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~jj~-. *!. / . CM11 A Family Companion, Devoted to Literature, Miscellainy, News, Agricature, Markets, &c. Vol. XVIIO NEWBERRY, S. C., WEDNESDAY, JULY 27 1881. - - TH M'OAL IS PUBLISHED ?VRYWEDNSD.AY-MORN ING, u uietery, S.C. 19Y ITOH0.9 iRN~KR -jn.and Proprietor., 5~rS. $200per Jtt4 Invarisbly in Advance. ;mr*,Me* pitor& Istopped at the expirationl of I ijme fdr which. it is Paid. * ~~The1~4 ark denotes expiration o u W~ateeS, (ockS ewelry. ;At the New -store mi flotel Lot. - I 'enw -0on- -1and'a lur&e ind eiegamft t~TIIE~ COCKS JEWELRYI: L cSilver -ad' Plated Ware,.. *SpjWCALr. Al M- SPMCAOL QSM OE M- B11~I 111U-T?%M -AN-orders by mail promptly attended to. h~e itl~y i "with Dsac~ 8ok" ad &~iML~ ARD0Ifts-YcmUBXY. ce 1"e s .VloUll BO -~ ~IG ~co(.TW$NE4WMNEFGTR SEED). -Sow-thyseed,-oh hbandmn' -- What thoUg1 oPPc.rs wApT It will burst the shell and rise, Sit the dew'and kiss the sie. Sow thy seed and sleep. In thy 1.bors thou shalt live Dust aione Is dead Xver falls tbe-shine.and rain, Eversprings the golden grain; All the worlds are fed. -FronA .Tie ChiOAgo -Fiem. THlE CULTU7Ri O' .CA&P AND ...00 - PONDS. BY RUDOLPLI UEss PART 1.L 4.-sTorKINQ.:THE .PGNDS AD CARE orsaz1:FISIEs...-.. -fj. eArty -on' rp--ciltt Ire a reguliar and.. jdiioe nanRer, severtl- ponds - are- --equired ae cording - btO vriO:US Up11YsE tbe:f e detie4 fr -- 1. Th:e baOhing-pend. - 2. 'Te breedin-g-pondr 3M-Tbe- dculture.-r-regular carp-! pond.- - - - The- iatehi:ng-pond sel;ves mA-10 partioniurl:y4ois batu4ava: -impreg ation a*d-hat-,hi_ngi or ratier-for nataurai pIropagatiO-P - generaHlly by Placing- .. noA."er of -Em ate -d - Te Malie bes -nto obepond--Here the females drop th. Oggs, during Vbe-spawnBg' season) -uPon- -the aat e ptani;e he--ey - -are im-pregraed 1.-yhem male.. '-in steeking iponds, hree fo males are calculated to two- males, sometimes-twice-that number, per a je Te, females,bear,.a. .great nunber of. eggs as has been re ma here, jat the smaller only .are impregiated; nL t.er do adi these come to life. - :o liberal psLinmvte w-ill ot egeed the .numnbei of from 800 to 1,000 young fishes to.one ap voe; the aggregate per acre amoun ting:to 'rm 4,00 to 5,00. .t is. scarcely, possibig~ to say what~ is the most desirable numn ber:of milters an spawners for stcking po4d& as. the views on this subject .differ: widely in Eu rope. .1 beL4eve, howeyv, the above to be correct, and it is ac ceted .as such by, all extensive establishmnen ts. .- - -- hec abov -mentioned result will 5o nineb inore Ivo'rable iW the di ruib, now untortu.naitely al* rmost ~forgotten, i$serv&d to feed the "carp whicb are ili the pw ning.pi>nd, shditly before and dring tbe isedn 3f'spaiw ing, so as to prevent their seai-chinig for food, whichjnei'ally leads theni to eat'their'owh eggs. -. fter the fih liave laid (li'ei&eggs, thbey maisp similly be remn6ted fi'O the ponds, w hihh revunts theTh - ting the eggs'. - l'his .usfulroA forruerly inch practiced in Europe, his un fortunately falren irito dis'bse ; 'in fact, itla halsist been forg6tten, pcTbably because carp -natur'ally ifexbase very fast. .By removing the spawners three times as many young fish are kept alive than by leaving them in the spawning ponds. On no account should too great a quantity of young fish be placed in a pond. Tho above-men-] tioned number of 4.000 to 50 young fish to %he acre requires w at er which is very rich in natural food. If there are too many young sh in the spawning-pond they I row very slowly, as the pond cannot produce th~e necessary quantity of food. Sueb fish are sarcey one to two' inches long when they are one to two years old ; only the head gro ss a little, whilst the rest of the body re mains small. As soon ais youing fish feel the want of food for any length of time, the gristle and bone of the skeleton harden, thus bringing its development to a close, not aillowing nature fir play, an~d the fish remains a crip ple for the r-est of its life2, even if it is placed in pouds afording u ti limited supply of food. It is therefore better either to place fewer young fish in the ponds or to make the ponds larger ; it will be fo ,.1 to l. T'1 h () cou< fish will grow rapigly ; their develop ment wilf be bealtv. and even during the first*year they wil reach tie length of five to six inches. Strong and healthy fish can thus be placed in the (rowing ponds, and here, tod, thef will grow i-4idI'. If' "hee V e too many youii ffsh for -tiie water rea, it' is beft6r to place them in s6m lake, b'rook;~Oi'Vor. 