosphere by means of the
terta growing in the nodules on
roots, It
fertilizer. . ’ '
When Intended tor bay, cowpeas
should be planted broadcast with
some other forage crop. German
millet and sorghum are probably the
best crops for this purpose. This sta
tion has obtained as mnch as seven
tons of well cured hay from sorghum
and peas, two and one-half tons from
peas and crab grass, and three and
one-quarter tons from peaa and mil
let.
The most valuable part of the pea
plant is the leaves, and the hay
should be cured in such a manner
lhat the largest amount of leaves pos
sible should be retained with the hay.
For that reason the pea should- not,
remain long in the swath, but as soon
as the leaves are dry suificiently, the
hay should be raked in windrows for
a day or so, then it should be dried
out in cocks. A splendid way to ciiVe
cowpea hay is to take it from the
windrow und^stack It on a pole about
six feet long, driven in the ground
with crossarms nailed horizontally,
the lowest being about eight inches
irom the ground.
The practical place of the cowpea
in rotation is after small grain. ,A“
soon as oats or-wheat are cut, the
land should be disked and planted in
peas, sown broadcast, from four to
six pecks per acre. This crop of peas
will, shade the ground and improve
the physical condition of the soil, will
add nitrogen to the soil and prepare
the land for the succeeding grain
crop. i
As Cowpea hay is a most valuable
food, it should always be cut for hay
However, if the object is to improve
the land tlje pea vines can be turned
under, if the succeeding crop, how
ever, is to be a small grain, it is bet
ter to cut the vines off as the pea
vines will form a kind of mulch which
will make the soil very loose and pre
vent the proper rise of capillary
moisture to the small grain. Small
grain prefers a compact soil rather
than a loose, porous soil.
it always pays to plant cowpeas in
corn at the last plqwing. If an early
maturing variety is planted at this
time, such as the Whippoorwill, New
ira-nr 'ia* iwr the seed obtained will
far offset the expense and trouble ol
planting, and the peas growing in the
corn, instead of hindering the growth
of corn, wilt Increase the yield
slightly, and will put tire land in bet
ter condition for the aucceeding grain
crop. Small one-horse drills now be
ing manufactured for the purpose of
drilling cowpeas in corn do the work
better thhn it can* be done by hand,
it always pays to plant a patch ot
peas mixed with soy beans as a bog
grazing crop. No machine has yet
been manufactured that will satisfac
torily pick peas. The thrashing,
however, can be accomplished by a
pea huller, which is far less expen
sive.than thrashing out with Hail.
In the sandy soils of the Ceastal
Plain, the wilt disease and root knot
disease is widely disseminated. No
method has yet been found for com
bating these diseases, excepting the
rotation of crops and the planting of
wilt resistant cotton and the Iron
cowpea, which resists the wilt and
the root knot. Stored cowpeas should
always be treated with carbon bisul
phide to keep away weevils, j
numerous places about the barn la
wasteful and it makes it very difficult
to maintain sanitary conditions,
i The spray for treating manure to
kill maggots is described in Circular
No. 23, of the Experiment Station.
THE COTTON RED SPIDER.
Methods Recommended for Control
of This Insect Pest. . -
fey A.i EV Conradl, State Entomologist
and Head of Entomologist Division,
Clemson College.
During this dry weather one will
notice reddish p-teas on leaves of cer
tain plants. If is especially noticea
ble on violets. The leavs soon tufh-
brown and become dry and brittle.
Maii^ j^eolls^call it rust, but if one
stops ' ti> ■ examine into the matter
closely he will find little reddish cbl-
.ored mites on the under surfaces of
the leaves. The characteristic web
can also be easily noticed. This is
the red spidei*. It is a dry weather
insect, and if not stopped, it often
does serious damage.
The cotton red spider is one of'our
most important cotton pests during
June, July and August- This, so far,
appears -to be a favorable year, and
farmers should watch their cotton for
the first appearance of this pesf. The
damage occurs In spots in the field.
Poke weed and vioiefxpianta shquld
not be allowed in and abOuvJpiantS,-
tions, "While underbrush should' be
Kept down as far as practicable.
As soon as the first infested plants
are discovered they should be care
fully removed and ourned. Blood red
spots will show on tne upper surface -
of leaves attacked. If inis is not
done then the insects will spread from
plant to plant and in a short time
cause the ruination of a large area of
cotton. This migration has to take
place on foot, as the insects have no
wings. This makes it at once appar
ent that to a great extent at least it is
'tverybody’s own problem, regardless
of his neighbors. *
Whenever the. infestation spreads
and the infested spots become larger,
one of several sprays may -be given.
