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4A V V,S \r(OL,X IL~TI PICK~ENS, S. C~., I IIIJTRSDA1, APIRIL, 26, 18. TIlE REAL SLAVE DEALERS. BOW TIlE NO1TII TItIES TO Si1iK THE BURDEN OF ITS siNS. A Plain Statement of the Facts, as Dorlved from Public ltecords atni Judicial Do cisois. To the Editor of the News and Courier: I was glad to seo your editorial on March 9 lost on the Emancipation Proclaia tion. It is surprising how much igno rance exists upon the subject of emanci pation in some of the usually best in formed circles. I desire to call your atten tion to two instances of this in that usually accurate journal, the Nation. In a recent number there appeared the re "iew of a letter writtenl fro m WVashingtop to a paper in Frankfort: "The condition of our negro popula tion is the subject of a Washington let tor in the Frankfort Zeitung of Decem ber 24, 1887. The writer's view of their social status is correct enough, but ho is rather at sea in hia historical retrospect, as when he says that tho South was at one time more opposed to slavery than xsas the North, and that the civil war was a strugglo between 'the sons of tho slave-owners and the planters to whomi their fathers had sold their dark com modities.' There i~ a corollary to thu misleading statement that 'in 1790 the negroes were distributed throughout. thsis country, and were almost exclusively slaves,' but that, 'during the lirst quar ter of a century, the inhabitants of the Northern States gradu.lly sold theirs slaves to the South, where climate and the nature of the agricultural products increase the value of negro labor,' all of which sounds as if the countryman of Von hoist had drawn his inspiration from the pro-slavery pamphlets of Bu chanan's Administration." We have not seen this letter, nor do we know who is the writer, but if you will allow me space I think I can con vince even the Nation, and its readers who shall happen to see the coimmunica tion, that the statements quoted are not so wide of the mark as the Nation seems to think. If such as the Nation suggests was in deed the source of the writer's informa tion, can the following facts and figures, which are taken mcstly from a work of that time, be disputed? The author from whom I take the figures, as I cannot at. this moment put my hand upon the cen sus of 1790, was, it is true, a Rebel brigadier, the heroic defender of Marye's Heights at Fredericksburg, where he was killed; but all the same can the state meuts be denied? (Cobb on Slavery, Philadelphia, T. k I. W. Johnson &. Co., 1858.) 3y' the census of 1790 there were -.i0,370 slaves in the States north of Vir - t+A'r., Now. how were thouc, !O,000 slaves emancipated? (nn any one point to a single act by any Northern State by which any negro was actually and im mediately emancipated? We ask this because it is clear that all the gradual emancipation schemes had just the effect which which the Frankfort wite states, to wit: it caused the inhabitants of the Northern States generally to sell their slaves to the South. Laws prohibiting slavery after some future date were but warnings to the owners of slaves to seLd them out of the State before the Act should go into ell'ect. The inevitable working of such Acts was to send the slaves South for sale. Vermont, we know, clai'ns the honor of having been the first to exclude slavery. Sho claims that this was done by her bill of rights in 1777. But the census of 1790) shows seventeen slaves. It required, it is true, no c.reat philani thropy to sacrifice the value of seven teen slaves; but her bill of ights could not have done a very perrfect work sinoz' it allowed seventeen slaves to remain in bonds thirteen years after its adop tin Slavery, which had been introduced into Massachusetts soon aflter its first settle ment, was ''tolerated," as Chief Justice Parsons gently expresses it, crtainly until the adoption of the Constitution of -1780. Nor, indeed, did the Constitutiou 'of 1780, by any express provision or declaration, prohibit slavery. But a .ery fow days ago a letter of Mr. T1homias Billoway, .of Boston, appeared in the 'Charleston.Sun, giving instances of bills of sale and disposition by will of Indian and negro slaves in Massachusetts as le as 1771. Dir. Oliver \Vendell Hfolmies miakes Old Sophy, the nurse of Elisic Venn er, the daughter of a slave mother. So grat.'ual was the diecadenco of shavery in MassaChusetts that as late as 1t833 lhe Supreme Co'Urt could not say by what speci 'p Act ,'he institution had been aboluiced. WVinChoendon vs. Hatfield, 4 Mass., 123; Comn owealthl vs. Ave', 16 Pick., 209. ~- ---In Belknap's New Hampshire, Vol., fI., 280, pulblishedi 17l','', the matter i thtus explained: "Slavery is not p)rohiitet :t by any c*c press law. Negroes were . uever vor) A.numerous in New hlamp)shire. $omu 0J A,them purchased their freedom duru p~ Sthe ]ate war by serving three