Cheraw chronicle. (Cheraw, S.C.) 1896-2005, April 22, 1915, Image 7
1 FAILURE OF TILE
i
I
J
Intake for Surface Water?By Makl
to Get Out of the Catch-Basin
Silt Well Is Put in to Make th
r(By E. R. JONES.)
The failure of many tile drainage
systems has been due to a poor outlet
The choice may be between a dee]
outlet that will give the main a goo<
gradient and depth, and a shallow out
let, that will be above the oack-wace
of the creek Into which It discharges
Though outlets may be submerged fo
a short time without Injury, perms
nent submersion, however, causes sec]
iments to gather in the tile, and, ii
climates where the winters are severe
may cause damage by freezing. Botl
of these dangers are lessened when
there is a large volume of water die
charged. This is one reason why it i
better to have several laterals die
Plant Roots Need Low Water LlneA
High Water Line or Water Tabl
Hinders the Development of Dee|
Root Systems?A Few Deep Undei
drains May Be as Efficient as Sev
eral Shallow Ones.
charge into a single main than to le
each lateral discharge into a ditch.
Vertical drains are holes dui
through a layer of tight soil so tha
the water may move downward pas
this impervious layer. Those react
lng down to a coarse soil not flllei
with water are very efficient. Th
question to be determined is whethe
or not they will work .fast enough t
_ payfor themselves. Conditions fnuni
in lower soil layers are so variable tha
each piece of land must answer thl
question for Itself. Sometimes th
water moves upward in these holes lr
stead of downward.
A farmer contemplating dralnag
on an area known to be considerabl
higher than adjacent lakes or river
can make no mistake by testing th
efficiency of vertical drains dug ten o
twenty feet deep and curbed to withl
a foot of the surface of the groun
with six-inch tile. The upper end c
this column may be protected elthe
by a patented drainhead or by covei
ing the top with a flat stone or brie
and surrounding the tile to a dept'
of six feet with coarse gravel place
in an excavation about three feet i:
diameter. It might be well to tr
both of these devices. Horizonta
drains have an advantage in intercept
ing seepage water on springy area:
but in pot-holeB and on large fla
areas the matter of vertical drainag
should be especially considered.
The limited capacity of vertica
drains renders them more efficient fo
underdrainage than for surface drair
age. Their success is dependent ger
' erally upon the accompaniment of sui
face drains for relief of flood flow.
There are several kinds of land tha
need drainage: On tight clay soil
HiCM LANO sj
Lo. ^ ?
Small, Open Ditch, Properly Lo
let for the Tile System Until th
Dredge.
Turning Cotton Planter.
The people all through the Sout!
are doing everything in their power t
turn the cotton planter from his sys
tern of following cotton alone to th
attention of other crops. If these me
can be convinced that the dairy cow
^ the hen. the hog and the farm crop
necessary to feed this stock ar
adapted to their needs, the cotton flui
ry will be the greatest blessing tha
has ever visited that country.
Missouri "Shows 'Em."
They raise good hogs In Missoui
and the experiment station at Colun
bia is always studying the feed ques
tion. It has been found there tha
the cheapest food in the matter o
gains are as follows: Corn and skin
milk are cheapest, then comes con
and alfalfa, then corn and red clovei
then corn and blue grass, then cori
and rane
I ??
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
CO :" 'T
ng the Water Run Through the Trap
the Silt Is Left Behind?The Second
eIntake of Surface Water Doubly Safe.
with but little slope, dead furrows
0 running with the slope are valuable aa
surface drains. The expense of haV'
P Ing well-chosen dead furrows foui
3 rods apart and cleaning them aftei
seeding, is refunded many times by
r the benefit to a single crop. The ratic
' between the cost and benefits of these
r dead furrows makes them the mosl
l* profitable of drains.
Areas now under cultivation with
1 fair surface drainage, but with an un
'? derdralnage so poor that they are
1 cold, sour and late, are next on the
e list. They are twice as hard to cultivate
and only half as dependable as those
8 that are well drained. Underdrains
'* to make cultivation easier and crope
more certain commonly pay for them'
selves once every year.
