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11( i'1 VOL, XVILi I1CKENS, S. (L rFIJRSt)AY, APRIL 26,188.N.1 T1lE REAL SLAVE DEALERS. 110W THE NO1RTH1 TI1EH TO SHIRK THE1 BURDEN OF ITS SiNS. A 1'Iain Statement of the Factc. na Derived from Public Itecords and Judicial 1)e clsions. To the Editor of the News and Courier: I was glad to see your editorial on March 9 last on the Emancipation .Proclama tiu. It is surprising how much igno rance exists upon the subject of emanci pation in some of the usually best in formed circles. I desire to call your atten tion to two instances of this in that usually accurate journal, the Nation. In a recent number there appeared the re view of a letter written from Washingtou to a paper in f?rankfort: "The condition or our negro popula tion is the subject of a Washington let ter iii the Frankfort Zeitung of Decem ber 24, 1887. The writer's view of their social status is correct cough, but be is rather at sea in his historical retrospect, as when he says that the South was at one time moro opposed to slavery thou was the North, and that the civil war was a strugglo between 'the sons of th slave-owners and the planters to whom their fathers had sold their dark coma modities.' There is a corollary to tt misleading statement that 'in 1791) the negroes were distributed throughout. this - countriy, and wore almost exclusively slaves, but that, 'during the firtt q uar tor of a coutury, the inhabitants of the Northern States gradu.dly sold their slaves to the South, where climeto and the nature of the agricultural products increase the value of negro ht.bor,' all of which sounds as if the country man of Von Hoist had drawn his inspiration from the pro-slavery pamphlets of Bu chanan's Administration." We have not seen this letter, nor do we know who is the writer, but if you will allow me space I think I: can con vince even the Nation, and its readers who shall happen to see the communica tion, that the statements quoted are not so wide of the mark as the Nation seems to think. If such as the Nation suggests was in deed the source of the writer's informa tion, can the following facts and figures, which are taken mastly from a work of - that time, be disputed? The author from whom I take the figures, as I cannot at this moment put my hand upon the cen sus of 1790, was, it is true, a Rebel brigadier, the heroic defender of Marye's heights at Fredericksburg, where he was killed; but all the same can the state mente be denied? (Cobb on Slavery, Philadelphia, T. .' I. W. Johntson & Co., 1858.) By the census of 1790 there were W,3'70 slaves in the States north of Vir hir.. Now. how were tho.x 1,000 slaves emanciuated? Can any one poiut to a single act by any Northern State by which any negro was actually and im mediately emancipated? We ask this because it is clear that all the gradual emancipation schemes had just the effect which which the Frankfort writer states, to wit: it caused the inhabitants of the Northern States generally to sell their slaves to the South. Laws prohibiting slavery after some future date were but warnings to the owners of slaves to send them out of the State before the Aet slould go into eflect. The inevitable working of such Acts was to send the slaves South for sale. Vermont, we know, cli'ns tile honor of having been the first to exclude slavery. She claims that this was done by her bill of rights in 1777. But the census of 1790) shows seventeen slaves. It requiredl, it is true, no ereat philan thlrop)y to sacrifice the value of nevenl teen slaves; but her bill of rights could not have done a very p)erfect work since it allowedl seventeen slaves to remain in bonds thirteen years after its ado1.tion. Slavery, which had been introduced into Massachlusetts soon aflter its first settle mnent, was ''tolerated," as Chief Justice Parsons gently expresses it, certainly until tho adoption of tihe Constitution of 1780. Nor, indeed, did the Constitutien of 1780, by any express provision oir declaration, prohibit slavery. But a vyery few (lays ago a letter of M~lr. Thlomas Billoway, .of Boston, appe~Ared in the 'Charleston.Sun, giving instancees of bills of sale and disposition by will of Indian andl negro slaves in Massachusetts as late as 1771. Dr. Oliver WVendell HIohues mna.kes Old Sophy, the nurse of Ellsie Venn er, the daughter of a slave mother. So grat.sual was the decadence of slavery in Massa<').usettS that as late as 1833 heri Supreme Co'urt could not say by whlat Speci ' Act *'he institution hlad been aboliL ed. Win'choenon vs. Hatfield, 41 Mass., 12:3; Coma.'onlwealthl vs. Avoe, 1f Pick. 209. In elknap's New Hampshire, Vol., I.,280, pulblished 17h.' tile matter jP thtis o)xplained: "Slavery is not prohiitc t b)y any ex press law. Negroes were .nover very -numerous in New H ampshire. $011" 0 /.them purchased thiir freedom dur 'g Sthe late war by serving thlree yeo. Ya 9the army. Others have been malde by the justice and humanity of ihi. 