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? IXJJ?ijmpx^L*_i 'Friday Morning, April 80, 1860* j Th? lame? The Nashville Union and American has don? the eouutry a good service iii discussing thc question at issue notr between tl io executive and legis? lativo^ brauche? of the Federal Go? vernment. "The fear is, that this disagreement may lend to a conflict - which will shake again ihe pillars of the Government." Hie whole question is in R nut? shell. The vital question at issue is . tho relation? undor the Constitution, which the States hold to the Federal Government. From tho date of the adoption of the Constitution, there i have been variant opinions upon this subject, and parties have mustered andT prevailed or failed, according to circumstances, under the two theories. A class of great political tliinkeTa have contended that the provisions of the Constitution gave the General Government a great scope o? powers over all subjects which Governments are erected for; another, equally great, have contended that one of the chiel purposes of a written chart of organic law was the limitation of the power? of .the General Government to cer? tain specified objects, and that thc great mass of governmental powei was reserved to the several States. Incidental causes and questions o: local interest have, from time to time made the leaders and the followers o either set of opinions rush to extremes The protection of an institution pe cnliar to oue section of the country led to an extravagant assertion of tin doctrine of State sovereignty. It re ceived its corrective in the result of t terrible civil war, and we think i safe to predict that a long period wil elapse before it will ever be re-assert ed to the same extent. But, ii overcoming the centrifugal force o this doctrine, a dangerous eentripe tal tendency has been set up, which if not checked, will lead to results a inimical to peace and the safety o the Government under the Constitu tion as did the doctrine of absolut State sovereignty. The queatioi ' now ia, shall the States have am enjoy their true and constitutione powers, or shall the General Govern ment absorb and assume sovereignt over all subjects. The Freedmen' Bureau bill, the civil rights bill, au the drift and object of the man amendments to the Constitutio which have been presented to Coi: gress, are parts of this great centr petal and consolidating movement A majority of both Houses of Coi gress seem to look in this directior The President having opposed, i 18G1, tho one extreme, to-day equall opposes tho other. Neither are righ The Constitution so declares, and th President proposes to make good il declarations. We subjoin extracts from Jeffersoi In a letter to Major John Car wright, an Englishman, Juno 5, 1$2? Mr. Jefferson said: "With respect t our State and Federal Government I do not think their relations corroe ly understood by foreigners. Tho generally suppose the former subo: diuate to thu latter. But this is nc the case. They are co-ordinate d< partments of ono single and integn whola To tho State Government are reserved all legislation and tu ministration in affairs that concer their own citizens only; and to tl: Federal Government is given wha ever concerns foreigners or eiti/.ei of other States; these functions alor being made federal. The one is tl domestic, the other the foreign branc of tho same Government, neithi having the control of the other, bi with its own department. There ai one or two exceptions only to th partition of power." To Judge Johnson, (June 12, 182.1 Jefferson wrote: "I have been blame lor saving, 'that a prevalence of tl doctrine of consolidation would oi day call for reformation or revoh tion.' I answer by asking if a sing State of the Union would liavo agre* to the Constitution, had it given ? powers to the General Governmcnl If the wholo opposition to it did n proceed from the jealousy and fear every State, of being subjected the other States in matters mere its own? Aud is there any reason believe tho States more disposed nc than then to acquiesce in this gen ral surrender of all their rights ai powers to a consolidated Gover ment, one and undivided?" Fnrth on in tho same letter, which is qui long and very argumentativo, Jeff? son says : ' 'It may be impracticable lay down any general formula words which shall decide at on< and with precision, in every cai this limit of jurisdiction. But thc aro two canons which will guide safely in most cases. 1st. The ca] tal and leading object of the Cons tution was to leave with the States ?authorities which respected their ow ii citizens only, and to transfer to the . United States those -which vespeeted citizens of foreign ot other Statea-^to make us several as to onrselves, pnt ono as .to ?ill 'others.