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IVORY FROM SIBERIA. ture T| Tusks of Mastodons Whose Skeletons ing ' Arc Found in Rivers and amp] Swamps. m;m sprii I Siberia furnishes n large <]uantity 1700 f of ivory to the markets of the world, the : hut the production of it belongs to fron another age and to a species of ani- His mill that does not now exist. The ''h'd ivory is cut from the tusks of masto- tabli dons, whose skeltons arc found fro/.en in masses of ice or buried in the soon mud of Siberian rivers and swamps. 1?> The northern portion of the country seen abounds in extensive bogs, which are worl called urmans. In these are found pers the tusks of the mastodon, from which kept it is inferred that these animals lost the their lives by venturing upon a sur- a m face that would not bear their weight, caim Of this region ;iud its products Dr. bans' I Charles Wenyon writes: tanc "Even to wild animals these ur- app? mans are forbidden ground. The was nimble stepping broad hoofed rein- ho v deer can sometimes cross them safe- Tl |ly in the summer time, but most other the Blarge animals attempting to do so Thr< I would quickly be engulfed, and this the | may be a partial explanation of the bits remains of mammoth and rhinoo- hies, keros, which are so abundant and so urge /widely diffused through these north- The fern marsh lands of Siberia. selv< i "Tn the museum at Tobolsk are nu- Fins morons specimens of mammoth, and cruc throughout this region they are by stee no means rare. When an ice pack seer breaks down a river bank or floods can tear up a frozen marsh or the summer thaw penetrates a little more deeply than usual into t lit* ground some of these antediluvian monsters i .arc very likely to he exposed. ^ " Fti many cases the remains are so fresh and well preserved with their ^ dark shaggy hair and undcrwool of ,j reddish brown, their tufted ears and long, curved tusks, that all the aborig- [""j ines and even some of the Russian ^ settlors persist in the belief that they are specimens of animals which still * live, burrowing underground like ^ | moles, and which die the instant they j I are admitted to light. I <' The further one goes northward (i|. | , the more abundant do these remains . become. They are washed up with .^ ( the tides upon the Arctic shores, and .| some extensive islands off the coast. . . trro? contain great <|iiantities of fossil ^ j ivory and bones. ^ "Tusks which have been long or ju,;n repeatedly exposed to the air are onJ'~ brittle and unserviceable, but those which have remained buried in the ice j , retain tin1 qualities of recent ivory and are a valuable article of mor- . chandise. There is a great market for those mammoth tusks at Yakutsk. .j on the Lena, from which they find . their wav to the workshops of Furon ' . , , casi poan Kussia, and even to I lie lvorv . . c ' i?in carvers of ( antoii. "Various trinkets and works of . ]|1?V art arc made of these remains and are ,, 11 ,i i i ,, I hei sold at the shops and especially at ... the museum as mementos of a visit to .j * this graveyard of the mammoth. One .^ ( of the favorite curios very accurately vesembled slices of Russian bread and cheese. Hut the bread is really j transverse section of one of the long ,n|1j bones of a mammoth, and the cheese j . a piece of ivory from his tusk. The |(|> two joined together were sold at a j price which enabled the ingenious ^,j contriver to obtain for himself manv j>r|( times their weight of the homely fare p(,|j which tliev simulated."?The Youth's , s, . ' sacl Companion. . ' wha culii INVENTIONS WERE STOLEN. it i: tar. Precautious Taken Bofore Days of dom Patents to Prcsorve Trade alwj Secrets. sion in Before patents were granted for in- Tur volitions, the inventor had but one T way to secure a return from his in- nnd vent ion. That was to keep it secret, bai l Secret inventions were the most vatf valuable possessions of many fami- lion lies and guilds. Hut in proportion to are. their value, they tempted the cupidity best of competitors. The secret of mak- tors ing Venetian it lass was greatly prized The l and was most jealously guarded. A izod Venetian named Paoli, who possess- men Ied the secret, left Venice and wander- son! ed northward practising his art. lie vast was stabbed in Normandy with a begi dagger marked "Traitor"?a mens- serv ure taken to preserve the secret. at 1 K In 1710 the elector of Saxony veai Vvler.rned that a man named liottgcr anci had discovered the secret of making the ;/|p|porcelain. Me