'T masters. In Massachusetts the~y are ue accounted freo b)y the first article in the declaration of rights, 'All men are loire 'c and eqjual.' In the bill of rights of wHampshire the first article ni ex ed in these wordls: 'All men are egnially froe and independent,' b,im in the opinion of most pers ,no, -ilbear the same conistruction. lBut others have deducedl from it this infer -ence, that all who are born since thle ~,'Constitution was made are free; and that those who were in slavery before remlain so still., For tis reason, in tho late eesuathe blacks in Nowv Hampshire d istimguished into free and slaves. It io in my power to apologize for this ~itency" nothor then goes on to ex:plainu, as "'We,dfhprwers afterwards continlued to wiqy much better off those who were ~oethan those who wero free in ~ttes. By the census of 1790 oe 158 slaves in Now Hlampsh ire, l$4Q there was still one remasin tations of Rhodo- Island more numerous than, in tIle ~ngland States, as, indeed, ly were, conside ring that and sailors of t hat little eatest slavo I rader&' of til ne~gIe could011( not thrive in her latitude her Legielatur provided a gradual scheme of omancipa tion, which took a lifetime to work out leaving as late as 1810 fAve slaves in tha State. Connecticut was too much inter osted to indulge her philanthropy at th+ exp ense of an itnuediuato emancipation In 1790 she had 2,750 slaves. So she t:)o, adopted a plan of gradual emanci pation, by the slow and prudent work ing of which seventeen of her slaves ro mained as such in 1810. As Mr. Bancroft observes, that Nov York is not a slave State like Carolina, ii due to her climate and not to the supo nor humanity of its founders, (2 vol. 303.) When South Carolinai prohibitec the importation of slaves from Africa it 1789, Now York imported them am shipped the savagoa to this Stato a Amorican slaves. As late as 185s thn London Times charged that New Yorl had become the greatest slave tradinl mart in tho world, a ohi.argo whicsh Wil sou in the ''Rise and Fall of the Shv Power" fully corroboratcs. Ii 17) Nov York had 21,324 slaves. She, too adopted an Act of gradual cmnaeipation by tho op2ration of which in 131) all bu four slaves had been gotten rid of. Nev Jersey, though adopting the s:im scheme, was slower i:a getting rid of he: slLvaes, 674 still remiuining in 1 .0i. Adn'u Smith observed: '"The lat resolution of the Quakers in Pennsvl vi:ia to set sct at li:erty all their nc:r maves mLy satil fy US th thcii iiun b" c.iniot 1)0 very tr,..t. Il+d tlhey n any con:;id'ralble part of their lproecrt; such a resolution could never have bee taken." (Wealth of Nations.) Ttter w'..r 3,737 slavcs in ].einnsy.vania ii 179), and, as Adam Smith prediected, h, would not sacrifice so much pmup rty So she, too, provided for gradual ean oipation. The ceneu.h of 1810 showes sixty-live negioes still in slavery. 1 1823 a negro woimita wts t ap on th auction block along with some m?hine ry, Smith's tools and one coVw, and sol for debt by the sherillof Fayette ceunty in the State of Brotherly Love. The wcro still discussing this ca so in the Su prelo Court of Peuusylvania as ate a 1Ki7, but it was about the inadequacy o the price the poor wretch brought, amc not the iniquity of the transac:ion abou which they were continding. (L1ynel vs. Commonwealth, G Watts 495.) 1 was the frosts and snows which put mt end to slavery at the North, not phiaun thropy. It is familiar history that the slav+ trade by which slavery was estabhishea in this country was corried coi by Oh England and New England, and not b the South. As Mr. Lecky points out the New England trado, just pnioi to th Rlevolution, consisted in sending he lumber to the French Islands, wherc tt obtained in return) an abUndant supp ; of molass;es. 'The molasses :he dhstle< iuto run, and the rum she sent t.e AIrie for negro slavea-(XVI1., Ceu. :33-t. Or, as Mr. McMster puts it: ''Sare: yetr passed by but numbls of slaver went out from Bostou, from Mi'ord from Salem, from Providence, fror Newport, from Bristol, itoe Ism'id The trade wais a threefold kind. Mo lasses brought from .Janaica was taurnec into rum; the run dispatched to Afrie brought negroes; the negroes carried t damaica or the Southern States were es changed for mohsss, vhieh ina turn taken back to New Eng!nd, was qick ly made into ram.'' (llistry (.1 th People of United States, Vol. _-.5.) South Caro!ina and (eorgia, two a least of the Southern States, piotest against the trade, not from any cent mentality, but as ove.run nig t hn COIL try with