- In the latter case, then, constructions should lean to the general jurisdiction, if the I words will bear it; and in favor of the States in the former, if possible to beso construed. And, indeed, between I citizen? and citizens of the sam? State, and tinder their own laws, I I know of but a singlo caso in which a I jurisdiction is given to the General Government. That is, when any? thing but gold or silver is made a j lawful tender, or the obligation of ' contracts is any otherwise impaired. I The separate L?gislatures had so often abused that power, that the citizens ? themselves chose to trust it to the general rather than to their own sepa? rate authorities. 2d. On every ques? tion of construction, carry ourselves back to tho time when the Constitu? tion was adopted, recollect tho spirit manifested in the debates, and in? stead of trying what meaning may be squeezed out of the text, or in? vented against it, conform to the probable one in which it was passed." Again, in tho samo letter: "Can it be behoved that, under the jealousies prevailing against the Government, at the adoption of the Constitution, the States meant to surrender thc authority of preserving order, of en I forcing moral duties, and restraining i vice, within their own territory?" To John Holmes, (April 22, 1820,; Jefferson wrote: "An abstinence, too, from this act of power, woulc remove tho jealousy excited by th? undertaking of Congress to re^latt this condition of the different de scriptions of men composing a Slate This certainly is the exclusive rigb of every State, which nothing in th? Constitution has taken from then and given to the General Govern ment. Could Congress, for example say that the non-freemen of Connecti cut should be freemen, or that the; shall not emigrate into any othe State?" To liobert J. Garnett (Februar1 14, 1824): "The best key for th solution of questions of power be tween our Governments, is the fae that every foreign and federal powe is given to the Federal Government and to the States every power pure! domestic. I recollect but one in stauce of control vested in the Fed* ral over the State authorities in matter purely domestic, which is tba of metallic tenders. The Federal is in truth, our foreign Government which department alouo is taken fror the sovereignty of the* separat States." No man has lived under the Gr vernment who has given tho subjec moro thought, or brought to it tb powers of a clearer intellect, tba Thomas Jefferson, and as author < the "Declaration of Independence, a copious writer on systems of G< vernment, and for eight years tL chief administrator of the system, h holds an historical attitude which ei title his deliberate opinions, deliver? from the retirement of Monticello, t great weight with all parties at tl present day. CHOPS IN GEOTKJIA.-A report, v do not know whence it originate! s.iys that 1,000 negroes stampede from their employers in Georgia ; spite of contracts, and crops are co sequently precarious. We do n imagine crops ure anything like precarious in tho South as the}' ba? been represented te be. So far South Carolina is concerned, the pla tors express satisfaction ?it the pr< peet According te the New Yoi Tribune, tho Hon. A. H. Stephens of the opinion that, the cotton cr< throughout the South will amount S,0OO,OO() bales. Wo can hardly ho] te realize quite so extensivo au yiel although we are willing te place t figures at 2,000,000. We dislike disagree with an authority so som and reliable as DeB&tc's Keriew, sa the Charleston Courier, a contribut to which has estimated tho corni crop at not over 1,500,000 bales, h wo baso our own estimate on inf? mation received from mimerons pis tors. Tura TENKBRSKE ELECTION. -T election in Tennessee, which ocenrr on Satnrday last, was a most hum atiug defeat for the radicals. '1 bolters in Memphis and Nashvi worn re-elected by overwhelming v jorities. In Memphis, out of abc 4,000 votes cast, Posten and Walk bolterr, received all bat 500. WI: it is remembered that the pres< franchise law, when it was passed, ^ supposed to exclude all men of Sou ern proclivities from the polls, th results must be considered rema able. Two of tho Southern Provisio Governors, Messrs. Holden, of No Carolina, and Hamilton, of Tei have arrayed themselves against President, ami espouned the rad cause. ft- *?W Oft&?<-??* tn Am?rl?