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COOPER^ 2. What Constitutes Marketing. Clemson College, April 15.?The first article of this series stated that -v the problem which cooperative marketing by growers is expected to solve Is, "How may the grower obtain a larger share of the consumer's dollar?" It* would be well now to explain what constitutes marketing of a commodity, as there is much mystification on the subject. Marketing a crop includes all those steps through which a crop is put In passing from the grower to the consumer. There are a number of these steps. In the first place, the crop or commodity must *be concentrated or assembled into lots of marketing size and similar grade and quality. Growers frequently sell -their crop in a j lump, the good with the bad, the total / amount to a small lot of mixed grades. t Consumers do not buy this way, however, and therefore somebody must tnkq the crops composed of a mixture of grades from a great many farmers and assemble from them even running lots suitable for supplying the demands of consumers. * Xot only must crops be concentrated and graded, but since consumers cannot immediately purchase the entire crop as soon as it is harvested, a part of the crop must bo warehoused and protected until such time as there is aeniana tor it i/om consumers. i>omo farm commodities require o-ly shelter while some require cold storage. Some may he held a short time and some a long time. A part of practically every important crop, is warehpused or 'stored in some way before it is consumed. AJost crops also require treatment, processing, manufacturing or some kind of additional handling which enhances the value, after the grower disposes of it. Transportation is another of the steps in marketing that come between the growing and the consuming of most of our farm crops. 'Fxpcrt Salesmanship and Financing Most liii|K>rtant Farmers seldom use expert sules~ manship in disposing of their crops individually, and consumers seldom buy these crops until after someone has applied expert salesmanship at one or more points on the journey from the grower to the consumer. Therefore we may consider that expert salesmanship is one of the most essential stops in marketing. ) Another important step in marketing is the ilnanclng of the movement of commodities from grower to consumer. Orowers ordinarily receive cash for the commodity when delivered at the first or primary mar mutual advantage of growers and consumers. Cooperative marketing would reduce expense, eliminate waste, and add eflleleney wherever possible in the various steps in marketing. Wherever the commodity is being handled as efficiently as possible already the cooperative association would lalje no action. It is remarkable that some growers object to cooperative marketing on the ground that it would take the marketing of their crops out of their individual hands and would interfere with their liberty of action. Such grower should reflect upon the value that such liberty has been to them In MARKETING the past, and whether after all some middleman does not perform practically all the steps in the actual marketing of the commodi . His liberty of action only allocs him to dump his crop in competition with every other grower, whereas cooperative -marketing would eliminate such selling competition among members of an association and would encourage buying competition among buyers. -Just how this is done is a part of the plan which will be taken up In later articles of this series. 3. Deficiencies Of The Individual Farmer As a Market Man Having seen dn the last article that marketing of a farm crop includes assembling or concentratir n, grading, warehousing, processing, transportation, financing, salesmanship and re,tailing, we should readily understand why the farmer acting as an individual is such a poor merchant of his own products. Acting alone he can do very little with any of the various steps in marketing. Usually at the very first step .that of assembling the commodity, the title, passes from the grower to a "middleman" and all subsequent steps In marketing are performed by middlemen. Sometimes a grower will warehouse a part of his crop and, if he is a large grower, may grade the crop and later sell it by grade. By far the great majority, hou'evcr, put their crops on the market soon after harvesting, accepting in payment the current cash value and accepting also the more or less arbitrary grading of the buyer. This j rico is usually too low because of the fact that markets are being glutted, and the grading is frequently unfair to growers for no reason except that buyers know grades and growers do-not. As Individual Seller. Grower Competes Wltli Grower. Acting as individuals in selling, growers have to compete with one another. this competlton resulting fre quenuy in prices neiow coBt .01 production. It seems that regardless of how economically a crop may have been produced, there are always some growers whose financial condition compels them to sell whether or not they get the cost of production. This number who must sell is sutllcient to break the market and compel a!! other growers to accept losing prices. Profits