yez ~ 'he army. Others have b)eenl made * by the justice and humnanity of I i Smasters. In Massachusetts they are ai accounted free b)y tihe first artieo inl tiho "declaration of rights, 'All men are horn 'e and equal.' In the bill of rights of wHampshire tihe first article in ex ccd in these words: 'All men areo eqgially free and indepenident,' wino b, in thu opinion of most pers >ns, 3ill bear the same constructioni. lBut others have deduced from it this inter 'once, that all who are born since the Constitution Wras made are free; and( that those who were in slavery before romzain so still., For this reason, in the late Census,' the blaeks in New HJampshuiro -~~ distinguished into free and slaves. It ot in my power to apologize for this * toey." a uthaor then goen on to ox-plain, as Avo hraers afterwards contiamed to ~~ymuch better off those who woro( fere than those who wero fret in * fates. Bly the census of 1790) re 158 slav8s in New Ha mpshire, "1849 there was still one rem ain tations of Rhode- Island more numerous than, in the 3nlaud States, as, ind.eed, ywere, consiidenidng that and sailors of t hat lhttlet eatest slave I .radenx, of not thrive in her latitude her Legislature provided a gradual scheme of omancipa. tion, which took a lifetime to work out, leaving as late as 1840 five slav;s in that Stato. Connecticut was too nueh inter ested to indulge her philanthropy at the exponse of an itumediato emancipation. In 1790 she had 2,730 slaves. So she, to, adopted a plan of gradual cinitci pation, by the slow and prudent work ings of which seventeen of her slaves re mained as such in 1810. As Mr. Ilancroft observes, that Now York is not a slave State liko Carolina, is duo to her climate and not to the supe rior humanity of its founders, (2 vol., 303.) When South Carolina prohibited the importatiou of slaves from Africa in 1780, Now York imported themt and shipped the savago to this Stato as Amerian slaver. As late as 1858 the London Times charged that New York had become the greatest sluve trading mart in the worlJ, a (harge whiih \Vl son in the "lliso and Falt of the Sl've Power" fully corroboratcs. L' 17:)0 New York had 21,321 slaves. She, too, adopted an Act of gradual eraeipatiou, by tim operation of which in 131 all lut four Nlaves had been gotten rid of. New Jersey, though adopting the Nmne scheme, was slower it getting rid of her slaves, 674 still retuining in 0. Adam Smith observed: "The late resolution of the Quakers in Pennsvl vacia to set sct at li:erty all their ne(,ru siave; niay satisfy us teat, their nua:,her cannot be very great. lid tliy m:!. any eo.nideurat) partl of their property such a resolution coul never lave b.en tuken.'' (Wealth of N atiou. ) ''ere w.r' 3, 737 slaves in ( Itnnsylvanila in I 70, and, as Adau Smith predicted, she would not sacrifice so much pwop.rty. So she, too, provided for gradual eman cip atiou. 'T'ho c-nus of 18 t) sltowed sixty-live negioes still in slavery. .: 182:3 a negro woman was put ap on the auction block along with sone mihino ry, Suith'a tools an one cow, and sold for debt by the sherilt of Fayette county. in the State of Brotherly Love. 'The, were still discussing this ca e in the Su preto Court of Pennsylvania as lato as 1837, but it was about tlh inadeanacy of the price the poor wretch brought, auid not the iniquity of the transaction about which they were contending. (L,ytch vs. Commonwealth, 6 Watts 45.) It was the frosts and snows which put an end to slavery at the North, not pliian thropy. It is familiar history that the slave trade by which slavery wa's established in this country was c,irried on by Ol England and Now England, and not by the South. As Mr. Lecky points out, the New England trade, just prior to the 1hevolution, consi'ted in sending Ihcr lumber to the French Islands, where the obtined in retur. an abundant supply of molasses. The molasses he distiled into rum, and the rum she sent to Africa for negro slavea-(XVIL., Ceu. 331. Or, as Mr. McMAtister puis it: 'Saree a yar pi5ed by but nummeis of slaver; went out from Boston, ir.i Meiiord, from Salem, front Providence, frota Newport, from Bristol, Rnod Ishc 1ad. The trade was a threefold kind. Mo lasses brought from Jamaica wias turned into rta; the rum dispatched to Africa brought Yiegroes; the negroes cerried to ,Iamaico. or the Southern Stales were ex chivniged fo; hit)itsst es, which ii turn, taken back to New Eugland, was 'tibck ly made into rum." (tlistory ("1 lie People of United Statcs, Vol. I5.) South Carolina and (eorgiu, two it least of the Southern States, p1 ote:t d against the trade, iot trom any :senti mentality, but as ove't'unning Lth co.n try with barbarians and interfering witii the immigratirm of tli wlic u.e'. The statuto books of South Carolina, froni i98 to the Revoltion, are illed with Acts endeavotring to cheek by tatxati oud otherwise the impllortationt of