'On no -ecount should they be kept in the pond. - Begineers in earp-ealtnre asnalty consider it -quite a sacrifice te let so- many young -fish loose in the open river or lake; they keep them,:-and latr..they.-will-bitterly regret their parsinaony, or rather 1 their-imprudenca, by having weak or not-fally'devwoped-.-,h. The-htching-pund should not be -as large ais the breeding-pond its. depth -noa -to -exceed 1'-or 1' foot. ...T be o"ter -portion, or, as it is- termed, tbe .low- watqr -in argin should- generally -be :from two- to five-- i!nehes. is -depthr. and-- from i thirty-.- to forty- 'feet. in :widtb..4 Provision shoud be made. that I Festucafluita*s: grow there- p lenti fallv-for the frsh:es give the pref eronee zto, tia plant-fot the depc- I sitio of the-eggs, as-I -lefore ob-. served, -Bt--th.-bottom of these hutebing-pondsz-m4st, -be of sitmilar ofstrluctiom to tbat ofthelarger ones;;that.is, they must be provi ded with ihe above-described - ca itie,- or -kettles,- . colector- and collector ditches. The 'collectors! must be - clean-ed-from . .t-he mad i evety: Spring; tby. n.eed .nat be as deep in these ponds.as,they are in such as are intended for t . re ception of larger fishes a depth of from four to five inches.only I being required, for fishes otminor size. Tbe.bathi.ng ponds have outlets and reserve-sluices in tbe dm, at the lower end or on the sides, to guard against overflows. These ponds must be secured against , ea intrusion of pikes, eels, bass,, catfishes, tritons, water snakes, turtles and water..izards, ats and water-fon ls, or any vora ious animals, -an~d -in the South the alligator. A. fine grating will prevent the. entrance of the for mer; against the latter various traps are in use, and other means might be devised- It is of the bighest impi-tance "that ~ ne w ponds be assiduously heyt clear- of the -animals mentioriod, and of niayoters not named here. In small esfablishmnens,'embr c ing- only 'few' acres, it sdill be fonid ~vantageous in spite of the sohlat -greater expense, if the ponds (botih natural drid artificial), either all or singly, aie surrounded bf a:%ery close board fence, three to four -feet high, and going four toinihiee inito the ground. SthI a foSnee will afford no pro. tection against aquatic *birds, water-snakes, and muskrats, but it wirl ~e'xlude the snapping-turte, the most dangerous and ioracious enemy of-the fisti, wihis'mdre t,b feared than either cranes or otters. This' -deestabio acimal has been knownr to- cfean 6 pord of fsb,-and then, led b51tssense of smeli, to follow the fish, going even Up uphil[ against thbestreamn. At night it seizes the fish, whieb, not suspecting any danger, rsst at the bottom, with its sharp fangs, resembling shears, and kills them. It is a peeuftarity of' carp to keep at the bottom during the night, and likewise during cold and gloomy weather, and the snap ping-turtle would there'fore have many an opportunity of destroy ingthem. Large iron fish hooks, with a piece of meat fastened to them as bait, wvill do good service, it distributed in suitable places on the banks. This should be don-e from Spr-ing to October. The pieces of meat should be of such a size that even large carps (-an not bite them ; they will then for-m a most- attractive bait for the ugly monsters. These books shoulId be fastened with a strong brass wire, as the sgapping turtle coual easily bite through twine, and should be inspected every day. inpn, In placing spawuner-s inpns great caution must be [practi':ed in their selection, so that only -eally healthy fiThes mai:y be in trduce-d, and not such as are atTected by fungus growths, the gelatino us poilyp, or other disease. In Europ the no1en in nartien lar, has. -frequen1y- destr-oyed the produetiveness of ponds for many years. The ncWrV-obtained- young fry !C. left in - the hatching-ponds during the Winter; after which they are. to be. transferred to the largcr-ponds. The catching of the young fishes rnust be done with great care, isd the. water .