The most satisfactory of these is po
tassium sulfidq, recommended by Mr'.
E. A. McGregor, of the Bureau of
Entomology. 'J I us ^ material costs
about 2.-> eVnts per pouncT, and tne
spray consists of three pounds of po
tassium sulfide in lou gallons of
water. In spraying, the under sides
of the leaves should be thoroughly
covered. This is accomplished by
means of an elbow of 4 5 degrees. A
short one-quarter inch pipe makes a
good extension rod, and in the ab
sence of an elbow the end of this pipe
may be bent.
able fr*m other sources. At the last
meeting of the General Assembly,
(30,000 was appropriated for co-oper
ating with the U. 8. Bureau of Animal
Industry in the work of tick eradica
tion in South Carolina, this sum to
be expended through Clemson Col
lege. Shortly after this appropriation
was received, arrangements were
made to place tick eradication under
an inspector who could devote his en
tire time to this work. Tick eradica
tion is now being rapidly pushed into
all tick infested counties of this State.
BERMUDA THE BEST
SOUTHERN GRASS.
HOG CHOLERA AND
HOW TO CONTROL IT.
By J. N. Harper, Director S.^C. Exper
iment Station, Clemson College.
Bermuda grass is the most valua
ble grass the South possesses and is
the best for pasturage and lawn pur
poses. Its true value is not yet ap
preciated by its most ardent advo
cates. There are several varieties or
t^pes of’this grass grown in the South
differing from each other mainly in
the size of stems and spiculets and in
hardiness. Some of the smaller,
hardy types are from two to three
weeks earlier in making their growth
in the early spring than are the
coarser varieties. There are other
species of-grasses, such as wire grass
and Egyptian grass, often mistaken
■by farmers for Bermuda, and for this
reason Bermuda grass is sometimes
denounced as being worthless by
farmers who have growing on their
farms the other species wnich are. of
littie value. ' |
Bermuda grass, when grown on
well improved . land and properly
treated, will afford during six months
of the year as much grass as the aver
age blue grass pasture of Kentucky.
1 have known one acre to furnish all
the food during the summer months
for six calves. Three acres of this
grass on improved land will pasture
nfleen brood sows with their litters,
uiey requiring no other food than
that afforded by five acres of forage
props. When grown on rich bottom
lands and kept free from weeds and
properly fertilized, Bermuda grass af
fords a splendid meadow, as it can toe
cut twice during the season, yielding
from three to four torts of excellent
hay. Bermuda hay is rich in carbo
hydrates and makes as goood hay as
timothy. It is well suited for work
stock, but is not so good* for dairy
cattle. . *
Fortunately, we have discovered
that Bermuda grass is not a serious
GASOLINE ENGINES
ON THE. MODERN FARM.
Some Practical and Helpful Details !»
Operating This Aid to Farming.
By Styles Howard, Assistant Profes
sor Machine Shop, Clemson College,
Of the various power-producing
machines in use on the farm, pro
ably the most used and the
adaptable to all sorts of conditions
the single-cylinder gasoline engine <
the four-stroke cycle type. This ma
chine is made in two forms, vertical
and horizontal, and with either air or
water-cooled cylinder.
While machines of different makers
vary as to detail, they all have the
same essential parts; namely, cylin
der with inlet and exhaust ^ valves,
piston, connecting rod, crank shaft,
cfank shaft bearipgs with supporU,
fly wheels, exhaust valve opener, gov
ernor, ignition apparatus, carburetor,
cooling apparatus and oiling system.
Thebe engines may be purchased in
sizes from one-half horse power up
ward. . .
Unlike the steam engine, with
iVhose' plilling powers we are familiar,
the gasoline engine will not carry
much overload; hence it is advisable
to buy a machine large enough to do
the maximum work required of it
without overloading, if tne engine is
to be used for pumping only, small
special pumping machines that give
excellent service may be .bought at a
reasonable price. If the farmer owns
but one engine, it is probably advisa
ble in all cases to procure a larger
machine than the small sizes, a ma- ;
chine that will drive the wood saw,
the corn sheller, the feed grinder,
and so on. These machines give a
relatively high efficiency qt light'
loads, and it is, therefore,j^not ob-
Jqctional to run them light.
The farmer, for. a small outlay of
money, can provide a room in which
he can set his engine and such ma
chines as he desires to run with It,
and his wood saw may occupy an open
shed at the side of the room. A rod
of cold-rolled steel, mounted in hang
ers attached to the overhead wood
work, makes an excellent line shaft
at low cost. This sjiaft should run
lengthwise the full length of the room
to provide, for as many machines as
the room will hold. The feed grtnder,
corn sheller, etc., may be put together
in a part of the room separated from
the balance of the room by a pa.n\-f
tlon, and beyond this partition may
installed the washing machine, tmil
Cream separator, the churn, the elec-™
trie plant, etc. These machines are
driven by the line shaft by means of
belts.