Long, narrow, wet strips and sloughs
. or swales too wet to cultivate at all
' next demand attention. They produce
nothing or at best a poor quality ol
hay or pasture. Their only redeeming
feature is that they do not entail a
I cost of cultivation. Nevertheless, they
affect the cultivation of the surround'
ing fields by cutting them up ormak
ing them irregular in outline. The
drainage of these strips will square
up the fields as well as reclaim wel
e lands. In appearance and usefulnese
p such drainage commonly pays for it
^ self every two yearft.
h The drainage of pot-holes has all
the merits of that of wet swales ex
cept for the handicap of cost. The ex
t cesBive depth that is required to se
mm An outlet sometimes makes theii
g drainage expensive,
t Large marshes are the last to b<
t mentioned. Their drainage usnalli
t- affects only the lands reclaimed
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e C?.at 3 'Vi4 ~ t??i 1 O-Av
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SAVO .-j.^ ? ?<5ANO
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^ Sg= Ci"""" BSE?~~ I
' A Vertical Drain?These Drains Ma)
}? Serve as Outlets for Horizontal Lat
I erals?With or Without These Lat
e erals, They May Drain Pot-Holei
Thoroughly.
II
r Nevertheless, it is a poor system o
t- farming that will not justify theii
i- thorough drainage. The net profit o
r- tame hay or corn on these lands ai
compared with that of marsh haj
t commonly pays for the drainage it
s four years.
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1/ 'J? Z * Hi "
,, r 3 4 ?' . ?
. r ?(? t> I/' c If, l'? r /j
- C / Ml ? .A/
m* low marsh ? ? c$u~<
.ill %' . i?/ i. #// ' i//
* * ? V A** Jr
c' .r- ti' x ^
'
V* * V 1 '4' ?* v % * ... *yw
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cated?This Serves as a Makeshift Out*
e Bed of the Stream 16 Lowered by a
Fertility.
h A great deal of help has been giver
o to the soil conservation movement bj
3- dairy farming. While there are ex
e ceptions of course, in general, dairj
n farmers are noted for the care the}
\ take in the management of their soils
s They are much more likely to use
e good crop rotations than the general
r- farmers, and the manure usually is
t returned to the soil promptly, with
but little waste. An increase in the
dairy farming makes the soil fertility
outlook much brighter.
i
i- Concrete Construction.
?- Farmers who have not studied the
t subject of concrete construction, will
f do well to take it up. In most cases
a the material will be cheaper and
a handier than lumber. It is of high
\ value for walks, dairy floors, milk
a houses, troughs and steps, as well ai
for general architectural work.
LIVE-STOCK-FRUIT-DAIRYING-GARO
New WHnklee F" jAk ]
_ ,n . AN
ProgreMlve
Agriculture jp1 J
TOLD IN AN INTERESTING MANNEI
PRODUCTION OF BABY BEEF /
???? \
Animals Used for This Purpose Must '
Be Well Bred and of Fine QualIty?Keep
Them Fleshy.
__ *' ' ^ '
"What is meant by the term 'baby
oeef and what kind of cattle are
used in baby beef production?" was a
question which was put to Professor
G. W. Barnes, farm adWsor on
live stock of the Agricultural Exten- j?
sion Service of the University of >
Arizona College of Agriculture. He ,
answered that fat cattle between the
ages of one and two years, weighing
between eight and eleven hundred
pounds, are used.
They must be well bred and of flfie
quality. Such cattle can be - finished >
1 quicker and are the only class q&j
* cattle which can be used In the pre*
> ductlon of baby beef. The cattle to
> be used for this purpose should not te '
1 allowed to lose their baby flesh or '
baby fat. They must be kept fleshy
' from start to finish, tot when they
1 once become run down, it Is a difficult
' proposition to have them finished for
market under eighteen months. Tbey
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i miffinrnfffg
hHBRI; : 1 mm '
I Baby Beef. ,, a
must be fed a liberal ration of fftfc[
producing feeds, especially grains. ?When
beginning to feed baby beeves,
they should receive large quantities
r of alfalfa or cowpea hay, or other
such rough feeds as wi& increase their
digestive capacity so they canhandla. .
lasge quantities of grain. ifhaB^
calves instead of steers are to be Stag
they will finish more^qolokly a^H
_ _abouid be marketed eaij^k.
The younger the-^riuie helf^^^H
at the time of marketing, the
discrimination in price will the buj^P I
er make between heifers and 4td$s.