-ust be drained )ff through. the grated outlets rery slowly, so that. no fishes iiay remain in the mud, for it a .CW hatcing operation is con .emplated in the pond, tb new-i atched fishes will be retarced in heir growtL on account of the iarciLy of food, this being con u.med by any remaining larger es. The young fishes must be iandled~caref'ully, for the slightest njury to the scales may cause lisease and deat I h. The breedLing ponds have the aine constriicti6n as -Lih- batch ngponds; they ~ha''e ~dams, -'e otbtba nels. col dutors, and ditcies irhe bottom. rhe" onily diffsiPenice' is in boing edper 'ahd Targei (hAn batchiig 56nds. Tlicy hat'b an avri'igd kp-t 6f0ne-fdt nine inches,.and ,he width of their shallow borders s 'from ~stdonty to eighty feet. Pfh- 'kttles liave a depth of four nd iA-haf feet- fron*the' surfdc .heir borders are from six to eigh t nebes deep. The growth of g-rass ol1d also be advanced in these 4onds. In small ones of about four )r six acres, the 'kettles' may iave a length and width of sixty r seventy feet. Tbo stocking of the breeding )ouds takes- place in Spring, irn nediately after the emptying out f the hatching ponds; it lasts erom the latter part..o Mareb un l AoiL. From 800 to 1,000 breeding ishes may be calculated to an merican acre, 800 being the verage. To cover possible risks, [0 more may be added, as in the ~nost successful pond slight losses ~rto be expected. In favorable ponds, where the arp is left to seek its food, it will hae-gained r weight of about 1t )oIId irl the erisuing Autumn. In small i nds; about onie acre in size, where feeding is practiced, they will weighi more. In the southern countries of Europe, in favorably situated )ods, they. will sometonmes roeh weight of 2 pounds in the same space of time. .Thbis I.found to be the ease in Southern France ; how. ver, these favorable resulIts are >nl attributable to the mildness A the climate, and I doubt not that proportionally. better resulte may be arrived at in the South o1 this county In p)onds. of smnal cap)aci:ty, in which -no urisbing food is produced in small quantities, the results of reeding are not very encourag ag. An advantage will be gained in t.he northern, colder countries, by leaving. the -young es.he %wc B.mmrs in the breeding ponds; that. is, they are transferred to a second, largcr one, and only fromr this they pass into the culture oi real carp-ponds. Thlis will an. swer especially well if the bot. torn of the pond is poor, or if feeding has not the desired effect This method is followed by many competent culturists ir Germany and Austria, who, in the possession of extensive lande and exelint numerous ponds, find il to their advantage, as it ena.bles them to place larger breeding. fishes in the carp-pohds, and though- this is done a wvhole yeai later, the loss o)f time is compen sated for by the large size of the fishes produced in the carp-ponds. In the Spring of the third yeai those fishes which have been oUe ear in the breeding-pond are transferred to the carp-p')fds. the costrutilon of which I have de scribed before. Fishes having been kept in the breeding-pond for one Summer only, without being fed will be found to weigh, at the ex p)iration of that time. from l tc 1}- pounds, while those which re mained there two Summers will show a proportionally greater in crease of weight. In South ert n .I-~zr .a Croatia the fishe! kept in tO breeding ponds om one Summer casionally thrive more fatvorabiy. Differenees iii the ratio of weight are commonly owing, as I observed before, to cLimatic influence, and the great est and most rapid increase will be found in localities where there is an early Spring, and where the months of 'eptenber and October are warm-; but partieilarly where the niglhts are stil ald milA dur ing Spring and -Autumn. Breeding-ponds th-ould have - a certain -number of fishes only placed in them when they nre stoeke.d, and that number should never be ex-ceeded. -For the eul turist it is important to bear in mind that the vou-nger the -trans fe-rable.. breeding-fishes are,- the les.