barbarians and iuntrtring wit the inmmigratioi of the whle 1:L:. Tit statute books of South Carolina, fraa I 698 to the lhvolutiotn, are filled uii Arts endeavoring to check by taxi'so mnd other wise the importatio oft ( e avowed purpo)(so expres:.cd in Ithe pireambl es of checki eg this i uLi>ttti 0 were raise dl year' by year treom .C2 mi I71 to ?100) in 1761. We cannot at this n< menit refer to the aumthox ry, but v,e am under a very strong impre ssion I hat II Coloniial Council of South Carolijna one time actually p)rohib)ited the in p)ortationi of slaves and that their A< was suispended by the board of tratdei London as prejudicial to the comemercia interests of England. A s soon1 a; S t Carolina was I reed from this forcio control, in 1787, before any aotion ve taken by Congress, thme State p)rohib1ite the importation alt together. Ini t1 colony of Georgia slavery was absolute oxcluded1 and by her Clonstitutionii 1798 the State prohibited the slave tod It is true that the prVohibition by Sout Carolina was removed from 1 801 I 1807, hut this wats owing .to the impo sibility of preventing evaisieni ofha lawvs t hrough tIe wvant oif a Stato nav and it was thought b)etter to b.'ing ii niegr(oes directly fr(rm Africai Ithan r ceive them through New York as pr tended AmTericains. See report of, ,Johnson01 Pettigrmyv (another Itebel brig dier) to the Legislature ot South Caroi na, against the re'opening of thle ala' trad(l, 1856. Year Book, City Chuarleston, 1883. Of then 202 vess Is that Crrived Chaleston bab or with tlLve, (Iurm Li five years that thle por to of thle St oponeitd for thlei slave trade, 6.1 elaina t.o belong to Chaurlesto n an d exet I 'Mmen iinmber avowedly b elouied ti N. r;ineticuit 1;) 70 beLlonged( to (ini Brmitai n. Of the ot her It), : belongen Aahltimt '1e, 4 to Norfol1k, 2 to Swedei, to IFranice. If we Jook at the list oif e. signers we( will see~ that it is not p,robii that the 61 . bich claimed to bIeln Charleston at 'i.efly di 50 ". 1cFr of 202 vessels w ih b)rought in slave;; 1 13 consignees 1a *' naitvei oif Chiud land, '01 o f iottonl .4) id 1 of Frnie. is most probabile, the so"forCe, that the vessels climiring to beci ''ig,to Chbarleu' ini fact belongedh to Nov 1oagh 'ders sidling in Charlestoni. X ar thieso idtt tics eo Judge Smith 's VA yob ini I United States Senate, in .i Xm,. hie rayed Mr. DeoWolf, the S. et'dr i Khodo island, for his pa;rti1 4it.1 tho slave trade. Sometime since in its notes, in same ppr, reviewing a wvork, "lII. and SLavery," the editor wrote as lows: "WeV can r;,commend it for its oa sake, but we have read it with the dii. est interest for itst retikcted lightI On t irrepressible c onflict which endt dl so r would say in Anil. 1865. and others ) Marob, 1876. First and above all it in spires a sense of profound thakfulness that there never existed in this country a party or a policy or a measure of - gradual emancipation. Wo moau of course against that purely Southern .save power which dictated the corupro- i Iises of the Fedoral Constitution." In this, the editor of the Nation could - not have meant that there never oxiited 1 in this country a policy or a mea nre of t gradual emancipation, for, as we have aeon, just sw h a policy was adtpted 1 throughout th1 lort'hurn States--tlhat it C - was by just such ieasures that the Northern people rid theulselves of thoei I institutious which they had so large a l hau in ilmpoi'iIg llpOl the South. But C I wis this statement correct even if limited 1 1 by his last sentence, "Wo mean of course against. tho Southern sluvo power," \c? ( Mr. Lincolu having dt olare'l in his 1 inaugural that thu Reupubicaiu party hat 11 no intent on to intrteo with the in.t tio: of slavery; and Cuagr:,., b y a jinlt t rIresolution, 11pp1roved July 'h9, l,i having repeated M[r. .Lincoln'o dech ra tion am1l annUieij ;o the South that I L th w'ar vi.; On;'y foi the preservation of t the Ujni:in, anild Jot for the abolitioll of ,slavy; and ( "a;rhss having at afly i In)1' d in lar:lh, 18il, b)y two-thirl s t vote a propo ('dl alcidment to the Con- i stutio'n that: a "N'o amendm n'nt shahl b) nl:e to the Conwdifutitn whiCh1 will aiibloriz , or il g t,v' C mr":" the l'wer to aloli:h o i(1 intr' ftrO wiiiiin a Shte with the 'lo- i - 1 m< "1C inlstitut i;ini thr'reof, in1'1 in tOO 1 1 th of p o1ere held to labor or service < by the tail of t,he'it(aidhtte." 1 Up)on1 th re1COmmndalttiou of tlr. l in- 1 I coln1, m1e.e in1 a iipe',ll mn sag in A10lltpr;1 1 . 