In a limited space it is not possible
to discuss the many uses to which a
gasoline engine may be put on thp
weed enemy, for as it uofcs not mature
seed to an> exn ul in tms country and larm. but. the writer wishes to im-
F1GHT1NG THE HOUSE FLY.
Use of Ily Trap, Screens and .Sin-ay
Against Dangerous Best.
By A. F. Conradi, State Entomologist
and He>ad.of Entomological Divi
sion, Clemson' College.
The house ily breeds mainly in moist
horse and sow manure and privy
closets. Unlike the stable ily it can
not bite. Before thunderstorms snd
on sultry days the stable ily molests
man with its bites and this leads to
the erroneous conclusion v that the
house Ily bites. ,
The eggs of the house Hy are laid on
the manure and hatch the same, day.
in five days the maggot transforms to
the pupa or resting stage and in ten
days from'the time the egg is laid the
full grown insect appears. Its first
impulse is to find something to eat,
and with the fresh tilth of its putre
factive breeding placo covering every
part of its body, it goes to the kitchen
where it samples the meat, bathes in
the milk, trails over the'butter, licks
up the jelly, crawls over the baby’s
face and hands and then goes back td
the manure pile to’lay eggs and retuFn
to the house for more food.-
^Bj:sides a general carrier of disease
and fllfh, the house fly is known'fo
carry several of our most dangerous
diseases. " ' : ’
The campaign against the fly should
begin at the breeding ground.
Use the fly* trap judiciously ■ about
the barns, privy closets, kitchen door,
hog pens and other breeding places.
Circular 23 of Clemson College gives
directions for making traps and’ one
trap is In the hands of- each of the
county demonstration agents where
It can Be examined."
4
Avoid filth or any other fly-attract-
ink material about the premises, such
as garbage or slops. Garbage and
kitchen refuse should be kept In
tightly covered'vessels. Never throw
it on the ground. It is sure to attract
flies. ’ '
v--- -- '«• >
Screen privy closets. Have every
tloset provided with a keg or barrel
of air slaked lime'an'd use freely to
dry Op .the closet material.
-house.
Manure is valuable. If removed
from stalls at a time when It cannot
be Immediately spread on the field it
should-toe stored in a . definite place,
preferably In a compost shed or pit.
to have manure scattered or placed at
By Dr. M. Ray Powers, State Veteri
narian and Head of Veterinary
Division. Clemson College,
(
There are two principal methods of
preventing Jiog cholera; one by the
use of serum, and the other by taking
care to avoid the methods ot spread
ing the disease, which are here out
lined briefly.
Hog cholera is spread by failure
properly to dispose of the carcases of
dead hogs. Buzzards, dogs and.other
animals feeding upon these carcasses
can carry infection to other premises.'
All carcasses should be burned or
burled immediately, and buzzards
should be destroyed in communities
where they are not protected by law.
in communities where these scaven
gers are thus protected, the law
should be repealed-,and the birds de
stroyed. —
Atrother very common method oT
spreading hog cholera is walking
through yatds or fields where sick
hogs are kept and carrying the infec
tion on shoes arid clothing to other
premises where healthy hogs are con
fined. it should be remembered that
discharges from hogs infected with
cholera are very infectious, and the
owners should not go or allow any of
their help to go on premises where
there are sick hogs. Neither should
they allow neighbors to go among
their hogs When cholera exists in the
community. Healthy hogs should be
cared for by persons who have not
been where the disease existsc'and no
one else should be. allowed near the
healthy drove. --—
-Cholera may be spread by streams
receiving drainage from infected
premises, by buying hogs from prem
ises where the disease prists, or from
public stock yards, or by failure to
isolate newly purchased hogs until
their freedom from disease has been
ascertained. These three matters de
serve careful attention. ,
When cholera exists in a neighbor
hood every hog owner should estab
lish a strict quarantine on his in
dividual premises. ^Vhen the disease
exists on adjoining farms hogs should
be protected .by injection with anti-
hog cholera serum.
The sudden death of one or two
hogs should lead the owner to suspect
cholera. If upon examination of the
carcasses cholera lesiorts are found,
all healthy hogs should be moved at
once to new lots or pens until they
can be Injected with serum. •'
A*farmer finding cholera among his
hogs should at once apply to the
Veterinary Division', Clemson College,
for serum, which" is to be had at act
ual cost of manufacture,' and should
secure the services-of his county farm
demonstration agent, who has been
instructed in the use of serum.