-expense theey will have caused ad the sooner their money-value may be realized. al -earyok weigh ing 2i pounds and more being for the market. To stock a culture-pond of one a.cre 400 to 500 carp, of one pound in weigbt, will be required, and in the followng year, or rather in Autumn of the same year, when the. fishes are taken out for the warket, they will weigh, in a good pond, 2, to 3 pounds each, or about 1,200 to 2.000 pounds in the aggregate. In - some localities on ly 200 carp are taken to one acre of American -quarc measure.;. in other-places more. .Pike are. frequently put into carp-ponds. in Europe without re. ducing the number of carp, one pike being added to 25 or 30 of tie former. This is an old prac tice, which has been proved of areat use by experience, assisting through the effects exercised in the improvement of culture-that is, the favorable -progress of the fishes. The carp is a very indolent fish, which frequently reina-ins for many hours in the same place at the most favorable period for feeding-namely, in.Summer. It is aware of . the pike's voracity and remains always cautiously at a disiance from it. The introduc tion of the pike is practiced for two reasons: (1.) . That the carp may not constantly remain in the same feeding p)lace, but, frighten ed away by the pike, may visit others also ; (2.) It is d on e, an d principally so, to prevent the more mature carp from spawning; should the spawning occur, as i the case occasionally, the young fry will devoured by the pikes, which otherwise would have deprived the large carps of their food. The pike will also destroy those fishes and their spawn which had succeeded in getting nto -the ponds. - without the knowledge or through the ina bility of the culturist to prevent it. Great care is required im the introduction of the pike; speci mens of minor sizes than that of the carp must be selected. Trbc growth . of the pike being muei more rapid than that of the ear)t (300 per cent. per- annum), ta( former should be younger by one year at least than the latter, sc that it may niot prove dangerous to ~the carp. If this precaution is taken in the introduction of the pike, it will be an actual boon tC the carp colonies, for' it will not only exterminate by degrees all those parasitical tishes which in: trude themselves into the ponds but it will devour frogs or th4 smaller kinds of its own species as wecll as water snakes and tritons. Should the pike suife.r for want of~ food after havingr cleared th< ponds of all these animals it must e suppliedi withi it; small spoiler fishes, or such as hzave been stuntec in their g'row th, will answer tit purpose. If this is neglected thC hungry pike will attack its comi pains the carps, and ( thiugh it will not devour them. it will mortally wound them with it: teeth. I have so far gi;'en the principi traits of naturIal carip cuilture, aind will speak mnore explicitly of the( artificial impregnation and hatch. ing of the car's eggs ini my nex report. Sr. 1Zar as I kno'w, thlis ltter method has been little, if at all, employe'd ini Europe, alt bougi it offers mutchI greater ad van:tages P),. iho p-odo Ii of vast puan ti ties of sparw Mv own vxi-I mnts werei rewardled by thei be-t results. 