*? ' By reference to the? telegraphic dw spatolies published {tl this morning's paper, it will be se?? that this much dreaded visitor har-i at length reached onr sh oros-au English steamer; with a number of cases on board, having | been detained at the lower quarantine, near the entrance to New York bay. A death from the samo terrible disease | has also occurred in Portland, Me. That it will spread rapidly in tho large cities of the North, there can scarcely be the shadow of a doubt, as tho ma? jority of them are in a filthy condi? tion. It behooves the authorities all over the country to bo up and doing, so as to give this scourge a proper re? ception. Who can tell, but that some I of the scenes described so vividly by Sue, in the "Wandering Jew," as having occurred in tho ever memora? ble year of our Lord 1832, maj* not be re-enacted in 1SGC in America? Two colored soldiers lately visited the place of Mr. Gregorie, in Christ Church Parish, and, after insulting him, fired two shots with a pistol upon which Mr. Gregorie gave them the contents of a gun, which resulted in the killing of one of the negroes. Mr. Gregorie was arrested by Col. E. j A. Mozlay, at Mount Pleasant, and at night his house was attacked by a I crowd of negro soldiers, the house plundered, his family ill treated, and j his daughter slightly injured. -, ^ ? > Tim SOUTHERN INSPECTION. -Tho orders given by the President to Generals Steadman and Fullerton, include an inspection of tho Freed? men's Bureau, its management and i its usefulness, and its estimation by the Southern people. This is to be done outside of the Bureau, and without consultation with its chief officers. They will remain in the South several weeks. The steamship Gen. Barnes (of the Willis ?V. Chisolm line) made the quickest trip of the season, between Charleston und New York, leaving the former city on Saturday evening, and arriving in New York Monday evening. The radicals in Congress are con? sidering the propriety of robbing Texas of a portion of her territory to be held as a reservation for home? steads for colored soldiers. BRITISH EXPERIMENTS IS NEOTO SUFFRAGE.-lu the British House of Lords, on tho 13th inst, the bill abolishing the Constitution of the Island of Jamaica, and transferring the government of that colony to the crown, was discussed. In the course of the discussion, Earl Grey, who said he had paid par? ticular attention to the negro pro? blem for thirty years, and had de? voted particular attent ion to Jamaica, mode the following remarks: "Slow as the progress of the colony has been, the negroes, by degrees, have acquired property, and a correspond? ing political influence, and it is pretty clear that, in a short time, the politi? cal ascendency would have passed out of the hands of the whites into those of the negroes. This fact explains the readiness of the Jamaica Parlia? ment to commit political suicide. Her Majesty's Government has acted most prudently in accepting that sa crifice, and proposing to place the government of the colony under the restrictive authority of the crown. From all the evidence I have been able to collect, I have come to the conclusion that for many years to come the negroes will be unfit to exercise political power, and, there? fore, in my opinion, to have abolished tho authority of the oligarchy, and to have placed the political power in tho hands of the blacks, would have left the colony in a worse position than before. I confess 1 look with great alarm at the proposition to place the political power in the hands of t hose who wield the brute; physical force of the colony. * <? ??. ? IMPORTANT, IF TRFE- -RECONSTRUC? TION POSSIBLE. -The Washington correspondent of the Baltimore Sun says it is given out that a plan for the reconstruction of t ho Southern States bas at length beeu agreed upon by the Committee of Fifteen, which meets thc approval of all the reeon stractionists; that it will bo presented in both Houses in the early part of this week, ami that a two-thirds vote of both is confidently expected. Wc are afraid that there is some new wrong meditated. Else, why claim a two-thirds vote for the mea? sure, as if it were one which the Pre? sident could not bo expected to ap? prove? -RicJimond Dispatch. - - - ^ ?? - The Washington Chronicle gives tho following as the list of vetoes issued since the formation of the Government: By George Washing ton, two; by James Maiison, six; by James Monroe, one;by Andrew Jack? son, nine; by John Tyler, four; by James K. Polk, three; by Jame's Buchanan, one; by Andrew Johnson, two. .-."Ii1.