. H is the duty qf all citizens to see
that the State law relative to prompt
disposal of carcasses is" strictly en
forced. . ■
FREEING THE STATE
OF THE CATTLE TICK.
By Dr. M. Ray Powers, State Veter
inarian artd Head of Veterinary
Division, Clemson College,
In 'July, 1907, the Veterinary Divi
sion of Clemson College, in co-oper
ation with the U. S. Bureau of Animal
Industry, commenced tick eradication
work in Oconee, Pickens, Greenville
and Anderson Counties. Since that
date this work has been gradually and
systematically extended until fourteen
counties are now free from ticks and
released from Federal Quarantine.
Systematic, work has also beemiaf^e "Shapes begin
progress- in mx'-other v-ounttesiforTfir
past year, and these should be in con
dition for releasfTth+s fall. -
Prior to 1914 (he expense* of tick
eradication work was borne by Clem
son College and the U. S. Bureau of
Animal Industry,* With the exception
of about (600 (received from citizens
of these counties) no funds were ttv&fl-
xteat
ohly oy underground and
overground stems it can be easily kept
in cneck. As it is a tropical plant and
requires plenty of sunlight it can be
easily eradicated in two or three years
by shading it out by growing winter
legumes, such us vet^ch, planted with
outs, followed by a summer legume,
such as cowpeas or vtelvet beans.- Ber
muda does not damage cotton any
thing like us mifeh as does crab grass,
and a good crop of corn can be made
In the field badly infested with Ber
muda if properly cultivated. Bermuda
grass is of great benefit to the soil in
that it prevents it from washing, adds
humus to the soil and fills the soil
with innumerable fibrous roots .which
produce the best form of humus. It
is an annual with perennial, under
ground stems. If Bermuda is planted
in the fall it can be grown with oats
and vetch, or with bur clover. It is
a splendid plant for terrace banks and
is also valuable to grow on railroad
and pond banks to prevent }hem from
cat’Rtg in and washing away.
As it requires plenty of sunlight, it
will not grow well in shaded places,
it can be propagated by sowing the
seed at the rate of two pounds to the
acre or by planting pieces pf sod. v$ ! A
good way to obtain a Berrtiuda sod is
to break the land with a turning jpilow
or disk plow and in every furrow drop
a small piece of sod every ■twelve
inches, the' next furrow covering it
from two to three inches deep. It
cun be sodded almost any time dur
ing tlie year, but the best time is in
the early spring. It should be planted
after some winter legume, such as
our clover, crimson clover, or vetch,
if planted in the spring; and if
planted in the fall, should follow cow
peas, soybeans, velvet beans or beg-
garweed. After the land has been
plowed and the plants dropped, the
land should be thoroughly harrowed
to make the pasture smooth and even.-
Cattle should be turned into the
pasture as soon us possible. The best
Bermuda pasture can be ruined by
allowing weeds and other grasses to
grow. Bur clover can be sown in the
fall in a Bermuda pasture. Bermuda
grass is usually ready *for good pas
ture by Juqe 1st. After the pasture
Tills remained in Bermuda grass four
or five years, it should be plowed up
jn Hie early spring and planted in
cowpeas. The cowpeas will improve
the physical condition of the soil and
will add nitrogen, which is most bene
ficial to tiie-Bermuda. If a Bermuda
pasture is allowed to run’too long it
becomes sod-bound and a poor quality
of grass] is produced." It is a heavy
feeder on nitrogen and should be fer
tilized with an application of nitrate
of soda about the middle of every
April, using froiii 50 to 100 pounds
per acre. Acid phosphate should be
applied every four years at the rate of
300 or 400 pounds per adre. A good
time to apply this is at the time the
land is broken in the spring prepara
tory for a crop of peas. One thousand
pounds of lime is also very beneficial.
This can be applied once every live or
six years. If Bermuda is planted with
Texas blue grass, white clover and
common vetch a pasture can be ob
tained that will afford good grazing
nine or ten months in the year.
RESULTS OF TOP-DRESSING.
Best Times to Apply Nitrate of Soda
to Com and Cptton.