18 2, Coif res paieed anotn:r joint r.so - it ion ol'ering p cu'ia:ry ald fron1 the i I ( i.'n ral (7overimuet to induce tite i i io to adopt "heneral abolislment of sLaverV." - Mr. Linc<dnr expresse the selitirniit i I of the North, which enabled him to carry ! S011 the watr sUCCe(,fully, when, on 22d I Auust, 18t, he : 'tid : -'1"y pIram1ounti ob jeet is to aave the I Uniou, and not Io ave or destroy slavery. I I if I could ssve the Union w ithcnt free- 1 i ing any slavt) I would (1o it. If i could n hi save it by fireeing all the staves I woti'ld 1. do it, eud if I could do it by treeing I some and leaving others alnlie, I would 1 l o d,O(o thmt."' - 'The lav.'s in the Staes at war will,th the IFederttl (ovcrnment were freed as a SIailits'ary and not as a p)olitical mes u r 1 The Federal (ioverilutnt did not iret l the laves in )elaware, Marylaud miul - :ntuk';y. Tfl relllts of the war ren ,idred slavery ilpract:cable, but thiat wats all. 'T'he truth is, the Soutit could at any LiuOe ureig the war have u:eeured the n' 4!s.itntion of slavery at the s)tritice of t the righl of oi'eCeiS0. 1'htt saiilit'e She wvoitld nlot volulut:trilv n) ake, andlt flu )'list both heor soverei;.ity an1l iher 5hivet.1 I u was the unfortunat(, iuoCcent, laet i holder of a -li'huuotd bill, eua the emniiieiS of it. turied n l)'iie r anot eah :d to the world to Ccc how they would pun ish lier for hu diug it. - IILol'.1111.> \IC( Ai: .111 . t lhI - --. . - ----" - -----.' WVLTit s .\ W1v eIt't't iii %t '. i ..in Atnimn,t TI'cu er O:ai Wet,cira ultle"ina It, arlttin1; (On, if -rI iim. (I iverpeo: (Otilri. 3 A inul ar111 C)"..,iur :.u o too p l -: at Cro tnuclinlg mewtl:tgerie, in Earle ,treet, t en Wd'OOsla. A grouplj of six wito 1 bars 1o4 thw .\rctic regiels thl. have - heen .'l:ttring; thei coUntry and( eau:iing ai. - 4 itiotntu)l lmtve just r'etutne d fr1 1 a twvo Swet'k e1ngAgemnllc!t at iL. 'I'e dariug 1)a'per lorm'r who hadl tratveled v:it;l thlt mI ital 1Ou ailing for some tiit, and1,1 a 1 ! tew tl.:ys at heul to ive ui hi'. nii"t_a a4 14434t ma.go ac 011.to1 his (ini tielmty The d1imeniy th1w tto (4l1o41llhvi a m'tlrn wh imd4 the coure' ener theA (I far14 * d(<m with'e0l th1ese b lothir' ere: 1 1tul. r Richard((11 itfe111insthl, a1. crated 11 on ut ii~ tig r$ amin fr Cice'i iimh ,i voj utere th o ulhnde t 1ke t he is, 'xtmt1l w 11 itL thele atgen<tn lt, J ero m, '4 e iot ai ready.1 (11 ileIc e'nred l the n 4 an'Od oonr fon tiself~' t4 rroundedo il byi ( )'It the 1er ingl4 for him11 in alol di-14 i 1A1 t ie thea uswdslet to ther stl w fit the u aias, elting tin a1I coteev he ingh i1 torn(41( comhatly IVnIt ofthe coat~14 and( alt hlite b1lod tIlt, .1tichard oimidert10( 1 he~ Is lmt is~ ha11 111on1 tonse.y l1 Then c:Iue Ithe nathe beariy moued ailt stool. uWhie l.CRihr wal akigtitersto.h h k -eer outidth denI l(the1 dbear Olled 1o 441 cord, ha wet, lhe(1. pitlld 144ot g-aelid in lth. The4411 blod began1' r to~ flow frel and 1544 it, 11as4 soo dIsvered2 ,4 thi t intior110l f( oe iferiwsibow n eL Miey Dr.4Wilha .g Ia immedi--s lI. ha2sll7e ntney ma'olde hgh~t.o i-- mind w m.hether 2 tho4sootin wa wifu. o f4 I I ~ "I Gt \\Il-: If tw I0 hOtut ! 11 n il have ly watrrhn ofw ora- fo lgix yei rs1. 51 wet I)Ito a o dotornd (he1 tr i Mr mefm in', hI cIld t eurd me, lI 4v1I n]'n toh1 d er inh il tI diiteinga. at 1ontILent21 A4 tnly 1no1t av oflita; u4? ilhut a chang4e.1(: 'M i. ( andl lg, o ttl ofk (4 IL (your IIV. . used i ani hi ve V t 1 r. 1 To: u go folincw moe, 11m411 thank] (h>d! it1 (ure me.OCh Usr $0tis ''ft 11way youtlay to ''i1 for0 th e oo of suffet(rr '4 ' (4 tMr.t I:11 Cllloo la-. y to1wo .r ITh ee is as,tIlry ''f tohoihester meni(!I -1- business. 1)2It occued eI4 to hem to4' con-21 ill. suih th4MrI toinpIl;, 4 and 5ty di'I;Lyat L'ilE C >l.0lt LI.ItI IN T1 CJIUI{C[iiW Il)sturbing the 'rerbytorius (fla Timen Tlhe Chicago P'renbytery htruggla WtVtt It. (irmooO, April 17.--The annual no ng of the Chicago 1reslytery begnu 'eterday. Tto noat important featuro f the )roceedings of the day Wast the >reatuble and rcolutionsl introduced by ho Uev. Mr. Johnlon, of the Theologi tl Leminlary, on the rounion of the ortherin and out1ern t'resbyterian hurehes. Aftr t;etting out that they heartily ator the reunion of the Northern and ioutuhern L'r sbyteriau churches, :olely In the ba'is of a comulol :;tiIndard, they suro tho 'o imittee of the 4outher hurch that thero iti n-) change in view:; oine.rning the e1pirituality of the church S conne i (OCd l with i poliiciti deliver lCes. The resolition then :-ayis: "We cannot ctIO'tsnt to 1. l ).1ii mrll of t .ep,in:. 