-Li_J_'illl'j'JIi The following new*'wo* reo?i-ired by tue Saxoniat . '-; : ATTTOOBAPH IOTTEB ?V THE TO MR. PBAUODT. The following graceful lotter has been -written by tho Queen to Mr. Peabody : "WINDSOR CASTLE, March 28, 18GG. "The Queen hears that Mr. Pea? body intends shortly to return to America, and she would bo sorry that he_ should leave England without being assured by herself how deeply sho appreciates the noble act of moro than princely munificence by which ho has songht to relieve the wants of the poorer classes of her subjects residout in London. It is an act, as the Queen believes, wholly -without parallel, and whioh will ca-ry its l>ost reward in the consciousness of having contributed so largely to tho assist? ance of those who can so little help themselves. Tho Queen would not, however, have been satisfied withont giving Mr. Peabody some public mark of her sense of his munificence, and she would gladly have conferred upon him either a baronetcy or the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, but that she understands Mr. Peabody to feel himself debarred from accepting such distinctions. It only remains, therefore, for the Queen to give Mr. Peabody this assurance of her personal foldings, which she would further wish to mark by askiup bim to accept a miniature portrait ol herself, which sho will desire to have puinted for him, and which, when finished, eau either be sent to him tc America, or given to him on the re? turn which, she rejoices to hear, h< meditates to the country that owe* bim so much." The London lurnea says: "It is tt an American that wc are indebted foi the greatest boon ever givcu to tin poor of London, and it is to a citizei of the United States that the Queer, has thought it right to address this personal expression of gratitude We cannot but believe that such ai occurrence will have no little infla euee iu augmenting the good feeling which should prevail between tin two countries. Mr. Peabody ha done more to foster among us a kind ly feeling for bis countrymen thai could have been effected by a gene ration of statesmen, and the Queen' letter will, we hope, bc received b; the Americans ns n conspicuous evi dence of the friendly regard towan them which such nets have called fort] on our part. Between no two coun tries are friendly relations more natu ral than between England and Ame rica, and we trust that this story o munificence and of gratitude ma; long be remembered in both nation as a pledge of peace and friendship. Tho Time/ Paris corresponden says: The anxiety occasioned by th state of affairs between the two grea German powers is net unlike thu which preceded the breaking out c the war between Italy and Austri: and it is not dispelled by tho elabe rate article, believed to come from tb Foreign Office, which has appeare in 77c Constitutionnel. I lind that hus rather increased than iliminishc the apprehensions that, if the? powers go to war, France cunno even it' she would, maintain her net trality. The anticipation of war betwee Prussia and Austria bus made a mo: unfavorable impression on pomme cial affairs throughout France, and is remarked us a curious ooiuoidene that the cash in the bank is no 508,000,t)00f., nearly the amount reached nuder the republic in 184) in consequence of the predonged sta; nation of trade. The Havre cotttm market is du and prices declining. The Nat ional Zeitung, of March ii publishes the text of t he circular no forwarded by Prussia to tho Germr minor States, bearing date the 241 ultimo. It states that Austria, wit out provocation on the part e?f Pru sia, has ordered armaments of threatening character, which comp? Prussia to arm also em her sid Prussia must now seek guarantee's f her security, having vainly ende vored to obtain them in an alban with Austria. The German policy Prussia and the feelings of the Kii induce ber to seek these gu?rante first in Germany. The present organization of t Federal Constitution does not, ho ever, permit ol' an active part heil taken by Germany in anyemergenc ? ven with the best intentions on t pu t of the different Governments. Prussia must, therefore, continu the note, propose a reform of t Federal Constitution ada]>ted to t present state nf affairs. 'Phis com is thc more incumbent on Pruss since, even from her geographe position alone, her interests n identical with the interests of Gi many. The destiny e>f Prussia is: ti mutely connected with that e?f G many. Count Bismark asks, inconclusa how far Prussia can rely on the si port <>f the different. Governmen in the event of ber being attacked Austria, or being compelled throats from that power to make w The Berlin papers state, that so military measures have been ordei hythe Government. The fortres of Glut/, Cosel, Ncisse, Forgan, \> tenburg, Spandau, and Madgebu are to bo armed. Several art ill regiments will bc raised to their 1 strength. The reserve of the fi new regiments of the> guard, und infantry regiments of the til seventh, ami sixth army corps si not for the prese"? bo relieved fr -military service, but be called out. Ordinances of the Minister of War and interior are published, ordering that the substitutes and the men forming the reserve are to be called out, j together with the ninth regi-. ment A telegram from Breslau, of March 31. says: Thc editors of ti?? Breslau journals havo been ordered by the Director of Police to publish no in? formation whatever in reference to the