from farming are, through our individual methods , of marketing, thus maintained at low levels, and this is of course reflected in our low scale of living. Farming is generally regarded as a production business rather than as a selling business. Practically all of the farmer's energies, physical and mental, are spent in economical production. He has little time and little capacity for studying marketing conditions; and. acting as an individual, he can do nothing to correct poor conditions even if lie were as well informed as the expert middlemen who handle the marketing. Why 15crate Middlemen'.' In spite of these facts, when the grower brings his crop to the market lie is put in the absurd position ot matching his wits with experts who have made life studies of how to buy lowest and sell highest. Moreover, every middleman who handles his crop is a pai of an interlocking econitmic system the tendency of which is in pay in growers me lowest possible price and exact from consumers the highest possible price. This, however, is no reason for berating middlemen. The work which they do is in most cases necessary. Their ranks include our bankers, merchants, railroads, warehousemen, manufacturers, and others in addition to speculators. The only question that can he asked about middlemen is, can the work they are doing be done more economically in some other way? The advocates of cooperative marketing say that it can be done more economically in many cases by the growers acting together through cooperative marketing associations. All are agreed that growers acting individually could not do as well as our ''present set of middlemen. Successful Cooperatives Pointing The Way. There are enough successful cooperative marketing associations now doing'business to point the way. The Qiiliippt luiss liopnnin itorhnntt tlio Hvosf agricultural topic in America. Growers of every kind of commodity are studying the principles underlying the successful cooperative marketing associations with the idea of applying these principles to their own commodity. These principles will he explained in later articles. v Ideal. Mrs. North: "My husband spends all his evenings at the club." Mrs. West: "What a happy home life you must have!"?American Legion Weekly. at J, Uot place. The produce may not be put through the necessary processes, reach the merchants* shelves and l?e finally sold to the consumer in whose possession it disappears from commerce until months afterward, lnjbhe meantime somebody has capital invested in the commodity, and interest must be paid for the use of such capital. Hence, financing the movement of a cotnmoditry, especially non-perishable commodities, is one of tinimportant steps in marketing. Still another step in marketing but one which is of loss immediate importance to the growers because so far removed-> from them is the final IVlUlllllfe "I till' llllllIIMIUnj illll'l 11 lias I been through the other stops, licit! Marketing More Than Dumping on Primary Markets Summarizing the various stops, wo see that marketing crops consists of: (1) Concentration or assembling of the commodity: (2) (trading and standardizing: (3) Warehousing, storing. processing; (4) Transportation: (5) Financing: (fi) Expert salesmanship: (71 Final retailing. From this we see that marketing a commodity means more than hauling it as soon us produced to the nearest corn i titration point and dumping it for whatever price may be offered on a glutted primary market. Marketing only begins when that is done, and the wide differences between the growers' receipts and consumers' prices indicate that those who look after the various steps in marketing exact very good wages indeed for their services. In fact, in some of these steps farmers are coming to believe that economies might he effected through cooperative marketing to the SEC. WALLACE ASKED TO SPEAK TOFARMERS \ > Columbia, April 25.-?Hon. Henry C. Wallace, secretaVy of agriculture, has been Invited to deliver an address at the semi-artnual meeting of the South Caroling. Division if the American Cotton Association, which will be held in Columbia at Craven Hall on Wednesday, May 4 at noon. Senators Dial and Smith are urging his acceptance of the invitation and definite an on^r m v.\|revieu wnnin nie next iew days. The meeting on May 4 will be devoted to co-operative marketing and on that day plans for the formation of a state-wido co-operative marketing association will be outlined. Pre' limitary meetings have been held in different sections of the state- -and officials of the association believe that the people are ready for the campaign. On Tuesday, May 3,' a central committee composed of 24 representative farmers will meet and formulate plans / for the formation of the association. These plans will be announced at the meeting on Wednesday. Every farmer in South Carolina is invited to the meeting on May 4 and it is expected to be the biggest meeting of farmers ever held in South (Carolina. Fifty delegates have been named from every county in the state but everybody is welcome to the meeting whether they are delegates or not, or whether they are members of the cotton association or not. ILKKSVILLK WILL