1 ri _:.n '.'r(. by,tl'+ t Jilt't Or' to any1) p)O 1.it i - aunt looking fotwartd to tho org.me' ,o Ot a separdto A! rican .L'1Si h:riat Jinrch. "We i willing to coisent to mi11 10r antg.,mI('nt in the inh-revts asolely of pra+C ictl dlie;l1n0y, b)y whtiCh1 lr'ent bonn - lariee and constitiiencici of )'reslyt era .td Syn1oiS )n the Soth Ii:h.111 r1noiu in 1: tut' (tt', provi.el thi L-h11i ho the m1I;)I n :rai pr(:ft'rtnCO of Ia>t tirutivs' utr: :,t I, ex licitt cx p;rtsed( tr.) lIth Ag ' ['t esb'yt".'rm'tn 1'r:ierences, ul'jeCt l tays, Asi I "rot 'for(', to Aeta of the (en rd As sien hly." "If tho. re uo a tinllien et nlul)er of In)tCls and chnireihes to fio)rl. ia c.lt'r) d )t :t-:ry ion ainy locality alriy coV :ed bo he <ynol, snel lre(slvt'rv utay )> f.n itd i i those on tnLi groum( die:;ire, tat t-t:b )re iby,'ry t;hu1!r;ni" ti in 'C Ch 'nodt 1imAL tihe be hea sylodi. of ot1'ir reShyt'riLtiat n C t1. CnII hi t, t h whichi i1 >resbyt:ry a;!. t> lb1: uttac 1." 'I.i'h reading of tllt' preatble'o and r('vo ution cratdt a profounI(d .' nsatio. I )r. .1ray p)rot(St('d Ihat if si'h '(n ttt'foInce t hat wOIt forth as tho delilberte t. : )res:ion1 of opiniou (It al body of (hria inu niA!Crs a qua.trh r of a Centturv titer th ' closing of t.e war it we t(d b(' nost infuuouina atl (igraelo tu. 1to naidl: ''It mittM ttht We slttll go tow n111 there vith armls ami1 rsus Citlt0 all the old ssue of a bloody mu;(1 nearly forgotten var. Tho pr(sbyteries of Florida, Mis ouri, hcntu;cky tun l '''nnessco, Itave dready si;iticI a dc'-ire to oma over to Cuni, , but nOt. a mint of th1m would lome(? in the rne of such an' ii- nlt, a:l I s chail>r ca only resnIt in the di,ins (gratinl of t4 chturh." "lie IL'v. 3Ir. With riw said: '"A pow:rfl'1 hody wil1 cno to t to e:wtr.l A'.n1bly a 1kitg f r .r nllnt)l. WV e eaullno stail on tis-') I'1p: itiun. it 1'0tild SW' C lri od1 '1 oa ft't. . Bat iaI again, if weC .-y V will c)n:;Ctlt to old cotletsc a l l synod1 II and all pres lV ;rita, I doubt if we would s;eceedtol. If so falil, it wouId be to t;e everlastit'( 1(0111 - " I P::: ;t I1 . c i: n . I 1)n't belieCV'( ini (?CCICi:tbheal uttternuiCes' Ia'.d 1 ail uttlnmiutlkalIy ConVinued i11:mi l'th introIa'CtioI of the colorel line In rteig ion is abtorrentt to the Christian) sentimeat O theO daty." I. matt icr iill omo n 1 :a i. The matter was; ihtly ti'''eoed of hv the1 adoption of the lirst pat ian of 1) . Wrvest:r'am titl+oon11 to I)r. (iray' ,utl'.iii', r it' g asi tt olulo. "lRosulvedI, 'that thtII Plres< I rv ii barltily in favor of rCi),i,n w; ith the 'iouthern) Cimrchel, onl tha ba:tis ui Our' nmmlonI .s:t:la:rd::, puIro auld simpl)1(." Th1e ()e<m uhldi:g p))r'i-m), "ttl the 111al rig ht of all di:-eipl o of Christ in 'very court of Chret-': chit1re," lt; st'.Ld on heOpartely, antl onl m)otion1, was 1i01 1:p11 t'h talle. ~ A vy t RtIlt i i Ol.-;tpl Iili , A strar go stLry clre A from i te rline-g, \1 iss I .--lon.Lrd's g!irALHl '"I sla0 0raig' t ftr ijnd w,heni rhe' was but yr :1r o.. nOArd was ahv:1 aX p;0atienlt wIIdber to 5'' thel i >wAers bui from1 the huds. Short!y hidy:. beganit to growv worse. I ho ol!l:itdor hus,h beogan putting' foirth ilb a stranige tig ALt that fInt Aof0 yt:r. iThe liis dev1 'opted as the~ yunig hidy faliledI, Inl when41 her' dealth Iccurred ithe t~village ofi Sterin g was seachd for wie lowel 1 to put~ in herI cotlin bi!tutu non 1md beenu forn tl. The dayt~ the~. remins INwere tol be ooner,i \irs.G ooldye'ar, 11111 1'een ptiently, wat;ing' for ten we ks o lb lloAom. 1mr.t uio lote,a, binteadt iof] thut mr redlimer.theenirt h:iOh LA.a cot vral with ow-w*liih iteones. ., bmi-h 'o fli tii. w. h hiower fer eni d1 amtti lacedtgu on werie.' ie i reiot for' shiipm) et to Thti, i s 0a1er, ititto b ta Li St ait . 1I1 lThe C rfo l),lhdi uibland conty wIGias enAm a'll L week.I o I~ in. th tiiual ofth et *ott '1.o Itolh,d Jr, o v(.'Thosiiii. L'i. WiThe grootal of nth li is1 of leer WC)r. ut tbe t o to o. lrayiN vemberO htil,r lh Ibrig it with1ahte hood, 1rearbe ,Jl, tnaver aInd hliadt it inae minfo my toi r:. Dr.si' I tietso lasd thie 1a.' rn al for1 erbda pt) its 141 on lCohncrha, HAdt 'lessrt. C SAit. h le' and fo ohf p'itiy wil e dh em n i TIlE FARMERS' TRUST. IIow it IlIRTers from the O)range In ItR Objecte. (Walter N. Allen, l'resitent 1Canas F%arners' Trust, in 1 i.ouis Ulolw-LJcn)ocrat ) T have received letters from gentlemen of the Northwestern States asking the question: "In what respect does the Farmoer.-' Trust differ from the Grange?" I ci answer without prejulico, as I have been a member of the Grange for the past seventeen years. TI'.he Grange tried to regulate prices on what the farmors had to buy. 11w I"armcrz' Trust undcrtakes to control the prices on what the farmers I.we to sell. The one appoints agents to buy cheep; the other will appoint agents to soll to the bort I advantage. The U range is a secret social society ; its menllers are bound together by norail obligations; it sought to all'ect l gii1atin u21nld to accomtlplish political e:d. .