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1 FAILURE OF TILE i I J Intake for Surface Water?By Makl to Get Out of the Catch-Basin Silt Well Is Put in to Make th r(By E. R. JONES.) The failure of many tile drainage systems has been due to a poor outlet The choice may be between a dee] outlet that will give the main a goo< gradient and depth, and a shallow out let, that will be above the oack-wace of the creek Into which It discharges Though outlets may be submerged fo a short time without Injury, perms nent submersion, however, causes sec] iments to gather in the tile, and, ii climates where the winters are severe may cause damage by freezing. Botl of these dangers are lessened when there is a large volume of water die charged. This is one reason why it i better to have several laterals die Plant Roots Need Low Water LlneA High Water Line or Water Tabl Hinders the Development of Dee| Root Systems?A Few Deep Undei drains May Be as Efficient as Sev eral Shallow Ones. charge into a single main than to le each lateral discharge into a ditch. Vertical drains are holes dui through a layer of tight soil so tha the water may move downward pas this impervious layer. Those react lng down to a coarse soil not flllei with water are very efficient. Th question to be determined is whethe or not they will work .fast enough t _ payfor themselves. Conditions fnuni in lower soil layers are so variable tha each piece of land must answer thl question for Itself. Sometimes th water moves upward in these holes lr stead of downward. A farmer contemplating dralnag on an area known to be considerabl higher than adjacent lakes or river can make no mistake by testing th efficiency of vertical drains dug ten o twenty feet deep and curbed to withl a foot of the surface of the groun with six-inch tile. The upper end c this column may be protected elthe by a patented drainhead or by covei ing the top with a flat stone or brie and surrounding the tile to a dept' of six feet with coarse gravel place in an excavation about three feet i: diameter. It might be well to tr both of these devices. Horizonta drains have an advantage in intercept ing seepage water on springy area: but in pot-holeB and on large fla areas the matter of vertical drainag should be especially considered. The limited capacity of vertica drains renders them more efficient fo underdrainage than for surface drair age. Their success is dependent ger ' erally upon the accompaniment of sui face drains for relief of flood flow. There are several kinds of land tha need drainage: On tight clay soil HiCM LANO sj Lo. ^ ? Small, Open Ditch, Properly Lo let for the Tile System Until th Dredge. Turning Cotton Planter. The people all through the Sout! are doing everything in their power t turn the cotton planter from his sys tern of following cotton alone to th attention of other crops. If these me can be convinced that the dairy cow ^ the hen. the hog and the farm crop necessary to feed this stock ar adapted to their needs, the cotton flui ry will be the greatest blessing tha has ever visited that country. Missouri "Shows 'Em." They raise good hogs In Missoui and the experiment station at Colun bia is always studying the feed ques tion. It has been found there tha the cheapest food in the matter o gains are as follows: Corn and skin milk are cheapest, then comes con and alfalfa, then corn and red clovei then corn and blue grass, then cori and rane I ?? DRAINAGE SYSTEMS CO :" 'T ng the Water Run Through the Trap the Silt Is Left Behind?The Second eIntake of Surface Water Doubly Safe. with but little slope, dead furrows 0 running with the slope are valuable aa surface drains. The expense of haV' P Ing well-chosen dead furrows foui 3 rods apart and cleaning them aftei seeding, is refunded many times by r the benefit to a single crop. The ratic ' between the cost and benefits of these r dead furrows makes them the mosl l* profitable of drains. Areas now under cultivation with 1 fair surface drainage, but with an un '? derdralnage so poor that they are 1 cold, sour and late, are next on the e list. They are twice as hard to cultivate and only half as dependable as those 8 that are well drained. Underdrains '* to make cultivation easier and crope more certain commonly pay for them' selves once every year. Long, narrow, wet