HAVE THE POTATO CURING HOUSE The onward march of the "boll weevil" is making it necessary that the farmers diversify his crop to aid in meeting the issue, the sweet pota,to lends its enchantment, the curing and saving ol' It has been its hindrance. For some time a whisper here .and there has been heard of making preparation to save the potato, until / a few days ago this, this whisper became audible, when a meeting of Leesville citizens was held in the Town Hall and a committee appointed. to make investigation. This committee did its duty and made a re.port of its tindings, and today the business men of Le.esville in session, determined to build a Potato Curing House, anjl they now wish to say through your valuable paper, that the farmer may plant the Porto Rico sweet potato with the assurance of a house in which to cure and save them, and a market upon which to sell them, whether before or after they are cured. It is absolutely essential that for market purposes the Porto Rico potato be planted, besides its yield is more proline and its,, growth more healthy. Farmers, learn to quit the one crop system, begin to diversify?before ruin stalks at your door. Plant the Porto Rico potato with i the assurance that Leesville will have you a market for them, and a house in which to cure them.?Leesville News. Kl'GAIt CAM: IN SOI."Til CAROLINA ! Clemson College, April 15.?One way in which A. H. Ward, county i agent of Darlington, is promoting diI versification is in the encouragement given to farmers to grow sugar-cane for sirup. Through its efforts a great many farmers will plant small acreages in sugar cane. One car of sugarcane for seed has already been ship1 ped in and sold, and a company has | been organized to manufacture cane | sirup for the farmers. This company i will establish an up-to-date sirup mill ; at a cost of $5,000.00, and the manu* facture of sirup will be in the hands of an experienced sirup maker. County Agent Ward's slogan is that every landlord and tenant should produce suillcient sirup for home use this year and should save enough seed (for a larger crop next year. Tteports from other county agents ?sh(?w considerable revival of interest in the growing of sugar cane in the lower part of the state, where excellent yields of a superior quality of sirup are easily made. i SIMPLE COMBINATION HELJPS WEAK EYES Lexington people are astonished at ' the quick results produced by simple ' witch hazel, camphor, hydrastis, etc., i un iiu.\t-u in i^iivoihik eye wasn. in ! one case of weak and nearsighted , eyes a few days use brought great improvement, in another case it stop. ped eye trains and inflammation. We I guarantee a small battle of Lavoptik ( to help any ease weak, strained or inflamed eyes. Aluminum eye cup free. Harmon Drug Co. I / (COWPEAS AN EXCELLENT HAY IF CROP IS PROPERLY CURED If ;eut at the\right stave of growth and properly handled, cowpcaa make excellent hay of high feeding value. The Bureau of Plant Industry of tho (United States Department of Agriculture shows In Farmers' Bulletin j 1153, issued recently, that this hay Is { as valuable as that from other le gumlnous crops, and is relished by all farm animals. i Throughout the 'Southern States cowpea hay has been extensively lton/1 I- ?- - " ' o..u u me jimiii ucpenaence ior :hay on the plantations. Well-cured cowpod. hay has proved satisfactory for work stook and tor beef or milk production, and has given good results when fod to poultry, hogs, and sl?*}ep. It is said to be better suited for feeding cows than horses. Partly on this accouht and partly because of the difficulty often experienced in properly curing the large growth of sucqplent vines, and its coarseness and -uneSenness in quality, cowpea hay has little standing in the city markets. When It becomes generally recognized that this hay is a source of protein which can be raised on the farm, the quality of high-priced concentrated feeds purchased for young animals or dairy cows will be very materially reduced. As a rule, cowpeas should not be cut for hay before the pods begin to turn yellow. The best quality is pro.duced and the hay cures more readily if the vines are cut when most of .the pods are full grown and a large number of them are mature. If cut before this stage the vines are watery and difficult to cure, while if left too late befgre cutting there will be an unnecessary loss of leaves in handling and the fttpmn will ho nmrt. ""J I ' woody. Copies of Farmers' Bulletin 1153, containing Information as to the preparation of cowpeas 'for various .uses, may be had upon request of the ^United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. FEASTUfG IX ODD ROME Those who think the Thanksgiving table is _ the limit in plenty might consider a small part of> the menu of a state dinner in the time of Nero. It should be remembered that everyone ate everything that was served, and when the stomach was stuffed to its -physical limit there were long feathers at hand to tickle the tHroat and relieve the feaster of what he had -alrdrfoy-1' gorged- himself with. - The meals were eaten with the diners at .full_ length on cushions with their heads resting on the laps of slave girls. One