[t excludes from meml)crship all pers'ns who ar.i not. actual fa 'v he 1ai le.'; '.I'rus' ha tS o se te, tigns, l):.ords nor lacwk hails, an)d its memlt - hers are bound together by pecdU!iary ol ligations----ls a pocket interest an( u bsui:s Cud. I t seeks for the best busi ness t:lteut and invites the cooporati on uf ill men of waio., experience andl ) bUSinl(els integrity. A distinguished gentlemon from IHi ois; writt u ie, suggesting a' Irmr,' 'rttecivo tllln" 11 :1 suSt.itlut.O for ti' lt:u:n) I'.trners' ''r i. 1 ai awar tiro a prejldicel' gai':t any tillng that Ias the naune of " 'rust,'' but this is owing to the fact that the object of a trust is a'1 h't'e nidrtood. A trust is a union of 1 )uSine s9 i1nStitutions, andt its ob ject ii t i p)reveut ruinons com)etitioin im titd', expei(u1eo having demonstrated that competition is not tli safe and honest, rethod of doing 1husinesS. To co la. t 1 tiona m+y be traced 81 per cent. of all businsie fiiluroe, and the surviv tl of the itle't ('1 strongest. becomes an o'pressive monlopo y. A trust is a colImt betwoe' i I Vo or mor. independent. busi:ess lirms :greeing to (o or nI)t. to do a certaii thing in the line of their buiners, and1i imp)1he a trustee to execute the trust who is res'rie'ed or limited to the spei tic 'iibject of the tri('t. By theso modern inti.ti:';ons uniform grales of prices are estb:lin) o ', tius protecting the weak ariun't the 'trong and reserving to cach maembeor of the union all the rights and powters not delega'ed to the trust. A truit, theretore, is decentralizing i its inl 'ihnee and a check upon mnonulop ly, tho latter being a cont:olidttion of eaiitatl or a centralization of business p c:icer, acting u11der one supreme head, deriving its nourishmLeut and growth iom the failuro and ruin of comltitors in trade. When a Co mb ainationl in busi- I ness awsunme. this character it ec:r-es to be t, ti ust, ia d beeomes a, monopoly. 'The manuftacturing and comle"rcelh e ire torgluized. 1it the agric"ultur al -the fiudament-t industrial eams unorganized and at the merry of the other t.wo. The F arm ers' 'Irust move ment, therefore, has becone a necessity in order to soeouro an <uiihtble exchntnge of prducts, and to rt.-,tore the nornal condition of trade or an cliib'uium of production and cOtisuiPtion. 'r(lie' 'rene"lt"u cn, " of (GI-~ ing vige( -ble'-.s At Lalke City, 1ha., )r. J. F'. Appel Is hits poudtcet some exlrc)eely liue gard en ianis by .remchil'g t i> hurder of a Is to.; onel prinlcipal obojet acomplished bein. thue elevation of the surtacte abuvo overt!.>ow. ()i the usual metliedl and obj1ct the l.im)s I)Deninert2. says: In-uwp w 1Ocllat i4 knowa uis thme trenm cling syst:tn is prac[ietd for growing vegletaleis, and is wvei1 atd;tped on t+m)all farm wher V lIe space01 is l0:care, and( thle lar2 ges3t amoun022t musitt heC s-cure(1 iii ordler to get as5 11meh0 as possiblie frota the soil. The Ruiir d H omei thus llude(ls to the "A farmer in X olo0(1 couty, Cat., hais nu11le1 'a :iLtt 1.uccess4 inl gro wing voe taic bfllowing th1e system. jle te;p nire1 (one1 foot, coverinIg it overl withI the toll soil. I lis th eoJry is tha t the( manmllle 1so w',armsl the 41arth that you can( grow ve.getalesi0 a'l witer ald t1((t it draIls mois.tnr0 in the dlry season"~' thel benel;~t is due to the warmthl on01ly, throuegh ihio watrmth and2( mloisturo are ineOrenlsin(g by such01 mode of growing. ThI-ei plan1 is to dig t.renebiels twol eet deep and1( two fcet wide. The( trenlche(s 1a14 then1 Iililed to1 withi in2je inlche(s of the topl withl ununilre. O ver this tihe top) l'prinkled10(1 ( R* occuaiall.iy durling the pr<'-es, so) a2 to hiasten chanIlicli act in, wih no221 t only'( diSinltegrates and15 renders cheial1 act1 iln oil the0 subSoil by tile manur211. Tb1 c m.inuro bein1111g co1vered nilI, cini' 1( ulle1111r Ions by unison01 with 1h1(. bun ft an1y 012e will give it a ti hdl he will I (r, and1( to I groul 1wdl g rowv twol or lhre' cropj5-, (each cropI binlg irg2o and( of all1 intstedht(. Th le foilowiug is an1 extrPact froml the~ reclntly inl col'-vent iln. Hertaon -1.i~ Th peopI1lf (Ohli( 0ngn(:il iratlie nuijority of 11he hlouse oIf Repre1 )entlatives to 111 p rito telII 1(nts ,lgeilf h dirett r efunding (12. Inll,Cc pate iIiy the ti forepay(l' to( the1.1 11111 il t ite, (112 hout21 the1rebllion 2 t to cancer( l th111e unpid the sur2rnder (of Northernii) Deocrt3 inl (Congres-s to1 a4 51me(.I1 minorhty oIf Ex Cofedera2'tes aI.(l theair a'li&., and1( thlo and1 a1 half doll1 Itrs to the( relicet of theo tax 2 yirs of 1,11 Ohi.. it11te w(ftl MR. CL1MSON'S BEQIJESTe A STATEMi.Nr o TIIE : 1'it)]IAlili I N II T OF TIE UIL'T. A .arge- (ottitIIy of Lsnl tnI Sonto Per Mnial lrPr., i nrty (iv en fur t CIlIego wtw r. AgrIIenlt(t anel Othe-r Itrunch.cs tihill lite Tiuttgl. 