accordingly confined equi him in the castle of Albrechtsburg forn until the discovered had been per- t a hi fected. The workmen wet > sworn to long I secrecy, and the drawbridge was kept bait \ lip except to admit those specially The A authorized. Thus was the inarmfac- OOOj | ture of the famous Dresden ware be- impi \ gnu. The secret was soon carried to the j Vienna, where a royal factory was whit > established, and to France, where it | nil ( \ was the foundation of the manufae-1 men t of the I anions Sevres pottery, le stealing of the secret of inak'cast stt?i'l in an interesting exle. A watchmaker named Huntswas dissatisfied with the watch lgs the market afforded, and in conceived that if he could cast steel into an ingot, springs made i it would he more homogeneou . conception was successfully car-' out. and a large market was esished for "Huntsman's ingots." :e wotks with tall chimneys were built. ,-ery effort was made to keep the >t. No one was admitted to tho <s. The process was divided, and ons working on each part were in ignorance of other parts of work. One hitter winter night an. dressed as a farm laborer, !' to the door apparently in an exited condition and asked admite. The foreman, deceived bv his arance into thinking the man incapable of understanding what ould see, let him in. lie man dropped down in sight of furn aces and seemed to sleep. >ugh furtively open eyes he saw workman cut bars of steel into and depositing them into cruei, put the crucibles in furnaces and 1 the fires to the highest pitch. workmen had to protect themi's from the heat by wet cloths, illy lite steel melted, he saw the ibles were withdrawn and I lie 1 was cast into moulds?and the et was a secret no longer?AmcriTndustries. THE COSSACKS. Pampered Mercenaries of the Most High. was t ho Cossacks who put down resistance to the Persian shah's ? d'etat (lie other day. and a Cos; general lias been appointed bv governor of Teheran, the capital It was the CossacUs, too, who uped out the sporadic army ros in Russia last year and the year ' 'e, and prevented the risings in w thousand villages scattered ovl!ie land from spreading further resulting, as in France in 178P, in driving of I lie last landlord from country. The ('ossaeks are a it and characteristic institution Russia, dating from the close of middle ages. They were at the lit of their power and independorganization about the close of sixteenth century, when tliev even their sent of government, which democratic, with a liclman, or nan. at its head. The Don Cosis are the leading body among n. and their principal homes are steppes of the Don and Ciscana. Tt was tin1 Don Cossacks who ed in the rchhellion against Cathe II.. and were punished by hedeprived of their liberties and r democratic institutions. The 'aine ( ossacks (or Cossacks of Rorder land) were organized by king of Poland in the latter half he sixteenth century as a buffer voen Turks and the southeastern ndaries of his realm. It is these hern Cossacks who were probadrawn upon for the putting down I he Persian patriots. Their hisc distinction was their joining lies XII. under Mazeppa against m' tlie flreat. whose victory at ava sealed their fate. The Coses have always maintained, in tever latitude, the distinctive peurities of the race, mixed, though with Russian, Polish and Tarthe Russian peasant strain prelinating. Their prowess has not ivs been confined to land incurs, as at one pifiod "they engaged naval expeditions against the ks in Asia Minor. he modern autocracy of Russia erstands tin* value of such a semi'.irous horde and carefully culti*s and coddles il from generato generation. The Cossacks in fact, hereditary soldiers, the of them, the sons of paid figlifor a dozen or more generations. Russian government has organeleven corps of them in cncampts, stretching from north to h and from east to west of their empire. Their military training lis in hovhood and compulsory ice at 17. Field service beings ?<> and continues for twenty-five s. I'laclt corps receives an allow of land I rom I he czar, from revenue of which il clothes and ps the Cossacks with their uniii of dark green and their pore arsenal of arms, including a lance. There are also fifteen erics of Cossack field artillery. Cossacks now number nearly 2.000 people, with the head of the erial I'amilv their helmnn, and fighting force, some part of li is actually fighting somewhere !