The most common mistake Is that of
marketing before the individual if
ready or ripe.
MANAGING THE HOG PASTURE
Desirable to Have Alfalfa Fenced Off
Into 8ultable Areas to Secure
Fresh Fields.
While a few hogs can be raised
:onfined in limited quarters, provided'
such quarters are kept clean, they,
will do better, remain healthier and
produce pork more economically If
they have plenty of alfalfa range,
according to Prof. G. W. Barnes,
f farm advisor on live stock of the
- University of Arizona College of Ag?
riculture extension service.
i It is desirable to have the alfalfa
pasture fenced ofT into suitable areas,, ;
. so that the hogs can be shitted from
one pasture to another. This will not
. only provide frech pasture, but will
give an opportunity to cultivate, and
f need be, to disinfect
Practically all cases of Intestinal
worms, which are common in swine,
are contracted from infected grounds;
therefore, by pasture rotation you
can hplp keep your hogs free from
these parasites.
STRIVE TO PREVENT CHOLERA
When Disease Attacks Herd Secure
Services of Competent Veterinary
?Follow His Directions.
rrv>'> rvav tn rurfi hoe cholera
s to prevent it. This might be said
of almost any disease, human, bovine
or porcine.
The prevention, however, is not always
in the hands of the farmer, but
it is generally. When hog cholera
attacks your herd, or what you believe
to be hog cholera, either secure a
competent veterinarian in your vicinity
or apply to the veterinary department
of your state. Have them send
i a veterinarian to visit your farm, and
r kill enough hogs to find out what is
the matter. Then follow his direc'
tions.
' While this is going on, don't allow
any person to visit your farm, and
! don't visit any other farm. If dogs
' come about your place, shoot them.
! If you have pigeons about, shoot them.
i
Benefits of Cattle Feeding.
Cattle feeding will enable the manager
to dispose* of his surplus feed
in a profitable manner, afford more
barnyard manure with which to enrich
his land. It will also be the
means of diversified farming in which
rotations may be planned, not only to
supply a variety of feed for the stock,
but also with special reference to im^
proving the fertility of the soil.
id
M
L?m?~
tM Making the
0 Farmer*'
Business
<L D
l/EXPRESSLY FOR OUR READERS
EST TEMPERATURE FOR COV
Moard'e Dairyman Expresses Opinio
' That About Fifty Degrees FahI
renhelt Is Right.
^In response to a query as to aboi
ipe ngni lemperaiure iui a uau; uui
Hoard's Dairyman makes the follow
|x reply:
I We are not prepared to say what:
opnsldered the right temperature 1
Inep the barn for dairy cows. It !
djur opinion that It is not well to ha\
the barn colder than 50 degree
Fahrenheit In very severe weathe
temperature in the Hoard's Dair
man barns falls to 60 degrees Fahre
tmit. While the milk flow seems to t
Wont the same under these cond
Was, yet, the cattle seem to sho
Una of not being as comfortable s
Wen the bam is at 60 degrees.
I Prize Winning Ayrshire.
amy be that if they were accustome
M a temperature of 50 degrees <
.barer they would do fully as well.
may be said that cattle under c
flfiUl and semiofficial test, where the
a*e invariably fed a large amount <
fdpd, may be kept at a much low<
tmnperature than 50 degrees Fahre
halt and seem to appreciate it
snoold be remembered, however, thi
tJu feeding at this period is far b
yo|d the amount the animal ca
hwtle to the best advantage, and st
#A]d not be capable of eating i
oj^h year after year. In other word
Secured for Creai
and Insured Better Product
for tho Consumer.
Cfil It 1TCANN, State Dairy Inspect
* - of Colorado.)
rbe old system of spoiling go<
cr am with bad by mixing the tt
is a practice to be relegated to tl
pa it. Consumers, manufacturers ai
pr ducers alike should demand and e
pe it that progress or a lead be mat
in products and manufactures of the
re pective community and state.
(? > Phlle cream grading is a compar
tit sly new measure in many of oi
bo tferlng states, it has apparent
pn red beyond doubt its value In mar
rei pects, the foremost of which ar<
Se urlng a better material for creai
eri is; placing an Incentive and rewai
fori the production of good cream i
difference In price received for fin
Mk cream over that for secon
-grlTO, and insuring a better produ
for the consumer, thereby increasli
co! sumption and demand for produc
ma lufactured.