stvt. (He A. A. h;9S, 1712, 171.1, 171W, 171:, 17-11, 1751, 17(;l.) Thle3e taxen, withe1 avowed purposo exp)re:-cd ini theitr preambl. es of checkin~g this imo'orttiv, were nitist d y ear by year from: .t. mn 171 I to .Cl100 in I 11. We cainnot at this ruo( men t refer to I th antihor ity, but ute are under a very strong imupres sitn t h at the Colonial Council of South Carolina at one time actually p)rohlibited the im portaLtion of slaves and thant their Act wats suspended by t he hoard of trade ini London ast prejudliciail to the cometrcial iterests oIf England. As soon as 5 Stuth Carolinia wats treed from tis forcin control, in 1 787, before any action v,es taken by Congress, the State prothitedl the inmportation all together. In thle colony of (Jeorgia slavery wats absohttl1y exclud(ed1 and by lier (Constitutiont in 1798 the State p)rohtibited the slave tradeo. It is true that the p)rohibitioin by Suth Carolina was removed from 1 8t 1 to 1807, hut this was owing to the impjos sibility of preventing evaieni of our lawsv thirough the wantit (If a State naivy, and it wats thought better to brintg t he ntegr(oes directly fr.nm A frica thanit re ceiv'o thuemu through New York as prie tended Americans. St a report otf ,. ,Johnson P'ettigrmyw (another lebel btrigat dier) to the Legislatutre of South Carnoli na, against the reopening of the slatve trald, 1 85(. Year Eook, City of Charleston, 18831. Of the 202 veie; Is that a rt ived in Chatrleston babor with ,;l've, dun hie Jive years that the pot I of th le de opotned for thle slave te, ( IeJ tliod Lo belong to Chalurlet' n andL (xatlt hle e~li niumbi er aivwdly betloniged to N-w Sltno, (i e, Rhodo(1 hsltand 59, Ihot' a I metiu 1) 70) Ithlnged to G rett 1Brt t Of the of her 1(1, 3 belonged to e,' 4 to Norfolk, 2 to Swetltn, 1 to F'ranice we ltok at the list of c,mi signeoes we illt c that iti is not prob1 Ab that the (11 . hich claimed to belong~ to Chatrlestont ac 'tllv did so, F'or of the 202 vesel win broughit mi ilave: htt 13 consignocs W '-e nat ivet of Cht orh s ton, while 88 wer \ )ltives of IItd [s land(, 11 of Boston . 'Ed 10) of France. I is mTost probable!, the 'rpfore, thait the 61 vessels claiming to bet '>ng to Charlestont in fact belongedi to Nov l Englandlers re siding in Charuleston. 14 tr theOs( ttimus ties sec Ju tdge Smith's s. gteh ini I h Unite~d States Senatet, in Xa ch he ar rayed Mr. D)eWolf, the Sr. t 4or ft i Khtodo Island, for his parti i~ij!1Io t the slave trade. Someotime sinlce ini its nlotte, ~ i same paper, .'eviewmfg a wvork, "lIa' and Slavery," the editor wroto at iowa: "Weo can roconmmend it for its 'tvn sake, but we have road( it with the do~ p ost interest for its reflected bight on 1 a irrepressiblo conflict which ende t some would nay in April 1865. and ethers in March, 1870. First and above all it in spires a sense of profound thakfulnes that there never existe4 in this countr; a party or a policy or a measure o gradual emancipation. We meun o course against that purely Southert dave power which dictated the ConrO Iuises of the Fedoral Constitution." In thie, the editor of the Nation couk not havo meant that thero never oxistet in this country a policy or a measure o: gradual emancipation, for, as wo hav< ueou, just suchl a policy was adoptei throughout the Northern Stattex-tlt il was by just such measures that th Northern people rid themselves of ti institutious which they la:l 50 large hlinu in imposing upon the South. Bu w1s this statcnent correct oven if linitc by his last sentence, "WVo mean of cour: against. tho Southern 1,avo power," &e Mr. Liucolu having dt lared in hii in:ulgural that th0 Uupuldicau party ha no int('ut-on to intcrt'ero with the iut tion of slavery; and Congr,::, by a j'in resolution, aIroved ,l uly 22, ;1 I I llving repeatu Mr. Lincou't (lcdl nra t:on and aninouueed1 io the South tha1 theC'war v:{5 only for the pres ervation o! the Unitc1, and not for the ibholition oi slvery; and Cei.gr;.si haviug act ui al in1>tld in Mlarh, 1t;, I two-thirdh Vote it pr'opoy(d aenItdImenCt to the Con stituti(n that: "'No am11enim''t shall i ILutro to th<( Coiis(tut!tin which wlill aubor'iz. s O1 f;l\' C)1gre; tthe )power to abholih ml in terfer wtithinl aniy Statt' with the <!o mn cic institutti(n, threof, in'udiii thatf n to labor er servic( by the usOf the(1'aid Sthde." U1oni thI' 1COmielllldatioln of \l r. Li n coll, mie in a specii i m''sage in Apr1 J Kr, Cwi rO? pessed anotth:'r joint ro. s ittion olering lcu'iiary aid fra tlh (.'neral ( tver'mttfut to induce tin Si.ate a t) adopt "'general abOlliment ol slavery." ir. LincelIn expressecd the i4eutlinti of the North, which enabled him to caur on the war succcs fully, when, oi 2I August, 18-!, he :lid: "'ly p1,Lalonlt objct is to 1.Ve t;lI U l,jO11, 11(1 nut to cave or destroy shtvcry, I.f I COahl SlvO the Uliuon Stithoult free ing any s!ave I w:ouldl do it. If i coul save