>( time amounts to fully .">00.0(1? . I! is an essential part of Rus sia's modiaovalistn?this mediaeval "lial horde ol licensed soldiers of fortune, tin* s litorall vliving on the country. rial I lu? revolutionists have partially tho i demoralized tlu? regular army, but In they make no attempt to inspire such time born and trained semi-savages, the owiu ?necial pets of despotism, with de- pairs votion t<? the people. It is enough to ever ri'ii 'inber that the Cossacks' privi- ply i k ?es would vanish with the institu- ronu: tion of a people's army and a more and democratie government. ? Boston llt> i Transcript. C1.'s * " kit ol WORKING OF FRENCH FARMS, empl OWIU Fjrom the Rich Landowner to the J hire Half Share Man. j into !shan In France there is a hierarct * of ! azim farmers. The great landowners we need not . consider. They are no| in their fields, j They are idling, gaining, talking pol- One itics in Paris. They number their 1 acres by the thousands. Take the j French Rothschilds, for instance?! they own 400,(KM) acres of land. Other amo barons of finance and many gentle- j lach men of ancient houses are masters of Wa* similar estates. | nine Such "farmers" as these are at <lnithe head of the hierarchy; the farm-' " ing baron, the gentleman farmer. ! in It Their lands are exploited in the | lach broad, bu sin ess like way that rules peo| tlie syndicate wheat farm- of the lari; great northwest. Let us go down the 'cau.? scale. Next in order come the far- I ber. met- generals. They are middlemen. I thev They are the capitalists who stand fate between the owner, from whom they j od I rent a hundred farms, and I he ten- I bind ants to whom they sublet. Few of ; sold them have ever turned a furrow. The " farmer general is an intermediary j in ( parasite. I mmj At Ihis point in the agricultural aid. hierarchy comes the man who culti- ! oxpl vales his fields. The largest class i lost is made up ol those who rout their able Iarms?as in Lugland?from some t rest great landowner; if Hie lease be long bo t and the tonus be good he faros not thoi ill. lie owns Iiis stock and implo- lu.v ments. Usually lie is well to do. lie [employs a dozen men, laborers, shop- " herds. More and more ho is becoming ' |he the type of the French farmer, for i ino the small owner?he who ploughed told his own acres?is giving way before mon the universal tendency toward con- ! ca, cent ration; even so I lie little shop-i the keeper is being destroyed by 1 lie all tian absorbing department store. j << In a great measure this man is in- j quit; | dependent. Twice a year he pays his j icini rent; probably he rents his farm on j phy a lease ol three, six and nine years, loml lie is master in his domain. lie may i evei sell, buy, sow and garner as ho will, til Perhaps his greatest difficulty is in ; aboi procuring laborers, for tho young.' << men go to the cities, to the factories; j j(,m so ho works from dawn to dusk and ]jsi, with him in the field his women work. (.Vd Lower in tho scale is the farmer the who works his land on shares, recoiv- ! cert ing one-half of the product. llisjeoa.' tanning is done under tho direction be i ol i he owner of farmer-general. This j in I is the method in vogue at Forrieres, [ on t the great estate of the Baron Rothschild in tho Seino-ot-Marne. Finally SET but a small farm is allotcd to Ino w I Reduced ?TOFORT WORT AND RE1 VIA SOUTHERN I Account National Convention, F September 1st to 5th, 1908, the S< very low round trip rates from all p Tickets to be sold August 29th, 30 leaving Fort Worth not later than S Rates from principal points as fo Abbeville $37-65 Grc*i Anderson 37.65 Lan Blacksluirg jo 2- N(JV Camden 41.85 o,a Charleston 4,.8s Spa Columbia 40.80 Sim Greenville 38.25 Yor For detailed int'ormation, tickets, etc. or address J. L. MKKK. Assistant Gen. Pass. .\ot., Atlanta, L' slum's man." In reality lie is ert ill' tlu1 now regime, for fiuaufeudaliiy has preserved many of ?1<1 servitudes of tlio soil. tlie* first place ho may at any bo called away to work in tlio t's fields. 