'roiii llte Gr"envlle lanity New., April 14.: No ev(+nt of recent years 11as aroused fnoit11interetit amnong theo farmers, and :lie plople genel!y, than111 thoe. death, ht.' 3iiturdtay, of 'Ilomas (1. Clen'otn, tlh r.nral)o :ol-in-law anl heir of Joln G. Jallloun, and Itis be<quest of "Fort llill,' JIr. (alloln's; botne durinug thei ltte1 lays of Ii; life';, t ht." Stat.1 of South lrotiu I. or ut:" i an fll t ricult'nall ct1l frt pu,t r" f(,or t'!. (irtevi! hi'ld Newi ,ent to !'o' ri I!lii ot i'e: tgriLy t. latint a i.it!lan1 coillirnuLi1 oif at .tddtitiuln to th+ ''.w Ltetslherttofcire giver: .ho pubi!it". i; Vt..T fort:itl e(+tough it 'io'e't tIt l It ' re nii. it. W. t imllif ,t 1l r. C'h lI,tut:'.< t.A,s f In l uli; rei itti \ : 'tt!, l'w, het t lit Rotti: from Pit 1h.t.i 1, rt lii with \ir. ftee o t i a , wh iii t il i lti. C; hi:stn' ,lah+lll,lt b^. 'itndl tl b4(, I vt"tty d''t.i boly, t.tl d ..I im tt'; onily t g2,rantl deih ltnd th1 fr'i-grlt:tl-ttughtt.r of llr \li.: i: no lItet he(1 to e rt, 11111 lie lre Ct-lt"t! t ? t iw rwtltlt c.hildi ant har t I, ar Atredtt itt heti'' 'it falil 'It' ilt., )I !(t (tit t't.l w iil 51 0Vit wtiit itI2u1 )tI i l,, r,.,tI ii:i tu I hit i:1 l " i ' l)i ionted, muot" C)verr'l p0)r0h of tho hou1ne. itttm i t i' m:t pIty itheir" loyal rc.ipt etr to thle y'1ungit repjrestttivo of tht fitnly with1 wthicih tthey' i1vc blette ily_tt Iitild o long. lr. impson is the only living p'rsoIi ivh,o ha- e +n andi readi Mlr. Clems1on1't ill, at as he l:is not \tt tprobated it IJ iowa: (vitl.yndy relitltIit to tallk of iti iOte in dlt,iititutml. As F)Ilue mch hts hei pubtllisht(, anhteemr, 1nit of a o bsed hi sit uraetis im ty Mit f r Clem1 ,n belntit hit. teah adt tll somi t of it incorrect, iMt lin:pi t>ute CIommuni'tlItiel the .uoit liml noitinti facLt;. Mr. Clem, son's will was tllltwn f lvera year15 ago byj the 1:at' C'ol.,1aO. i1. lion iiud 501. ril ameltnih.t t ij ltl ltthltiou1: ttore: rectencXCta m ad t, :le d rawnry Mr. up i e b)r1i)ertu Il enh to his grattd al t:ghtter", ,a L , 15t,Ul in 110 ontil tl Nirito'oIlie attldt.ti I0 t t of tho FI: it0t pi't'ce, with gift, tviiol lhat thai irc. n:a. ie bugit;lht ii a . mhd to hl titdtH of the chtie at at ixedtrii. Other e;tiies aiout to t.ll,(I t0, gi whncb . 7tli,0 t.- lIt '.ndbor ht in. death AU the rnuiiet ( thle .rt .1Ill (stat wit te n.."--ii theu ti tug itl+ten co(lleel ion it li.t lieturi't, C ep:lt the 1'a1ui1y p+ictu,rtS, h:it;h gto to M1.i,:t lao Mrt. C'ilhoo's I,ir)ii;ore and b)ooks re mll.ining ; in tilt hI u it:t u:l the1 stot kst botndi:, ll mOhe ar ull t h er F+'Ciritie't o '.lr. ('h 1u.4)m, f'o to) Lit. M t!te for th1t e:t: t!b-htl tt l l( Iotttl1:1 a d u t i eo t.f t TJht, li rt il l:t( (hc 'uo tta i; l,l.,( It!1r'. ( ) t h Ii : : at w s, at, u!r"tad1 tiated(, gu lin 31sl'o 1 .i, bult cet hto pl.l clba-'d lto koop thei (Statt ln1,act at t. liti u tt e' nt bje t pritice'. ''T Se' inftin)itte Iv ne<uvl :iui td uit iI1 r. Ciienisonl't aalitir: ehtilnltl. tllat. tlm St eintities and1( ecash re nlain1il:g aftter thei paIyli nn of all eO1.1un bir lnt:s, andt (xss} wd; bo111 Li betwveert ' .tl,ltl :tt)l .'1,11(,5 availt:le for et college, using an amount specified in in the will for buildings and making tuition as nearly free as they may find possible or advisable. It was no sudden freak that inspired Mr. Clemson's action. As long ago as ;4t;G ho was interested in the establish ment of such an institution as his will provides for and he was then active in for warding a scheme to procure private gifts and subscriptions for the purpose. After the tragic death of his only son, killed by a railroad accident in 1871, he became more than ever before interested and evolved and publicly announced his perpose to levoto the Calhoun property to the glorious purpose of promoting practical agrioultural education. 3inoe then ho has thought and talked much of the subject and his will was no surprise to those who know him best or to Mr. Lee, his son-in-law, who knew long ago the destination intended for the prop erty. On returning from Fort Hill, the (rentuvilb News representative met at uentral 1) K. Norris, now the foremost leader of the "farmers' movement," and siene Mr. 