it by freeing all the slies ] wounh do it, cud if I coul do it by ireeint soic and having others alc'ne, I would at) tdo that." h'lie slaves iin the Sties at war witl the .Fcderal (.over11n'nt were freed as military and uot as a political Ieaslre Th Fcderal Govern1mont did not fret the satves in I)elaware, Maryland am1 K'.ntu,hy. Tie results of the war ren (leled slavery impracticable, hut that was all. The truth is, the South 1 could at anuy ime (luriag the war have secured tht iusitution cf slavery at the sacritiee 0 the ri'git of seceusion. ''lmtt sacrilice sli wonhi not. volnitarily iah, andt si last both her sovereig.,ty andi her slaves 1)he was the unfortunlate, innocen'!t, las holder of a 'iliShoil('rC(1 hill, i.nud th emnidela of it tulrned upnJ)'1 ilt: e,llca( to the worl to see how they woudi pun ish her for ovlding it. D;WA1nD \cUn.\it, .iit. Wv 'I m si. \vW tT ll-"' : i . A:1 .niml itun I%t4 Witt ix ueito Ln Kit ardling; Out, if Tht, n. (I iVterpl)t) ('Mtriter.) A sin; niar o'.Sn:_ence t<tti. )tl + ai (ro:i' trading mienagerie, in i:lrle atrt''t, on \ne lsdaty. A group of six whit be'rs fiot the Arctic regions that, have been Starim; tie counli try and ceauling i lnin have nst retr 'ted fi otm a tw w(ek' engagenl'nt at Htill. 'ithe d:u-i ptriorlecr who had traveled v;ith tI n 11atl1 .ei ailing for some time, and i few tys ago had to give tip hi enage& TeJI dulica i y thit i wals to fuuitmlilt: wh~ o liuuI the etlur:rge to eintsr the larg< dei with these bloothiady crltuirs Rihard Rehrenid stuhl, a celehndedt laor ma'(O de a 'll!ay. I Ie etnteired the den :ond roon foo I ulistlf iurroutnded bye the sx hliers mak;ing for him in all dh recti'cma. A ftier tile umiuiil set to theire is withl th< anim ralp, resul ting ina vt tle' ve beitng teril ieolupf etely (oit oft the ('tiat amlid little loo d spi It, R ichatrd coniisideret1 he wats g he master of beasts, laugh ed ane lt his but on (ne iiide. Th2len e:hie in second~ part oif tile performnance, ini which onie of the birni:s mitst a sit->l an< fires a pist ol. Th'le pishdI was~ get read, and1( the htearl mfounttedl the stoo,l. Whai lRichard was talking to thie re.ut of thI k teiers' otstide fthe dent the hieari piolei t he co rd, hntg went thle pi1itol mail she ihard t in 11 te hand'. The blootIitd b tgm to Ilox treely and( it was soon dis2overet thait the mnail o(f one0 Iiniger Ia bC lon en ' ti rely. 1 )r. Witlham Pug ' 1was iniid atthy on the stLj ail tten'~ded to ti hav W it eed t in IItensely, iullei I ighlt te iijtry. 110 cannliot make nIy hi mind wh 'etheri the shiootinig was wilful IL accidental. "I E s: i 11) ut:; Ir 'au LI tie fm it, h)d; c LinM not (tli ur t n I oa e u p t d i. I S ( t h tt d : a i~ ( tist r conlth; ity e e.s werie swo.u andi i i Thti ni I got fotc imore, and1 thaonk God it euiretd me. Use this anoy way~ you ml 'vish for the gtoodi of suffter'e,L. M uts. Mviii; L Nonob s. 27 I'loridsa Street. Th1 ere i at Ery of two 1iti 'ohsltr ime whol laitely werei in NOw York on legt bu)iniess. It oiccurredi to thiem to curi sailt Mr Conking, and the'y di s a tw>mfe lentzgth Oad very mneh(1 toC teir Hal isfact ion. ALL they rose4 to g<o t he ipohI: min aid: "MAr. Coinkling, we thantk yot fori your adivico, which is very vinabl10 to us. Wheln we get home wIt wel een you ai ciheck for $50).'" "Ohk no, genthi ment,"' tsidt i teI eSenatorl, "d'Lon't 1 thfat, .I am only t) happy to be of 8' viee toE you anud make ino ch ar''. Yo are quito welcome, but wheon I dot charg my lee is $5,000)l."'--Rochdiester Union. A d:iin wats notl as) goo tis'Iiin mihth 11een, bui!t h nver rech-dI off lii by It yard abuIt thle runtnks if bi. e i Ih;la . Till COLOR1 it.INL IN TIE CIiURCHIES 9 I)ituri,ing the PreNbytoria,n thin Time The Chicago 'resbytery htruggeIv VItlh It. (imowo, April 17.--'Thie annual mot - ing of the Chicago Presbytery began yesterday. The moat importaut featnro of the proeeedinlgs of the day Was Iho preauble and re"olutioos introduced by the Rev. Mr. .John m, of the 'T'heoloi cal Seminary, on the reunion of the Northeru and Southeru Lresbyteran clurehcs. After t;etting out that they heartily favor the reunion of the Northern and Southeru 1'r!sbyi'teriau churches, Adevily on tht )LSii of al Comm111oIi t,tmudard, they a'iure the Cotnuittee of the Southern church that thero is no change in viewa cOnlYrning the tiritualhty of the church ls0(ctl001e:d wztt it) political dliItver ancs. hi'e reolution tlhin t:vs: "W 1V' 1niot Constenlt to tha) t.1ahliN't min! ' of a ropat'r't- A'riC:.ti ' ' t t '+ t (li nrItI Ut ti) Hliy })rot)\ ji1) i ' 111 e -lnOlnt loc)kitn forward to the Utrg51m. t on of a 5e(:irate A triean I'rrsoytl'rian Church. "earo willing to co'entiot ti a nr. ritremrint, i i iii . 