11? must mako all rct. Ill* must dig trenches wlierotho owner soos fit. llo must sup111 tlio straw and hay the owner ires and send to his kitchen eggs but tor and vegetables in season. nust allow all or any of the ownlaborers to eook their food in his ion whenever sueh laborers are loved near by. And lastly it" the r finds the work ill done he may outside laborers and send I hem the fields, for which the "half cs man" must pay.?Outing MagGREAT IS QUININE. of the Most Valued Drugs Known to Medicine. >eakin,ir of quinine as the chief ng all drugs, Dr. Singub II. CJer. of Bombay, India, said to a 2 diington Post reporter that qui- I is one of the most valuable of all E rs known to medical science. H No one would venture to travel B idia without it," said Doctor CJer- I . "Before its discovery 2,000,000 E de died annually in India of ma- I il fever. The mortality from this 0 is now less than half that numTlie poor people?so poor that "" looked upon the fever as their . and expected no relief?are sav- W iy the agency of quinine. Eng- X 1 could not keep her European *iers in India without it. L Livingstone and other travelers \ ,'entral Africa could never have ' e their discoveries without its F Tl is said of the great German *ocer, Schweinfurth, that when ho C his entire property by fire, valuscientific instruments among II . ho fell the loss of his quinine to he greatest of nil. and often t mhl will) fear of I he journey thai before him. which, however, ho ^ lervered in. The whole world is indebted to 4 cinchona tree, from which quin- \ is made. Who could have forethat this tree, a native of the V ntainons forest of South Ameri- t would lie of such importance in L advance of civilization and Chris- t il y ? L One of the strange things about II line is llial it is tint used as a modi1 in the practice of the native f sieians of I'eru, Ecuador or Coliia. The native Indians did not J i know of its curative powers unenlightened bv Ihe Spaniards it 2.10 years ago. As a moans of guarding the sysfrom intermit tent fever the Engnaval regulations require that y man should lake a portion of drug when the ship is within a a in distance of Ihe east or west ;l of Africa, and thai il should al regularly taken by those engaged >oal cruising along (he coasts or he rivers or creeks." 3 BROADDUS & RUFF's glass am al 10c. Rates rURN, ' c IAILWAY. C) armers' Union, to be held c Duthern Railv/ay announces oints to Fort Worth, Texas th and 31st, good to return, eptember 30th, 1908. Jrj Hows: r L'liwood S.yS.oe; Hi caster t f>h D 39 5.S "Jfeburg 40.40 rtanburg 3H.75 ,le|" \2 2C) k\*ille 41.15 . see Southern Railway Agents J. c. U;SK, \h Division Passenger Agt.. | Charleston, VS. C. The Commercial Bank, I NEWBERRY, S. C, I Condensed from report to State Bank 1 Examiner at the close of business June I 4th, 1908: I RESOURCES: I Loans and Discounts $371,217.20 I Overdrafts - 6,521.92 I Furniture and Fixtures 3,116.93 I Cash 30,599.38 | $411,455.43 I LIABILITIES: I Capital $ 50,000.00 I Undivided Profits net 55,887.90 I Dividends Unpaid 1,112.00 I Cashiers Checks 12.00 I Due to Banks 1,063,32 I Individual Deposits 303,380.2 1 I Borrowed Money None I $411,455.43 I J NO. M. KINARD, O. B. MAYKR, J. V. McKAUv, | President. Vice-Pres. Cashier. 1 4 Per Cent. Interest Paid in Our Sav- | ings Department. | Dewberry Col. lege l Two Courses: V 1 Bachelor of Arts 3 Languages and Mathematics Z with Electives ^ 2 Bachelor of Science ^ Mechanical and Electrical { Engineering with A. B. English : HIGH STANDARDS D GOOD SANITATION UNUSUAL ECONOMY _ Positive Moral Influences i OPENS SEPT. 23. 3 For Illustrated Catalogue ? J. A. B. Scherer, Newberry, S. C, CHICORA COLLEGE, GREENVILLE, S. C. Owned ami controlled by the Presbyteries of the Synod of South Carolina. A high grade college for women. A Ohristion home school. Graduate courses in the Arts and Sciences, Music, Art, Kxpression, (>yttinaslic.s id Business. I,arge and ahle faculty, iK-autiful grounds, elegant buildings, modern conveiences, healthful climate. location in Piedmont section, and in city of 25,000. KXPIiNSHS I-OR THli KNTIRK YHAR. A. Tuition, Hoard, Room and Fees ..... f iSj.cx) H. All included in proposition (A) and Tuition in Music, Ail or Kxpression #203.OO to $2 I 3 OO Next session opens September 17th l;or catalogue and information address S. C. BYRD, D. D., President. REPORT OF CONDITION OF THE EXCHANGE BANK of Newberry, S. C., ondensed from report of State Bank Exam: iner June 4th, 1908. KKSOtRCliS: oans and discounts $'99,738.76 verd rafts ' 2,115.92 until lire and fixtures 3,696.62 ash 011 hand and in Banks 26,548.34 $232,099.64 I,FA 1(1 LIT I MS: !i]?ital stock c, 50,000.09 tij.'.us, net 8,439.70 npaid Divided1- 12.^1 isliiers Checks 1,162.80 ills Payable 65,000.00 .. ( Banks < 1,402.7.1 L* pOSltS, { . 1 1 1 * 1 ( Individual '(>5?99' 82-?107,4.84.57 f 2 3 2,099.64 Reliable and absolutely safe. We pay 4 per cent on time deposits. I). I)A VKNPORT, M. [, SPKARMAN, President. Cashier. !>\V. R. HIPP, W. 15. \VAI,I,ACK, Vice-President. Assistant Cashier. C,KO. 15. CKOMMR, Attorney.