strips and sloughs . or swales too wet to cultivate at all ' next demand attention. They produce nothing or at best a poor quality ol hay or pasture. Their only redeeming feature is that they do not entail a I cost of cultivation. Nevertheless, they affect the cultivation of the surround' ing fields by cutting them up ormak ing them irregular in outline. The drainage of these strips will square up the fields as well as reclaim wel e lands. In appearance and usefulnese p such drainage commonly pays for it ^ self every two yearft. h The drainage of pot-holes has all the merits of that of wet swales ex cept for the handicap of cost. The ex t cesBive depth that is required to se mm An outlet sometimes makes theii g drainage expensive, t Large marshes are the last to b< t mentioned. Their drainage usnalli t- affects only the lands reclaimed e i"TTr iWUi' s '21'r ? 5 ? ''m ;. /^ e C?.at 3 'Vi4 ~ t??i 1 O-Av imi %-jm y ?+-i?4?TIH 8 jil e rlx. r ^ n J_? d >?$ SAVO .-j.^ ? ?<5ANO b ^ : V ? si-'. /_ ' ^ Sg= Ci"""" BSE?~~ I ' A Vertical Drain?These Drains Ma) }? Serve as Outlets for Horizontal Lat I erals?With or Without These Lat e erals, They May Drain Pot-Holei Thoroughly. II r Nevertheless, it is a poor system o t- farming that will not justify theii i- thorough drainage. The net profit o r- tame hay or corn on these lands ai compared with that of marsh haj t commonly pays for the drainage it s four years. i * i v v 1/ 'J? Z * Hi " ,, r 3 4 ?' . ? . r ?(? t> I/' c If, l'? r /j - C / Ml ? .A/ m* low marsh ? ? c$u~< .ill %' . i?/ i. #// ' i// * * ? V A** Jr c' .r- ti' x ^ ' V* * V 1 '4' ?* v % * ... *yw *i i ; J(| ^v\ \ ? * Vt '* * ~> - '* >* i cated?This Serves as a Makeshift Out* e Bed of the Stream 16 Lowered by a Fertility. h A great deal of help has been giver o to the soil conservation movement bj 3- dairy farming. While there are ex e ceptions of course, in general, dairj n farmers are noted for the care the} \ take in the management of their soils s They are much more likely to use e good crop rotations than the general r- farmers, and the manure usually is t returned to the soil promptly, with but little waste. An increase in the dairy farming makes the soil fertility outlook much brighter. i i- Concrete Construction. ?- Farmers who have not studied the t subject of concrete construction, will f do well to take it up. In most cases a the material will be cheaper and a handier than lumber. It is of high \ value for walks, dairy floors, milk a houses, troughs and steps, as well ai for general architectural work. LIVE-STOCK-FRUIT-DAIRYING-GARO New WHnklee F" jAk ] _ ,n . AN ProgreMlve Agriculture jp1 J TOLD IN AN INTERESTING MANNEI PRODUCTION OF BABY BEEF / ???? \ Animals Used for This Purpose Must ' Be Well Bred and of Fine QualIty?Keep Them Fleshy. __ *' ' ^ ' "What is meant by the term 'baby oeef and what kind of cattle are used in baby beef production?" was a question which was put to Professor G. W. Barnes, farm adWsor on live stock of the Agricultural Exten- j? sion Service of the University of > Arizona College of Agriculture. He , answered that fat cattle between the ages of one and two years, weighing between eight and eleven hundred pounds, are used. They must be well bred and of flfie quality. Such cattle can be - finished > 1 quicker and are the only class q&j * cattle which can be used In the pre* > ductlon of baby beef. The cattle to > be used for this purpose should not te ' 1 allowed to lose their baby flesh or ' baby fat. They must be kept fleshy ' from start to finish, tot when they 1 once become run down, it Is a difficult ' proposition to have them finished for market under eighteen months. Tbey i I t| i j@H) I I - U w ? u. +; jp II i miffinrnfffg hHBRI; : 1 mm ' I Baby Beef. ,, a must be fed a liberal ration of fftfc[ producing feeds, especially grains. ?When beginning to feed baby beeves, they should receive large quantities r of alfalfa or cowpea hay, or other such rough feeds as wi& increase their digestive capacity so they canhandla. . lasge quantities of grain. ifhaB^ calves instead of steers are to be Stag they will finish more^qolokly a^H _ _abouid be marketed eaij^k. The younger the-^riuie helf^^^H at the time of marketing, the discrimination in price will the buj^P I er make between heifers and 4td$s. The