'ts Stay of pral , t.ie'tl lllicioney, by\ whliih p,''ent hitnn. darie an1ttid cOnstitleniCe of presby,tcrs and synods )i the Souti :h hi rmVi' int h tatuet qutt, pri"u" edc" this. t!, beh theI I u cOi -:a.1n1 111a 1refer"uec' of h etli p-i sis - i5t, r:,ttei, ex ii i e.xlilemedl1010 1car ing i . to reshyk:r)::i te i'rC)!ous, tu 'oect aI a t!is, as h'.rt:t 'ore' , to Acts of the (-i I eral Asson. h'y "I tli'ro are a. litlicientt nuilub'r of 1iiOsti'i I nd chiu etii t,> i,)ryt- a (5); i' d }riI:ry i't an11y loolity atreadiy o((V 'roby rthe synod, such petc'sbyt'ry tti'iy h,i frt d it fi thIOFs on theground dic:irr, 11t inh (it bytrl'y tfhill!r' u:tin ini neh synodu, miiite sihere be a :ry,nud of ot'icr t'resbytttr o nelllll'rI e11)n;i, tO wh'iich t h. pr1esb)ytry a';L. t.> be attach:." T ieIi in g offhepmbl and re l,ri ddo sio lution craited it p]Ofoid( s"usa(i')p. Dr . Grey rot sted that if such i ftteance as that went iorth as the deo alia x: pesaioiol of opin)ionl of a b)odv t f Chris t(01 11 n: ,te q li ua of aill'""t of it century auter th: l'o'ing of the wr it W) lid h 'IOst ilfa Ilo 01 digracefl lie said: tI lemi I lint We shattll go dio t tre with ar ia mtcl reisuceitat all the old issues of" a b)lourly atal nearly forgot ton Iwarll. The p restei triesi of FLlorida, Mis souri, , s, fntuky .'ul Tsnnssee, have Salready si;niic,i a lire to tme over to reunioi, ut t nta matn of thm,rn wtold Io011 ii the naeo of sue an inoislt, ias this tl'r yt o reslt iii thm i :,ini ' tegration of t1ho cimreh."' "Th e tev. Dr. WVit htrjaw said : "A. powverfuil hmdy w'ill tumn to the G (ener.dt A.eraibly at?kii or r 1eu"lnionl. W \ cnunot :1f on tii s 1it .i It wot lid 8.wl.'p us r tire at oil : foot. 'ut !tin i again, if t iity we Will o sent to and Coalesee all syniods tndl all p)re>dby-I t tric;, I toblt if wri woul s.tcred'l. 'If we fail, it would h;o o to e)1 elatstit Y ai- i !.:" t P::,ll} i.- i,tic t .'i , I - donI't behlievet, 1~ n is !l'iatitle ait teraitois, I tt. m 1 Sil unisititakcuh,ly lconv10. Sinted that thm intrl'odlc tiont of the collred lino in ireligion is abliorren,t to the Christian smntimlent e thet daly."' hi litl to r wil! t 'nlml nt l) iil1. Th1 miiatter Wita d:ii ;ti d's':.-edi of ihv i the adoption of the lir4t p') ii-m of D)r.j Worce'st;-r , a naIii(iCen tl I)t'. (iray's t inintloe, it:niii as follow l: "l''sol ved, T'ait this ieb i rv is heartily in favor of remi),iotn \\ith~the, ' outhitnrn Curi'chl, o th a)i,1 if oir to mo .Ole ;Istatldard:, putre and1 .Siimll} ." >1lt The ,u!m!h lbt:g p1or'i-"), ''"11l thil Cg'l right of all dieitIes of Cris.t in every c'.ourt of Chit'lt chtureb,"i iii; t \'vtel Oln t'e)i'rately, andll onl mOtio, Was lti 1:O t'm tilet . Anti .flm I.tih tl S ' i '-: udtT o i iii--h, t A siotarf torni y ents fr;om intrtllint-, .CI Somie imeos o tl s MiLeoar hedi1 at hserloe n fIlt,'tdpii'. I t,-ing um i hI yon.td i rib -ut ii'd 1.va01 rejat!v a f o,l w tihe w. bu.'t car; lor <.l. When in Ji, bh mt i i'niiiwt ; ove wsih bightfo cye flwrs, end a'li I tC lard lwas5( alii aiii pain t wdoh<rto co f.ricntd. Lasmtt D e, whe1iigi i nyj the youn idy1C bf t"ohi grow woe. ihe ohu.d TUE FAItMEItS' TRAUST. Ilow It I)illrA from the Orange In Itt Objects. (Walter N. Allen, l'resittint KanlsaH Varmors' Trust, in 8t. I.outs Ulobe-Dmciocr:t ) I have roceived letters from gentlemon of tho Northwestern States asking the qluestion: ''In what respxt does the 1armer..,' Trust dil1'or from the Grange?" I can answer without prejudico, as I have been a nnber of the Grange for the )ast seventeen years. The Grange triud to regulate prices on what the farnorti had to buy. 'lo 1'armer.' Trust undertakes to control the prices on what the farmers have to tell. The one appoints agents to buy cheap; the other will appoint agent* to soil to the b1-t adlvautage. The Grange is a secret social society ; its members are houtnd together by noal obligations; it sought to ailYet 1i, itlation and to accomplish political e'<b. It excludes from m1e1mbcrship ii t+l'e s who aru. not net nal fatit '1 be iF'e it.,'TrutS'. hta.s. eJ si'ere,t,agn!H, 1):,>:,.vud:; nor black l'sils, and its mcil hers are bhoutod together by pccu!tiary (blli;,ttions)- --mits a pocket intt(rest at1(n a btsin ': eni. It seeks for the best busi ness tal,ent and invites the coeeratitin o'fl I uen of b1rains, experieneo and lsiness integrity. A di stiguished gentleman from lii uoi; writtu fl e, suggesting 'Farr L'rntectvo Ui. " s a substituto for ihe u:tuu1 I'.t'rners' 'rut t. 1 amll awavttr( ti' ie i a prejudice agairct Hntyiiing thlt his the nuntoe of "9itst," hut this is ow jug It, the fact that the object of a trust is ts hit;e ul)dt:r4ust{o . A tst is at unlion of )1Siness itstitutiw101, andl:l its o (jet i; t , prteent ruinous competitiont in tat'sle, expletiece having dnlmonstratlt;d that comptition is not tho safe and hlonet rmethod of doing butsineSS. To co apeti tien nily he traced N0 per cent. ot 1111 hlbiness failuros, and the survival of the fittc"t ''r strongest. becomes on (':. pres ive 1)o1oo'y. P trist