By T. E. Keitt, Chemist, S. C. Experi
ment Station, Clemson College. '
Results obtained at the South Caro
lina Experiment Station show that a
top-dressing with nitrate of soda gives
go.od results on cotton, corn and small
grains. The Increase is most marked
duringra-wt year. trccause this nitro
gen is already in an immediately
available form, while the rotting of
the organic sources does not proceed
as rapidly as usual on account of tin
excess of t moisture in the soil. Thd
amount to apply per acre varies with
th» fertility of the soil and the pre
vious fertUjzaUop^,hut we would eug-
gest from fifty pounds per acre on
poor land up, according to the fertil
ity of the soil/
Early applications are coming into
favor. We recommend that the soda
be applied to corn when it is between
knee and waist high, to cotton Just as
be taken not to sow nltr&te of soda
on wet plants,, because it is likely to
scald them. It is Best td apply it Just
after a rain, when tKe moisture has
dried off of the letoves of the plants,
then cultivate -with, a mulch forming
press on the farmer the fact that it
is well worth the farmer's time to
acquaint himself with the possibili
ties of the gasoline engine with refer
ence to his own particular case. Man
ufacturers and dealers are ready to
supply full and free information on
request.
A great many people are under the
impression that the gasoline engine is
a very unreliable and dangerous thing.
This erroneous impression is due to
the fact that the machine is not un
derstood by these people. As a mat
ter of fact, the gasoline engine is one
of the simplest of prime movers, and
if kept in good order’ and in proper
adjustment, it is a most -dependable
source of power. When the farmer
forms the habit of rubbing down his
engine frequently and looking it over
for loose nuts and slipped adjust
ments, at the same time looking care
fully to the quality of lubricating oil
he uses, he will find that he possesses
a safe, economical, and very satisfac
tory power. —
COLICS OF HORSE AND MULE
Type* of Malady tfnd What to Do iu
Treating Kadi Kind.
By Dr. M. Ray Powers, State Veter
inarian and Hoad of Veterinary
Division, Clemson College.
One of the most common and alarm
ing diseased conditions occurring in
horses and mules is that of colic.
The- term is a very loose one, being
generally used to denote any
abdominal pain whatever, and it may
readily be inferned'that it, therefore,
occurs in & great variety of diseases,
it "Is. however, only necessary here to
consider it unRer two heals, viz.,
spasmodic colic and colic due to im
paction or obstruction of the bowels.
' Spasmodic colic is probably of the
most frequent occurrence and consists
of a violent'contraction of the muscles
of the intestines, causing intense pain.
It is usually brougtit on by giving
large amounts of cold water to a horse
over-heated; by exposing such a horse
to chilling rains after a hard driv.J
sometimes by giving a heavy feed q J
green succulent food; and iq horses N
that are predisposed to it, a sudden
change of diet may be all that is
necessary to bring on an attack.
The condition is recognized by the
horse suddenly showing symptoms of
intertse pain following some of the
causes above mentioned; stamping
violently with one hind foot; looking
around at the flanks with an anxious
expression; sweating; lying down sud
denly and rolling in agony, and with
occasional perio.ds of freedom from
pain followed by similar attacks.
Colic from impaction is a condition
in which there is a partial or complete
stoppage of the bowels, and may be
brought on by overloading the* stom
ach when in a tired out condition and
particularly with dry, innutritious
feed. A faulty condition of the teeth
may atso be a predisposing factor on
account of imperfect mastication of
the food. This condition Is accom
panied by constipation and the animal
shows evidences of a continuous dull
pain as compared with that of spas
modic colic, moving stiffly, lying down
occasionally and groaning, but with
the absence of-violent movements. It
also runs a longer course usually than
spasmodic colic.
In spasmodic colic a sedative or
narcotic treatment should be resorted
to in urder to overcome the violent
contraction and relieve the pain. One
of the best remedies is fluid extract
of Cannabis indica, or Indian hamp,
given in doses of six drams by the
mouth. This brings on drowsiness
and, as a rule, by the time the drowsi
ness has worn off the colic has disap
peared. Another good remedy is
chloral hydrate given in doses of one
ounce dissolved in a pint of water;
or if a hypodermic syringe be availa
ble, two grains of sulphate of mor
phine may be dissolved In a little
water that has been boiled and al-‘
lowed to cool and Injected under the
skin.
With impaction colic, entirely dif-
ferent remedies are needed, the ob
ject being to unload the Intestines of
the offending material. For this pur}
pose five drams of aloes dissolved i
a quart of hot water and conjoinl
with one ounce of oil of turpentMB^
and one dram of fluid extract of nux
vomica may be given; or
ther ,? h iL P f ? eg lr- t0 v (innyeffiaiujg
small grain in March. Care Miould half pinu of linseed oil may T *
and if there is evidence "ofmuch^pafn
three drams of Cannabis indica may
also be given. Copious recUl injec
tions of soap suds are beneficial also.
These remedies will usually suffice,
_ but If more drastic treatment is hpom
implement as soon as the ground-IS sary it should bq entrusted to a vataT
dry enough to plow. --'r manar, ™ » veter-