most common mistake Is that of marketing before the individual if ready or ripe. MANAGING THE HOG PASTURE Desirable to Have Alfalfa Fenced Off Into 8ultable Areas to Secure Fresh Fields. While a few hogs can be raised :onfined in limited quarters, provided' such quarters are kept clean, they, will do better, remain healthier and produce pork more economically If they have plenty of alfalfa range, according to Prof. G. W. Barnes, f farm advisor on live stock of the - University of Arizona College of Ag? riculture extension service. i It is desirable to have the alfalfa pasture fenced ofT into suitable areas,, ; . so that the hogs can be shitted from one pasture to another. This will not . only provide frech pasture, but will give an opportunity to cultivate, and f need be, to disinfect Practically all cases of Intestinal worms, which are common in swine, are contracted from infected grounds; therefore, by pasture rotation you can hplp keep your hogs free from these parasites. STRIVE TO PREVENT CHOLERA When Disease Attacks Herd Secure Services of Competent Veterinary ?Follow His Directions. rrv>'> rvav tn rurfi hoe cholera s to prevent it. This might be said of almost any disease, human, bovine or porcine. The prevention, however, is not always in the hands of the farmer, but it is generally. When hog cholera attacks your herd, or what you believe to be hog cholera, either secure a competent veterinarian in your vicinity or apply to the veterinary department of your state. Have them send i a veterinarian to visit your farm, and r kill enough hogs to find out what is the matter. Then follow his direc' tions. ' While this is going on, don't allow any person to visit your farm, and ! don't visit any other farm. If dogs ' come about your place, shoot them. ! If you have pigeons about, shoot them. i Benefits of Cattle Feeding. Cattle feeding will enable the manager to dispose* of his surplus feed in a profitable manner, afford more barnyard manure with which to enrich his land. It will also be the means of diversified farming in which rotations may be planned, not only to supply a variety of feed for the stock, but also with special reference to im^ proving the fertility of the soil. id M L?m?~ tM Making the 0 Farmer*' Business <L D l/EXPRESSLY FOR OUR READERS EST TEMPERATURE FOR COV Moard'e Dairyman Expresses Opinio ' That About Fifty Degrees FahI renhelt Is Right. ^In response to a query as to aboi ipe ngni lemperaiure iui a uau; uui Hoard's Dairyman makes the follow |x reply: I We are not prepared to say what: opnsldered the right temperature 1 Inep the barn for dairy cows. It ! djur opinion that It is not well to ha\ the barn colder than 50 degree Fahrenheit In very severe weathe temperature in the Hoard's Dair man barns falls to 60 degrees Fahre tmit. While the milk flow seems to t Wont the same under these cond Was, yet, the cattle seem to sho Una of not being as comfortable s Wen the bam is at 60 degrees. I Prize Winning Ayrshire. amy be that if they were accustome M a temperature of 50 degrees < .barer they would do fully as well. may be said that cattle under c flfiUl and semiofficial test, where the a*e invariably fed a large amount < fdpd, may be kept at a much low< tmnperature than 50 degrees Fahre halt and seem to appreciate it snoold be remembered, however, thi tJu feeding at this period is far b yo|d the amount the animal ca hwtle to the best advantage, and st #A]d not be capable of eating i oj^h year after year. In other word Secured for Creai and Insured Better Product for tho Consumer. Cfil It 1TCANN, State Dairy Inspect * - of Colorado.) rbe old system of spoiling go< cr am with bad by mixing the tt is a practice to be relegated to tl pa it. Consumers, manufacturers ai pr ducers alike should demand and e pe it that progress or a lead be mat in products and manufactures of the re pective community and state. (? > Phlle cream grading is a compar tit sly new measure in many of oi bo tferlng states, it has apparent pn red beyond doubt its value In mar rei pects, the foremost of which ar< Se urlng a better material for creai eri is; placing an Incentive and rewai fori the production of good cream i difference In price received for fin Mk cream over that for secon -grlTO, and insuring a better produ for the consumer, thereby increasli