is a compact between t .e Ur mor' indepeinldent busiat:ss lilrms ag!rceing to do or tn't to do a edrtailn ting in the line of their bu"iners, ar I iul)he';; a trusteo t; execute the trust wholi') is reit'e'rd 'or liited to the spe)ti !io objt'ct of ilhe tru't. By lthese modlernt istih::i011 uniform grades of prices are rstabli;h' , thutts pr"otecting the weak again't the strong aud reserving to caci llnem' )er cf the Untion all the rights and )e'irs not delega'ed to tie trust. \ truiSt, therefore, is decentaliziing in its inilu i'DCe and a check upon mouopo ly, the latter being a consolidation of catpitll or a cenltratlization of llsiness p)rer, ncting uniler ')ne sutpremLlte head, deriv"iig its nourish ment and growth fron the failure and ruin of compet.itors i: trade. When a Cu nmlbination in buil)i Uet: assiume" thi s elharacter it ce''es to he a tiist, i Iil beoe(si8 .1 mono)oV. hmtnufactu'ig andl clunerceal cl.as's are organized, hut the agrieiltur al --the fundl!ilent-d iiidustrial 'lat,s is unorgttiiz' and tat the mercy of th other two. 'I'he Farmers' 'lrust move ent, therL'efore, has Ihecome a neces-ity in ord et to seenre ant t tui:bht exchlance of pr.ducts, and to retore the nornial conlditi')rn of trade or an ctilibriun of l,roduction and cous1untption. I NTi-:N'V (1.A 11iU:NI.(. 'TheIt,''rnchb 'tn of G:rutvtug V'get:ben At, LIake City, Fl., I)r. J. F. A ppels huas ptrolduced 81ome10 exl.rcme;ly liue I;ard cn la<ip's by trenching th;e border of a latk+ ; one principal objsect accomlplislhed being the elevation of tle sil alt+ I l.o- e ovrril,w. Oi the usual iethld and olbj _et thw Tiroes I)era:uc'st. sayi: lIn ';urop \umt is knowvu ts tht' trei chisg systemt is practiced for growing v'getltles, and is wcll adl:r'd on stnm I1 fems I i where 8simee is1 scarse, iiunt tIhe lar-1 gest amn'i t muslt he( 8se1nred' in or'der to' get as inu ich as possiblIe froi tihe sosit. TIheI Rur1 d II '11mo thuiis nlludes to t he " A ilarrUer inl Ylso counlty', Cal . , 1is nu.le a g'ien 1t 4tuccess in1 groewing vege t:nhlir by l folowing the sysiteml. 114e 'stg tryehesnlunirt two feet and thlern tills inr m:111n4re on10 foot., cIoverin4g it over-i withi the lnp soit. lIIis theollry is t hirt the Iminut11e so wa/rmsfi the a rth tiIhat yousr can grow v4-getales all winter awd tIrott it dr las moui,'istre4 in the dry s-eason"41 We doh no't b'slieve' iln t.1s thmeory thatl the' rbeeit i '- due to tihe' warm4thlI only, thlrmigh'l4i ihe warmthl ar1ul mo1itsture4 are' 1iresas ig b y ruch i rodo (if g'4rwinrg. The1 plan1 is to di' tree-s two feet deepl' und4 two fceot wide. Thesj' tr'ences are then-r filled ti' within nlinoI inchss of 1.he0 top 4with ninu:re 1. O ver tisa the to1) upon1 the soiil. If the subsoil1 4s thrlowni Ib.ek, it mu lst hI Iirst,n mxe'd with thle m)1411mr)e m1144 a smnaill rprlnity of lime spriuk led ove r itocca(sinmd ly duorig thle po'c' e, s) as1 to has11ten4 chem144icl.' act ion, whij(b no11t only1, diisinitegra1tes and4( raleh:rs i:rable thes sub4sil, uI'rt ailso' causeso ch.icaedl ct ion o the 544b4oil by the w:ith l14m topl'. oil, or mixed-r withI the sub-4 sili, cannot41111 oller loss by uisoni0 withl The4( french1ing system 41 <piir1es0 labor, butd if an:y onie will give it a tilbd lhe will be covinced140r thatil it p'ays. 'J4he pulantsI the4y wIill ('nduro44 i'rou)4ght1 and4 cohl14 he't b-r, iand too, grelmual wdll gro4w two) or' thruem cros, each1 cropls binrg hirlgeI and4 of superior4) <inlity. Weo01 rec onuend it to all in terested. A~ Wall Fr'a,o, I Jhh,. The followinrg is ani eIxtrae(t froms thei phit for44a of 11he lepul ilan palrty iln (hio, recen tly in4CI coven1t4m. He's't.ion -1. The's peoplesI of1 )hi's in'iprrd iliil tslcdemn thei restusl8( of1 the 10mo 4rat ie' ma44joity of the4( hose o1 )f Repj 'ri 14entath ive''ss to pe4rm4it the pssageij of 1,11 dire tax1411 cl reuningt' ' bIi4l, pa.45 by the pO i 1tor"s1t's, t-4' mon41ey ~ prd Iby them at t he1 b)egin ing o4 f 11he wa'sr to4 ah4 iln supps'ressinhg li dthe eelion), ar41ni' o cancel theO 411paid4 1b'slance00, principal and1114 initretnI, (114 1 rom t lIhel: S'tates po saiO id1( tz:s, ann we t'enounci as1000 tre.'achlerolil us s lcowalIly thosurrenO der' of Northern11 1)seocrat4 in Conrgrei-s to a1 small 144ino'rity of E'x Cosnfed's1 rate:s ar4a4 the Iir a'hes0, and the abandonmden nlt of a lill wh ieb, if paessed, woui'si have con:1tribustehd nearl.4y a1 illioni and(1 a1 hl'If do(lbirs1 to til:he eicl of the tax nO-Ishave b'.': a 1 very nur h-i4 .jur'il of 1:de' t 1think ho4w lii te4y knew otf the rsey:l hrit'iry 44 1 1:44m:44y MR. CLASON'S BEQuJES'i'. A STA'l'EMF lN'1' 01F TIIE l'It)11AlIll1e, I' 'I T OF Till:: U1'. A l.arg. 4I nnulI ty o,f 1.011 need S.nie l'er s'Oi.,I l'r. lily I;iv ii f",r at (.eg1i wilere Ava-i* J ll rt, anil Ot e r Ilrnenfl')I Nhnll 1 H,e Tautt. ('r iil ( rt ' 'ueevile Iltl.t Ne wa, April 14.) N) event of rect-()t years hai arouiwd m11io intetrest tiong tho farmor#, and 1 the pe ole generl!ly, than the dloath), bu,t Saturday, of 'Thm')nai (I. Clemr sou, the 'etrl(tl)1O sII-ii-law andl heir of .John C. Ctllhoint, and(l lia 1qtst of ''"Fort Il1,'' Mr. (alholtl'i omne during the latter daysV of hii life, toth'e State of Southj Carotl i f"r 11: n : t,; a ri.cu lt -al ci'-l 11tc 1 p C.'L( D~~ 'I:' 'il rt ' li ''ltl r fer tht (l r'e,nl!"i ) .tof N( w"; .