'T'illman's formal retirement, the most prominent and persistent advo e tte for a Eoparate farmers' college. Mr. Norris was quiet on the subject of the Cletuson bequest, but evidently deeply enthused and very much in earnest. to said the gilt put tho wholo matter of the college in the hands of the farcu er ., and they could secure a magnificent titution for agt cultural education if they will use the opportunity. With the l awout from the land scrip now given hte outt Carolina College and the ioney frotn the fertilizer tax now di vetted to tlii llege annex and other )iurp)oses-ever, iJe. >f which, ho said, was legally and moral , the use of the i mttuere for educating 'mrs mosome of $10,000 a year wot 'i> so cu'ed for the new college, with its s4rounds and buildings all provided and somu income from the surplus endow ment. That was more than the State Military Academy and the State College hive together, he said, and would give a F1le;dit), thoroughly ellicient agricul tural colet)go capable of aceommodati Ig hundreds of students, without the addi titnt of one cent to tho taxes. lie did Inot believe, he naid, in free tuition. Thatt question had been settled in the case of the State College. Lut he thought it probable a system would be adopted by which students would bo en bled to pay the whole or a large part of t heir own expenses by extra work and service in the institution. One valuable feature of the Forl Hill library will probably luzzlo theexecutor an.t the trustecs to di:spose of it. It; is the nanuscript of the completed first voiutme of the life of ,John C. Calhoun, p repared by the late Pinckney Starke, wilh the aid of Mr. Clemson. It is, however, all in a peculiar short hand invented by Mr. Starku himself, and at pears to defy all tlhnts to translato 1t. i llany of the documents, reports and other manuscript ist;ed by Mr. Starko t and colecteil by hi and l: M. T. 1hunter. of Virgnia, who undertook to prepare a life of lr. Calhoun, but was cuni pulled by poverty to relinquish it, are in an oh) trunk in the library build ing amd may be found valuable by sonic inter biographor. After the talk with Col. Simpson and Cul. Norris and after seeing the intense eaurntesLness wi. It which they appear to be in ilured in the 'xecution of the work left with them to do, the News represen tative had no dilliculty in bringing to Ih;ii mind's eye the picture that was i loutbtless presented to Mr. Clemson's iugitnation many tnnes-th e pieture of the homely house, halloweda by the name ot the gritn old statesmn whose face with its Celtic cheek hones and blazing eyes looml; s with Iifte-l ike gazo from the hmrwls, the cenltre( of agroup of rtathier buidig--fthe roundedOi slopes of velvet green, nmade deep and dark be eththe i nterbhcing b ranchen of the etiirdy eiibers and oit lightar and1( more delicate shiftinig tints whiere they fall n waty in the Muiigiht to the silver river on one isidet ad thieimumriing, spark lin stea atl bmlng illwson the itheri, peopiled with the young and star, ly b'noe and1 sinew of the State (Calluin ii loed so1 wcl and11( rep rieented ai gramily, learmiig howt to makol( her11 riebier, grarierli and happier-the glori ouis, fruit tul Ihomne of a pecople aspr peosand strong as thecy have ever beoon brav, generus andi free. A i'ut Alligator. I Two little dauLlghters of M rs. Geborge T aleir, of L ongview, T.iex. , have a cute litIt(lei pet.lligator iabouit four feet in leitth who(se mo is . iiii. .1 imi knows i bitle mistresses, recognizes is name wheIn called, and submits or enjo'ys an unlI i mit edl amount orn petting, pairticularly eni-joyed the seratching of his bacnk, and, suirprisinogly, seems to bo sensitive to the r sc at chiing thriughi his thick skin. A dog Sex'iiteis his anir, amnl when one intruies upon ii his 'gatorship he issues forth a lasyoen that is dlisagreeable to any~ wils -gulte< hmuau otfiictories. im i winter diet, s a stefml a notico, conisists (if mudii, andi whieneve.r the we itIher is mil the 'gator is p)ermnit ted to watltow ini its nimi(ho(le, whence it conies back pulled up unitil it leeks like an Alerman, or a pirairie pony after a drinking and ending a two daiys' thirst. r 'The h ttle girls sometimes (dress Jim up as5 a dholt, an1d tthe neptile has quiito sup -ptanited t'et cloking racco(ns and squir rets in tte anreetion of the girls, owing, it Iis sulpposedl, to its oddl ugliness. - A l'roitlgal C,at. ''"It was a white cat," said a townsman Y het night, "'and every one in the family 'a thought a great (teal of it. It was " considered a very knowing cat--one of th ose felinies quite capable of taking care 'of No. 1. One day it was missing. Great a as the grief, espeially of the children, .1iust live years aftrwards that oat ci camle hack to the houso. It was firs~t seenl n1 walking~ on a stone wvall, as it hail often it been seen wvalking there before it so ui ysteriously disappeared. It recognized e miembers of the family and purred with di great satisfaction. Some one suggested .e that, after all, it might lie another catt, (o and a test was made which proved it wasO e- the same one. TIhe origi,1 cat had ! been t aught to open c ne of the doors 1, b)y jumip'ing up) ad striking the latch 'V with its paws. Puiss was put in the room n and the dhoor closed. In a few minutes ft it~ was heard to strike the latch.' id dour opened and the cat 1o Kingston (N. Y.