feast Included: Dormice stewed with honey and pepper, sausages nerved on individual stoves, plums with kernels of pomegranates, pea-hen eggs with wheat ears hidden in the center, peas, beef kidneys, African eggs, custard, lobster, fowl crammed with nuts, paps of a sow powdered with crystal sugar, rabbit larded with fish 11ns, reslishes, wild boar, dates, almonds, little pigs ?tuffed with sweet meats, blackbirds' tongues, grapes. locust fried in honey, "honey flavored jelly, blocks encasing broiled humming birds, breads, cheese cakes, whole thrushes with hones removed, stienr \o+l crusted with caviat. haunch of a bear, fried snails, cold tarts, dipred in boiling honey. bacon dripped with goose liver gravy, chitterlings, eels stulY'.d with branched peaches, salad of chestnuts, pickles and hearts of roses, vim?h.ivored whipped cream floatln;; <?ii chilled turtle soup, and many, many r her dishes, washed down v. ith cvei one hundred varieties of wine.? Hetrcit News. 1'REK FERTILIZERS Clemson College, April 15.?The idea of getting nitrogen from the air and potash from the soil is being driven home in a series of meetings in Saluda county under the leadership of County Agent J. M. 'Eleazer. This county agent reports one instance in which a farmer whose land was poor to begin with grew 5 crops of bur clover, after which he produced last season two bales of cotton per acre with no fertilizer except 200 pounds of acid phosphate. A field meeting for the benefit of neighboring farmers is to be held on this farm early in May. Great interest is manifested in various parts of the state in soil building and many colls nre being received by the Extension agronomist for help in soil building campaigns. There is little doubt that legumes are going to play a much more prominent part in our cropping systems in the future. Dqliavc! "Gladjs celebrated her birthday last week", announced ^ltce. i "Did she take the day off?" inquired Virginia. "The day? She took about two i years off."?American Degion Weekly, ? if i ? ? JOBBERS STEAL CANCELED CHECKS 1 ' Chicago, April 15.?Six armed bant . dita, 'who held up-two bank messengers on an Illinois Central train early today, captured two satchels containing $638,000 worth of canceled checks. The robbery was elaborately planned, two of the bandits following the messengers when they board ed the train at a downtown station and the other four Joining them half a 'mile south. The robbers left the train ai twenty-second street, and escaped in a taxicab. ' mmmm Seeking - Information An English clergyman who was nailing up a refractory creeper observed a young lad watching him for a long time with obvious interest, "Well, my young friend," he said smilingly, "are you trying to get a hint or two or gardening?" "No," said the youth. "Are you surprised to see me working like this?" "No! I do be waiting to see what a parson do say when he hammers his thumb!" | ASPIRIN Nam? "Bayer" on Genuine Take Aspirin only as told in each package of genuine Bayer Tablets or Aspirin. Then yon will be following the directions and dosage worked out by physicians during 21 years, and proved safe by millions. Take no ichances with substitutes. If you see the Bayer Cross on tablets, you can take them without fear for Colds, Headache, Neuralgia, Rheumatism, Earache, Toothache, Lumbago and fcor Pain. Handy tin boxes of twelve tablets cost few cents. Druggists also sell larger packages. Aspirin is the trade mark of Bayer Manufacture of Monoaceticaci/lester of Salicylicacid. SLOW v DEATH Aches, pains, nervousness, difficulty in urinating, often \nean serious disorders. Hie world's standard remedy for kidney, liver, bladder and uric add troubles? COLBMEBAL bring quick relief and often ward cff deadly diseases. Known aa the tta remedy of Holland for more than 200 years. All druggists, In three sixes. Leek for tho mmmm Gold Medal en ?*?? Ux aad accept ee imitation r _ 4 - Service PIl Means Sh We fit shoes properly ( life, better looks and shoes. Therefore shot be had at The B H. H. Pow< 1508 Main Street, Massaging Shampooing The A LaModi 1310 Main St., (Uti W'K MAKE A SPECIALTY KINDS OF 1 Special Sk^p Treatment Henna Pack fjyui , Stop Those Headaches WALTER'S H: -A.' . V WILL RELIEVE THEM Ninety per cent of constant heacaches are caused from eye strain. Stop in and let WM |. v*~ / . -jf-. us examine those eyes and stop those headaches. Eyes Examined . ^ > J Glasses Fitted 0. L. Walter Optical Co. 1221 Main Street. ColnmW, S. C. Charleston and Florence. S. C. V. : > V f ' I _ * > SHOES jflUn THE KIM) THAT/WEABS EAST AND CONGEST We are always prepared to serve our ^Lexington friends from- a largo I stock of dependable Shoes for even; | kind of wear, in all leathers and sixes. The "Family Shoe Stcro of Colsfisbta." ' * '' ' Fanners' Medium and Heavy Worlc Shoes a Specialty. E. P. & F. A. DAVIS 1710 Main St.. Columbia. S. C ?-?BBS? US Comfort oe Values ' or no sale) hence longer added comfort to your i values are always to I v "j - ; - '< % ooterie ill, Manager. Colombia, S. C. ,vi>v ;&> 1; V- vn. V '??, Mtrcelle Waving I Hair DreMing e Beauty Parlor, Columbia, S. C. OF HEX A PACKS AND AJLIj a AIR GOODS ForJEngagmeut Phone 2272