military movements -now taking place. Tire Vienna journals describe war to be inevitable. In consequence of the present state of political affairs, extensive contracts for the supply of corn have been entered into with the Credit Assault. According to the Presse, that insti? tution is to become a Government institution, through the appointment of its Governor being vested in the ministry. The trans-Atlantic Company have undertaken the transport of the Mexican volunteers to Vera Cruz. The Paris Constitutionnel says: The position of France, in view* of the present difficulties in Germany, is I very simple, and is the result of a j I wisc and far-seeing policy, which may be summed up in the word "neu ! trality." God alone can know if the i crisis will be decided by war, but the I Imperial Government has provided for all contingencies, and, whatever may happen, France will not be found unprepared. WHAT INSTRUMENTS OP WRITING ARE CHARGEABLE WITH STAMP Dun ES. The following letter contains an im- j portant revenue decision : Sut: The lirst iuternal revenue Act | took effect, so far as related to stamp duties, October 1, 18(52. Instruments executed and delivered prior to that date, though they may be recorded afterwards, are not chargeable with stamp duties. If auy instrument subject to stamp duty was issued after October 1, 1862, and prior to August 1, 1864, un? stamped, or insiifficiently stamped, the appropriate stamp may be affixed in the presence of the Court, register, or recorder, ns j?rovided by section 163 of the Act of June 30, 1864. Au instrument issued since August 1, 18(>4, unstamped, or insufficiently stamped, may be stamped by the col lector, upon payment for the proper stamp, and of a penalty of fifty dol- ? lars; and where the amount of the j stamp duty exceeds fifty dollars, ou payment also of interest on said duty at the rate of six per cent, from tho i day on which the stamp should have been affixed. If the instrument Ls presented to the collector within twelve calendar months fruin its issue, the collector is authorized to remit the penalty, pro? vided it shall appear to his satisfac? tion that the omission to stamp it was by reason of accident, mistake, inadvertence, or urgent necessity, and without willful design to evade or delay the payment of stamp duty. If the instrument is not presented within twelve calendar months, the penalty and interest must be paid to the collector before he can render it ! valid by affixing the appropriate stamp, without regard to the cause of the omission to stamp it at the time of its issue. The commissioner has no power to remit this penalty. Deputy collectors, unless acting as collectors under section 39, have no authority to allix stamps or remit penalties nuder section 158. The stamp to be affixed to auy in? strument is tliat required by the law existing at the time when the instru? ment was made, signed and issued. When au instrument is properly stamped, under either of said sec tions, the stamping relates back to tho time when the instrument w-as issued, and renders it from the be? ginning as valid, to all intents and purposes, as if it had been duly stamped when made, signed and is? sued. The whole amount of penalties paid to collectors for validating unstamped instruments should be returned on form 58, with other unassessed penal? ties, and the money deposited to the credit of the Treasury of the United States with other collections. A. E. ROLLINS, Commissioner. Wo hear from all sections of the Stut*' that there has recently been a great improvement in the condition of the growing wheat. Fields in which, six weeks ago, there was not believed to be a living spire, and which the owners contemplated ploughing up and planting in corn, now look green and give promise of a partial crop. It is worthy of men? tion, thal the wheat sowed with a drill has, everywhere, stood the rigor of the winter better than that seeded by hand. This is easily explained by the fact that the drilled wheat is in all cases covered to a proper depth, while much of the hand-sown wheat is imperfectly covered by the harrow, or left entirely on the surface. This matter is well worth the attention of farmers. -Richmond Tinten. NARROW ESCAPE.-It is reported that ex-Senator G win lately had a narrow escape from death. While writing in his room at one of the New Orleans forts, a leaf of his manuscript blew off, and Dr. Gwin started for it upon the run, forgetting the sentinel upon duty. The negro drew his musket upon bim and pulled the trigger, but fortunately the cap failed to explode. Had it gone off, that would have been the end of the ex-Senator. HorigiLgcs a o? ConYey?ic*s of SSA! JSS tato for sale at th is office. CAR 11.