Ct T UP LONG CORN STALK
Mi eh Waste May Be Avoided ar
Sows Wilt Eat Them Up CleanBit
of Grain Is Relished.
Don't try to make your cows e
long corn stalks. They will sure
wa ite a lot of good feed. Cut the stall
an! they will eat them all up clea
Let them lie in a box or even In tl
alleyway for a day or two after th<
have been cut and they will heat ar
soften up a good deal. If too dry a 1!
tie water poured over the pile w!
help to moisten them up. A bit <
gra?n sprinkled over each ration wl
li? u. ii _t_i ~ j
maa? na ucmug guuu.
U
Bad-Acting Heifers.
jjelfers are not included, as vei
offcn they will be gentle as anyone d
sirgs, after the second calf. It may b
as feome say, a bad cow is simply
heifer grown up, that has been ruine
while being broken. However, if the
persist in tricks after the second cal
best) to let them go and try a new coi
')
! Cow Pays for Attention.
Ji good cow, no matter what bree
is #orth all the care and kindness tl
owner can give her, and all the goc
feea she can use. No doubt there ai
verw many cows that would give
mucli better showing if they receive
the accessary attention.
\
/ Dairy Cow of Future.
Remember that the heifer is tl
daiiy cow of the future. Feed hi
accordingly.
Cows Properly Cared For.
Fiye cows properly cared for ar
fulljJ fed will return much more tha
ten /half fed.
fl
i
A
MAKING SUCCESS II
iiiimonprnia
Excellent Specimen
>e
ll" (By E. VAN BENTHUYSEN.)
w A young pigeon, unlike a young
J? nicken, cannot feed itself, but must
be fed by the old bird.
Very often squabs do not leave the
nest until they are a month old and
ready for the market.
Sometimes the old birds will favor
one of their offspring and feed it conI
tinually, allowing the others to go
hungry much of the time. It is not
unusual to see one large, plump bird
and a half-starved, puny one in the
same nest, both having been hatched
at the same time.
The male bird sits on the nest at
I night and the female in the -daytime.
I Some dealers say that this is the only
true test of mating.
Vermin is a constant menace to
pigeons and must be always fought
td Frequent whitewashing, absolute
>r cleanliness, and tobacco-stems placed
in the nests will generally keep the
if- birds reasonably clean,
sy Pigeons must have clean water for
if bathing, once every day: It should
;r be given them early in the morning,
n- The birds cannot live without it.
It The bathing dishes should be em>
it tied immediately after the birds bare
e- used it, as it quickly becomes foul and
in should not be allowed to stand,
le The pigeon that goes about with
to drooping wings is a sick bird,
s, At the first sign of sickness, the
bird should be taken out of the pens
and placed by itself. Unless it is very
n ratuMbJe it should h? killed at tho
end of three days If It Is not entirely
well.
n,
SOMETHING NEW IN PERCHES
- Two-by-Twos Hung From Celling by
)(j Use of Wire and Fastened at
End Are Excellent.
ro
16
1(1 Many persons use hanging perches
for poultry because they are more
le" sanitary. Lice and mites cannot get
Jr on them unless they leave the fowls.
But I never have seen any perches
constructed like mine that were not
a" also swinging perches, writes Horace
Ir E. Wolcott of Lubbock county, Texas,
y In Missouri Valley Farmer. I loug
ago learned that It prevents much
B" nervousness among the flock at night
If tha norohaa Hn Tint nXDT
rd *4 VMV *,V4 v**vu ?
It is better economy to make 1'ne
(t perches of good material. I find two
d by two-inch lumber about right, or
ct two by fours ripped in two lengthways.
My perches are eight feet long,
making them lack a foot of touching
at either end, which is about right.
Round the two sharp corners on top,
and finish smooth. It is much easier
? for a fowl's foot to curve over a rounded
surface not too wide than to grasp
a square, sharp edge.
Get some large screw-eyes or barbedwire
staples, and some smooth wire,
as small as is possible consistent with
at
Cti/ing
16 * w//
ld P
in 1' ?