\tat t !.'ri Ild otn y :,terda, y toi ( ob tit rttiu i cluliruion of an1d 1 w lintl i alt h' the t.W t,is hleretofore givie the lIuh''I'. iIt'..e furtmait e (+1nougih to)I nticet thet'm thi' i,i i. li. W\. n)1ip ,1n, 1 1 r. ('lt 1 Il . i n'. ,t tt c t ie l in i ~:d ; nt andti' '.to i, ' t ' h: ad tgit ' frmit enl"t I t'n 1u .!' rt i:rill \iith M r. L e, of Nw V , wL 'li' ' ie nie1 Nr. Clguo's i idatuht' 'iii al I (e, ar vey youu1gsit lid y , ti a tli;.. " l 'lii only, gratul ch: L uill thl) , Ir. ait-r i di A i htt 11,1r of Mlr. 1 C.dhl! u':. liHn t her( to 1"I:rt Hill en- I ! fore uit' niih \a14 a uill child ianl dt L!I'it' t wa , \ y piet:r11p11 s,:t t oo t ati1r hier :rivt\'.I wI h n( ti ulti (amilly ) :ri.at. i Ii ('f t lt lt . w\"itO lii W %ow w ito ll:r 1 1 nt i, g.Iltu'erte it, the o. l fash wonv1, iio' ('ovrl'd porchtlt of the lome iitua<i to siii:Ii d pay th ir lt yal resplectt t t e lt y'''u)ge::t rteprt"ientat,itie ot the itiluily with whielh they haVo b'en id n -I titi(dt1 li l 1tlg. f \IN . ti ll, I ,i ti the o ly living prson t Whol a, Mn itan reud .1r. Clemtson's will, ad a hIe hnt ii. t roat e dIiit it t he waie evidl ntly relutauit to talk of it ci1t, in ttul. As , o m' 1)io tiuh Ir bee d , Iull :lished, 0 hwvr 1is 'of i 11't( baeirn taitemeuutn!ttae by %lrt. (Ck-ms in beforet Li thl' and SOmI of ii incorrect, .. i S1ilt omunuuici.b.td tu mloit nu portam fatct. M\r. ('cemsun'it will w"as 11ut1 awn('everali years ago b I ho l:ta' C'ol.1ii'. I . i ,(1 , it 0\ n1 d mel d i ni; l, ilill addhitt,ionis i , SiLlmp:,ti. 1!i'e i huine': th tt) his Irittil- I d i :' ht:. Ir, lita .L ie, 'I o 1,t 0 ii nU lom fr itlil . a rilitl " ies an ld ) a 'e , of th oi l:'tl lIii ll 11e, with t I p n l itu th a h,tt that trat ma. b ouigit it and lddil to thi rciii,tiutndr of the estate att a lixer (ld ilie. IOthet r li eies amt))ountt tt o I ,0I ;, iif I whieb 87,Il)( wat. pidt( In fe hi:i death. j Atl the rindi d'or of the 1L"8rt 111 estatl , S 1 i' L:. "h)dIl it;'. "'y , I +uII'sE 0 iI-rct'It (l1k (l t io t if rire l ,iltuei , ex elt the II ttily picturs, w:ht go to M\1iss Lee, Mr. C'ilhoaun's 1 ur"i ;tr'e anid b)ouk re nltitigt ii toin 1l'1111 i m1(t id the sloiks, , o iti, mtt onl y ai t.thir t.curiti'a of Alr. it I i:,oln, t ti the i t(e fler teio agr'it lrtl t:",lt't." T h(' I ,Ort I til i:r y c ii,t:liiIs , ,te Iter rt. Ol 1 , t i i ai slt5, its m!ri itdv ltt'I itt, to 'ies1b: l , Ii ut canll heu pur-Il chdto ki p th"t eti, cstato intitt at a 18 t 1ix.I r l ehoniabe Iitiir. Tlhu e i iliit('- I I.y acquinlted( w ith' \lr. CJI-'mn1't alitirs estimiI that Ilt li i uitieS it d caSh r- e ltli:g iafti r tt Ipait lt"nln of all enc un- i t brIcIlaI (irt 't'e will hir between t t:,ll ) il nt eo i ,l)00fo, tvile1lo for te veliog liCei tedgit, the colege.i t Tollu he mglliInte Ioi ofh hopvint enn nioi, wetIlls l tpeia wi, i-thout. a.n Ihilly ilil I s, ~ aJi1i1kt. L (Lis tlil Stte re 11:01out t acclt the pift twohind iThe thee stais n of the :ollege, uiing an amount speoiled in u. the will for buildings and making uition as nearly free as they may find ossible or advisable. It was no sudden freak that inspired 1fr. Clemson's action. As long ago as AG ho was interested in the establish neut of such an institution as his will rovides for and ho was then active in 'orwarding a scheme to procure private iffs and subscriptions for the purpose. 1.fter the tragic death of his only son, cilled by a railroad accident in 1871, he >ecamo more than ever before interested .ud evolved and Publicly announced his >mrpose to devote the Calhoun property o the glorious purpose of promoting )ratical agricultural education. Since lieu ho has thought and talked much of he subject and his will was no surprise o those who know him best or to Mr. .ee, his son-iu- "aw, who know longs ago he de.stlnation intonded for the prop rty. On: returning from Fort Hill, the r'eJnvill ) News representative' met at ;ietrJ [) K. Norris, now the foremost tiader of the "farmers' movement," and ince Mr. Tillman's formal retirement, he most prominent and persistent advo to for a separate farmers' college. Mr. orris was tuiet on the subject of the Ilenmson bequest, but evidently deeply mthmsed and very much in earnest. 