co! sumption and demand for produc ma lufactured. Ct T UP LONG CORN STALK Mi eh Waste May Be Avoided ar Sows Wilt Eat Them Up CleanBit of Grain Is Relished. Don't try to make your cows e long corn stalks. They will sure wa ite a lot of good feed. Cut the stall an! they will eat them all up clea Let them lie in a box or even In tl alleyway for a day or two after th< have been cut and they will heat ar soften up a good deal. If too dry a 1! tie water poured over the pile w! help to moisten them up. A bit < gra?n sprinkled over each ration wl li? u. ii _t_i ~ j maa? na ucmug guuu. U Bad-Acting Heifers. jjelfers are not included, as vei offcn they will be gentle as anyone d sirgs, after the second calf. It may b as feome say, a bad cow is simply heifer grown up, that has been ruine while being broken. However, if the persist in tricks after the second cal best) to let them go and try a new coi ') ! Cow Pays for Attention. Ji good cow, no matter what bree is #orth all the care and kindness tl owner can give her, and all the goc feea she can use. No doubt there ai verw many cows that would give mucli better showing if they receive the accessary attention. \ / Dairy Cow of Future. Remember that the heifer is tl daiiy cow of the future. Feed hi accordingly. Cows Properly Cared For. Fiye cows properly cared for ar fulljJ fed will return much more tha ten /half fed. fl i A MAKING SUCCESS II iiiimonprnia Excellent Specimen >e ll" (By E. VAN BENTHUYSEN.) w A young pigeon, unlike a young J? nicken, cannot feed itself, but must be fed by the old bird. Very often squabs do not leave the nest until they are a month old and ready for the market. Sometimes the old birds will favor one of their offspring and feed it conI tinually, allowing the others to go hungry much of the time. It is not unusual to see one large, plump bird and a half-starved, puny one in the same nest, both having been hatched at the same time. The male bird sits on the nest at I night and the female in the -daytime. I Some dealers say that this is the only true test of mating. Vermin is a constant menace to pigeons and must be always fought td Frequent whitewashing, absolute >r cleanliness, and tobacco-stems placed in the nests will generally keep the if- birds reasonably clean, sy Pigeons must have clean water for if bathing, once every day: It should ;r be given them early in the morning, n- The birds cannot live without it. It The bathing dishes should be em> it tied immediately after the birds bare e- used it, as it quickly becomes foul and in should not be allowed to stand, le The pigeon that goes about with to drooping wings is a sick bird, s, At the first sign of sickness, the bird should be taken out of the pens and placed by itself. Unless it is very n ratuMbJe it should h? killed at tho end of three days If It Is not entirely well. n, SOMETHING NEW IN PERCHES - Two-by-Twos Hung From Celling by )(j Use of Wire and Fastened at End Are Excellent. ro 16 1(1 Many persons use hanging perches for poultry because they are more le" sanitary. Lice and mites cannot get Jr on them unless they leave the fowls. But I never have seen any perches constructed like mine that were not a" also swinging perches, writes Horace Ir E. Wolcott of Lubbock county, Texas, y In Missouri Valley Farmer. I loug ago learned that It prevents much B" nervousness among the flock at night If tha norohaa Hn Tint nXDT rd *4 VMV *,V4 v**vu ? It is better economy to make 1'ne (t perches of good material. I find two d by two-inch lumber about right, or ct two by fours ripped in two lengthways. My perches are eight feet long, making them lack a foot of touching at either end, which is about right. Round the two sharp corners on top, and finish smooth. It is much easier ? for a fowl's foot to curve over a rounded surface not too wide than to grasp a square, sharp edge. Get some large screw-eyes or barbedwire staples, and some smooth wire, as small as is possible consistent with at Cti/ing 16 * w// ld P in 1' ? "I >y Licelesa and Sanitary. strength. Screw a part of the eyes Into the overhead joists or in the ceiling, one eye for each end of each perch. In each eye fasten a wire long enough to hang down to within two and one-half feet of the floor. Put a >(1 screw eye near each end of every re perch, at the upper