---Ow te rnrs for subscription, ad? vertising and ?iib work aro cash. We hopi; ?lt parties will bear t his in mind. TUE Bunsixo OK COI-OMUIA.-An inter? esting account ol the "Sack a?d- Destruc tioa of thc City of Colombia, 8." C.," ha? just boen issued, in pamphlet form, from the Plumier, steam power press. Oriels can bo tilled to any extent. Boos AND JOB PUINTINU.-Tho lihuuiir office is now fully supplied with cards, colored sud whito paper, colored ink, wood type,.etc., and is now in condition to exe? cute all manner of book and job printing iu the shortest, possible time. Cri ve ue a call. _\^_"_. The sale advertised yesterday morning, of certain merchandize, in tho case of the United states vs. James G. Gibbes, was closed, after a few articles were disposed of by an improvised soldier-auctioneer. The withdrawal of the goods was owing to tho fact that there were so few bidders, although there waa a large number of persons in attendance. We presume tho matter will bc adjusted. CITY CIA>CK.- WC venture again to urge upon our "City Fathers" thc subject of a city clock. The committee which has been appointed in relation to an alarm bell we hope will take thc subject of a clock into consideration. We believe that, with slight exertions, a voluntary subscription could be obtained to purchase a suitable clock for a public tower, either on thc Southern end of the new market house, or at any other central point in the city. OLD Rssinavrs RKTITBSINO.-We are highly gratified, almost daily, by the sight of the faces of former residents of Colum? bia and vicinity, who, having given otb*r sections a trial, have returned to Uie "old place," satisfied that they can get along a? well - if not better-- hore than elsewhere. Among these, we notice the familiar face of Robert Joyi er, Esq., who, after au ab? sence of eight >r ten years, returns to Co? lombia, to make it his future residence; and has commenced thu erection of a commo? dious hotel, near the Charleston and 0>eeu ville Depots. Nr.w AOVEKTISKMJCNTS. Attention is call? ed ti) the following advertisements, which arc published this uiorniug for the first lime: 1'. <1. du Fontaine - -The Carolinian. T. A. Scott- Saw Mill to Rent. Fisher ?V Lowrance-Corn, Ac. Applv at this Office- lippies Lost. W. C. Schultze A Bro.-Prints, Ac. Cor. Bull and Camden els- Furniture. T. J. Gibson-Florida Syrup. H. M. Price-Venezuelan Land Company. Furniture at private sale. i "Sweet Lip*" ia tho pretty name of the princess in the fahy talo, and ev erv lady may be a Pr ?ucees Sweet Lips if she chooses to us.- the fragrance-breathing Sozodont. This rare essence of innumerable aromatic herbs removes every blemish from the teeth, gives a blush-rose tinge to the gums, and renders the mouth as pure and fresh as an infant. t ARRIVAL OP PRISTONERH FROH FORT PULASKI. -A squad of prisoners, white and colored, seventeen in number, were brought np to the city Saturday from Fort Pulaski. Among them was J. W. Duncan, the Andersonville commissary sergei?nt, uow on trial by the military commission in this city. The other prisoner*' are to be turned over to the custody of the civil authorities by Provost Marshal East? on, under General Order No. 17, recently published. [Savannah Herald, 10/7/. LARGE CASCO!. -The packet clipper schooner B. N. Hawkins, Wyatt, master, was cleared yesterday for Havre by Mr. Wm. Roach. She takes out the following large cargo: 1,227 bales upland cotton, weighing 601,027 pounds, and eight bales of Sea Island, weighing 2,022 pounds total weight, 503,649 pounds-and valued at 8188,668.09. This is the second vessel of the above line cleared by Mr. Roach for Havre within the past few weeks. THE LEE ENDOWMENT FUND or WASHINGTON COLLECTE.-Wo learn from the Argus that the Rev. Mr. Watson succeeded in collecting in Memphis, Tenn., or rather in only one-half of that city, fnnds and sub? scriptions amounting to some 811,000 ot 812,000. He had departed, for New Orleans on tho same business, leaving the agency for Memphis in other hands. DEATH OF GLE BULL. -The Mon? treal <lurette reports the death of Ole Bull, the celebrated violinist, at Que? bec, on the loth instant. This dis? tinguished musical genius was born nt Bergen, in Norway, February 5, 1810. He was extensively known throughout Europe and the United States. -?-??--? A Washington despatch says: The delegation sent here by a convention at Atlanta to ask a modification of the test oath, has started home, having failed to secure much encouragement. Thc House committee has agreed to report against any modification. COAL IN FRANCK.-The production of coal in France lias greatly increased during the past ten years. The pro? duct in 1864 was 111,000,000 metrical quintals; in 1865, 113,000,000. Hon. Danu ! o. Dickinson, former ly United States Senator from New York, died at Binghamptou on the 10th i list nut.