1 to said the gift put tho wholo matter i the college in the hands of the farm -r i, and tey could secure a magnificent mutituttion for agricultural education if hey will uso the opportunity. With the Lwouut from the land scrip now given io Soutl Carolina College and the uoiey from the fertilizer tax now di oteted to the c")llege annex and other 'ttr;oses-every & i of which, he said, va legally and morally for tho use of he fariuers for educating iarmrn -an ncome of $10,000 a year would be so ured for the new college, with its ;mounds and buildings H!i provided and ome income from the surplus endow iet. That was more than the State lilitary Academy and the State College ivo together, he said, and would give a ilendid, thoroughly elicient agrioul urat collego catpable of aeonmmodati,g 1rund reds of students, without the addi ion of one cent to the taxes. lie did wot believe, ho said, in free tuition. :hatt questiou had been settled in the use of the Stato College. But he houglht it probable a system would be dop ted by which students would be nablied to pay the whole or a large pait f their own expenses by extra work and orvice in the institution. One vahtblo feature of the Fort Hill brary will probably puzzle the executor nt 1 the trustees to diaposo of it. It is be nianuscript of the completed first oimIlne of the life of ,ohn C. Calhoun, reitred by the Into .Pinckney Starke, r.Uh the aid of Mr. Clemson. It is, owtver, all in a peculiar short hand uvented by Mr. Starko himself, and oears to defy all eftlorts to translate it. lany of the documents, reports and thier nuuusenpt ut;ed by Mr. Starke mdt colact,+d by him anud : 'L- -i... lunter, t,f Virgnia, who undertook to >rr.pare n life of Mr. Calhoun, but was unrmpolled by poverty to relinquish it, .e in an old trunk in the library build ing and may le found valuable by some Lter biographer. Alter the talk with Col. Simpson and 'ol. Norris and after seeing the intense irnestiuess wi h which they appear to i ivlsired in the execution of the work Aft with thom to do, the News represen tive had no dilliculty in bringing to is mind's eye the pieture that war oubl tless pretsented to Mr. Clemson's uuginatiori many times--the picture of re homnely house, hallowed by the name t the grim old statersman whose face ithi its Celt.ic cheek hones and blitzing ye.s lool:e withI Ii fo-like gaze fiomt the mier wialls, the centre of it group of atlisr biuilding 4-of the rouuded slopes i vIlvet green, mainde deep and dark be, (eat'i the interlaceing branches of the turdiy cedanss and of lighiter and more elicate shifting tints whoe they fall wry ini the sunslighnt to the silver river ni oine side andtt thle muhnrmrrinJg, spark rig stream anud hemtiling willows on the thter, pueopIled with the young andi tardly bonize and sinew of the Stato ulhoiun lovel so well andu repretsnuted graudly, lea rig how to miake her ceher', gurimer and happier- the glori ln , fruit I ul hnome of it people ats pros irous itnd strong as they have ever been ' ave, genserouis aed free. A i'nt Alligator. Two~ little dauegL.ters of M rs. Gecorge 'aler, oif I a nigvewv, Tex., have a cute ttle pet, atligattor about four feet in onigths whsose namon is ,Jim. J im kniowts is lhttle i stresses, recognizes his namo heben called, and submits or enjoys an in Iimuited amnoiunt oir petting, irticuharly ojoiyed the scratching of Isis hback, and, ,uiiin~gly, seeinis to be1 senisitive to the ;(aitching through his thick skin. A diog ies his iangir, andit w',hen ones intrudes iapon his 'gatoJrship) he issues forth a ziisky odler thait is dislagreeable to anyr volil -reguilatted hsiuau olfactories. Jim's tinrter diet, so far ats the faimily can 10tico, consists of mudI, itnd whenevex heo we it her is miiild the 'gittor is permit ed to waullows ini its niuidhole, whence it omues back pulled up suitil it looks like ni Aldermann, or a prairie pony after rinikinig and enudinig a two datys' thirst. Lhe lhttle girls sometimes dlress Jim uip .5 a (doll, andi the reptile has quite sup dlanstedl nt chiteking raccoonxs arnd squir els in the ailection of the girls, owing, it s supposed, to its odd ugliness. A i'rodlgai Cast. ''It wass a white citt," said a townrsman tt night, "'and every one in the family houghit aL great (deal of it. It was onsieelredl a v'ery knowing cat-one of hose felines ijuitos captable of taking care f No. 1. One daty it was missing. (heat vas the grief, especially of the children, duast livo years afterwardls that cat amoe hack to t he house. It wats flest seen valkinsg oni a stone wall, as it hail often ecn seon walking there before it so oiy5terioui-ly dissaupeared. It recognized numbers of the famcily sand purred with pneat sattisfacts.~ Seome one suggested hat, af ter all, it mnight be another cat, mnd ai test was made .,ichl proved it was he sameo onse. TIhe original cat had >eeni taught tG opL? ce of the (oore >y jumping up aell striking the latch ',iths its paws. P.uss was put in the room mud the door closed. In a few mi.nutes t was heard to strike the latchu. ~The loor opened and the oat-walked out. (ineton (N. Y.) Freeman.