edge. Fasten the ? hanging wires into these, and your :tJ perches are hung. The perches should be an equal distance apart, and all on a level. Next fasten a screw-eye in each end of everj' perch, and put other screw"r eyes in the walls between perches. Fasten a length of wire into the first screw eye on the wall, thread it through the next eye in the wall, continuing alternately until all perches ir are fastened to each other and to the wall. Then by fastening the perches at the other end, they are complete and will not swing nor sway. U THE PIGEON LOFT j W-' of Homer Pigeon. Squabs are pretty well covered with feathers when they are three weeks old. Before engaging In the pigeon bustness go and spend a week or two with some successful pigeon breeder. One can learn more in this way than from three months of reading. Nobody except a simpleton will buy pigeons whose mating is not absolutely guaranteed. Even then one should not buy except from a dealer with a high reputation, because even if the birds are guaranteed and they prove to be unmated much time will be lost before they can be replaced. The aim of every pigeon dealer is to produce the largest amount of meat in his bird. For this reason scrub ' stock should never be used. No artificial heat is required in pigeon houses, but they must be absolutely tight as drafts are fatal. Pigeons begin to lay two weeks after mating. They lay two eggs which hatch in about eighteen days. The old birds stop feeding the young squabs when the next pair hatch. Rnrh nnJr nf hlrrlo nhmilii hfl nrovid ed with two nests. Pigeons cannot thrive unless they have a place in which to fly. Confined in houses they will quickly contract consumption and die. Even in the coldest weather they should he allowed to fly outdoors when they please. The breeding season is from March _tn_flantamber. hut extra good breed ? ers will produce young ten months In the year. \ Clean out the house at least once a week, use this style of perches, sprinkle the floor every morning with a disinfectant made of sifted ashes mixed with about one-fourth their bulk of salt, the whole moistened with kerosene; whitewash the interior occasionally, and there will be little trouble with vermin. When using this "powder" be careful not to get any in the nests, as the eggs will absorb the odor of the coal oil and the oil will also prevent their hatching. This disinfectant in cheap, and effective. BALANCED FEEDING FOR HENS No One Grain Combines the Necessary Proportions of Ingredients to Produce Eggs. (By W. R. GILBERT.) Balanced feeding is an attempt to provide for all the wants of fowls' bodies so as to enable them to yield the best profits to their owners at a minimum cost No one grain, meal or vegetable by itself combines the necessary proportions of ingredienis to produce eggs In profitable quantities. . Scientific experiments have proved that to keep alive an ordinary hen* weighing six pounds, two ounces of dry food per day is required, but these two ounces are not enough to'put on flesh or to make eggs. They are only enough to keep up the wear and tear of existence. More food has to be supplied for egg making and if this food is richly charged with the component parts of an egg the greater and easier will be the production. The only chemical properties of food that we need trouble about are the flesh and muscle-making principles known as albumenoids and the heat and fat-making principles known as carbohydrates. The ration that both science and ex periments have decreed to be the best is 4% to 5 parts of fat or heat-making foods to one part of flesh-making food and the total amount of food require ment for the keeping of a hen in laying condition is from 23 to 24 ounces per week, according to her size. Juiciness of Fowls. A great deal is written about the "lnl/ilnoco" r\1 fVkla AS DUpCHUI juiuucoa ui tutu ut&gu va that breed of fowls. The truth is, the juiciness, or the lack of it, is chiefly the work of the cook. The flesh of fowls should be judged by flavor and tenderness, and these, too, are large ly in the hands of the cook. Diseases of Ducks. Ducks are subject to very few di?' eases. They do not have cholera, roup, gapes, but they do occasionally die from spinal meningitis and paralysis. Cold water is the general cause of cramps in young ducks. \ \