"I
>y Licelesa and Sanitary.
strength. Screw a part of the eyes
Into the overhead joists or in the ceiling,
one eye for each end of each
perch. In each eye fasten a wire long
enough to hang down to within two
and one-half feet of the floor. Put a
>(1 screw eye near each end of every
re perch, at the upper edge. Fasten the
? hanging wires into these, and your
:tJ perches are hung. The perches should
be an equal distance apart, and all
on a level.
Next fasten a screw-eye in each end
of everj' perch, and put other screw"r
eyes in the walls between perches.
Fasten a length of wire into the first
screw eye on the wall, thread it
through the next eye in the wall, continuing
alternately until all perches
ir are fastened to each other and to the
wall. Then by fastening the perches
at the other end, they are complete
and will not swing nor sway.
U THE PIGEON LOFT j
W-'
of Homer Pigeon.
Squabs are pretty well covered with
feathers when they are three weeks
old.
Before engaging In the pigeon bustness
go and spend a week or two with
some successful pigeon breeder. One
can learn more in this way than from
three months of reading.
Nobody except a simpleton will buy
pigeons whose mating is not absolutely
guaranteed. Even then one should
not buy except from a dealer with a
high reputation, because even if the
birds are guaranteed and they prove
to be unmated much time will be lost
before they can be replaced.
The aim of every pigeon dealer is to
produce the largest amount of meat
in his bird. For this reason scrub
' stock should never be used.
No artificial heat is required in
pigeon houses, but they must be absolutely
tight as drafts are fatal.
Pigeons begin to lay two weeks after
mating. They lay two eggs which
hatch in about eighteen days.
The old birds stop feeding the young
squabs when the next pair hatch.
Rnrh nnJr nf hlrrlo nhmilii hfl nrovid
ed with two nests.
Pigeons cannot thrive unless they
have a place in which to fly. Confined
in houses they will quickly contract
consumption and die. Even in
the coldest weather they should he
allowed to fly outdoors when they
please.
The breeding season is from March
_tn_flantamber. hut extra good breed ?
ers will produce young ten months In
the year. \
Clean out the house at least once a
week, use this style of perches,
sprinkle the floor every morning with
a disinfectant made of sifted ashes
mixed with about one-fourth their
bulk of salt, the whole moistened with
kerosene; whitewash the interior occasionally,
and there will be little
trouble with vermin. When using this
"powder" be careful not to get any in
the nests, as the eggs will absorb
the odor of the coal oil and the oil
will also prevent their hatching. This
disinfectant in cheap, and effective.
BALANCED FEEDING FOR HENS
No One Grain Combines the Necessary
Proportions of Ingredients
to Produce Eggs.
(By W. R. GILBERT.)
Balanced feeding is an attempt to
provide for all the wants of fowls'
bodies so as to enable them to yield
the best profits to their owners at a
minimum cost
No one grain, meal or vegetable by
itself combines the necessary proportions
of ingredienis to produce eggs
In profitable quantities. .
Scientific experiments have proved
that to keep alive an ordinary hen*
weighing six pounds, two ounces of
dry food per day is required, but these
two ounces are not enough to'put on
flesh or to make eggs.
They are only enough to keep up
the wear and tear of existence. More
food has to be supplied for egg making
and if this food is richly charged with
the component parts of an egg the
greater and easier will be the production.
The only chemical properties of food
that we need trouble about are the
flesh and muscle-making principles
known as albumenoids and the heat
and fat-making principles known as
carbohydrates.
The ration that both science and ex
periments have decreed to be the best
is 4% to 5 parts of fat or heat-making
foods to one part of flesh-making food
and the total amount of food require
ment for the keeping of a hen in laying
condition is from 23 to 24 ounces
per week, according to her size.
Juiciness of Fowls.
A great deal is written about the
"lnl/ilnoco" r\1 fVkla AS
DUpCHUI juiuucoa ui tutu ut&gu va
that breed of fowls. The truth is, the
juiciness, or the lack of it, is chiefly
the work of the cook. The flesh of
fowls should be judged by flavor and
tenderness, and these, too, are large
ly in the hands of the cook.
Diseases of Ducks.
Ducks are subject to very few di?'
eases. They do not have cholera, roup,
gapes, but they do occasionally die
from spinal meningitis and paralysis.
Cold water is the general cause of
cramps in young ducks.
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