1 intend oritinui, tiem this Summer in BalIimore. and hope to co mm:1r'-ate ie ISltS b ereafter. t I now Prnoced to give af ro!s of g1eneral i importance for the Construction and ntnaorngmet of carp- ponds. The pondIs should have asl low - a border as possible. T h1ir. depth should be in accordaneuwith their -ize. one foot in the culture 1or regular (!arp:)onds Irhere C large fishes are kept ; one half foot in breeding, and one-quarter to one half foot in hatching ponds. The birders should be of considerable width ; it is desirable in any case that a great number of'such shal lows be- contrived in ponds. as these -are the pnipIal feeding places of the carp. Another important condition to considered is thtis, that the water in ponds must -be of the same depth all the year round, -any variation in this having an in jurions influence npon the fishes. Ponds of smaller circumference. of from ten -o fifteen acres, are according to resnlts obtained. better suit-od for car-P-Ctlture thaln very larg e ones, 100 to 1,0f) acres in extent. These are frequently four!d in -cnt-Ul Eu,]rope upon tracts of laid belonging to some princely domain. In the former the fish finds more security. the bottom of the pond being smooth er; it also suffers less from the waves; these being high and rough in large -ponds, becoming very detrimentai to the spawn and breeding tishes. especially during storms, wliiun they are east ashore and become the prey of water fowls or perish in some other man ner. The dihinution of water by evaporation must be- made up for by a fresh supply ; this, however, must not exceed the quantity ae tually needed for maintenance of the regular height of water. Small p)On.ls of from one to fifty acres area, which serve some commer eial or industrial pur-pose. as mills, etc.. anid which ar-e constantly varying the height of theji- water, carnnot be considered as favor-able or reg-ular culture-p)onds. Al though the dishes may grow to a p)retty good size in them, they must still be regarded as belong ing to the category of waters for 'free fishing,' like lakes and rivers. In these neither the height of water, nor the batch ing of the eggs, nor yet the in erease of aquatic animals can be regulated at will. Still, leaving these waters to lie waste on this account would be a pity, for if Istocked with carp they will, in spite of all disadvantages r-emun crate the propiitor, and the care which he bestows on them will be a source of much pleasure. II beg to make some remarks, in concl usion, relat ive to the in tro dulctioni of the carp and its in ci-ease in open waters, in which it is solely left to the care of nature, and to which subject I alluded at the commencement. We introduce into our water-s migrating fiShes, such as the dal mon and shad, and tind it pr-ohta ble for thel reason thiat they coni sume but little food in the rivers. growing up in the sea and ascend - ing in to fresh water as larg'e ishes. We also maintain in our lakes white-fish, bass, pike, etc. These are all fond of a nmal food and belong, in part, to the class of tishes of prey. The carp), oni the contrary, lives upon vegeta Ible food. insects. iarv-e. and worms, but it n ever attacks other ishes or their spawn i-.Il c-all be rdneed' in masses and then be r ia:.,ferred into theu watel-s de. stbned for it s r-eception. Tihis e-aub done0 either by~ artiticial imp)regnia inan'd batchilg. or la Etne XX ny of naturld increase . 'ue eaeb of these me.thiiJ tw~o way of-~U actionu are ope-n: Thea sawn canl be t ran5t'rred in fr >m the egg ; r, (A-) the young the m~fay be k ept' ill p.>nds for- a se.o .)luntil therI haL\e lad t ime to Ill tihe latter ease, Ktivu ule, that - 1,e-s~ whieb aCte Ie cined iTr open d, :s t; be a'tmuyv mhwed to. (rps ;hieb have been used to f imn in hat nianier wilI not bo so -pt to find the f rd or thouslvesi'bL. util thn. had Sby hun,:eur. Lhey, wil loe the fear of toir nemies and the co - seI quet caionrneSs. faling1 an easy prey t' ti he befre m:m ay weeks wiI have eliapsed. .lf artifiial feed.ing is not in tnded. the pnnds fo' the recep tion (Af the smal fiThes miust be pIT)or1t 1) Iiately larger, so t hat. they may find fidl in suicient qua-titis 111 a natural way. Both methods have their- advantages. If the vounr fry is transferred in t1 open water five or six days af ter hatehing. there wiil be no necesit v for he estabiing of laigo ponds. A great numuiber of egg mus It, ho()wever, be hn:he(MId in thi case, for the smaill fishes will be destroyed in vast numbers by their eneies. Tbe better method ot the two is cortuily this: to keep the oung fishes in lzarge ponds until the Fail, when they will have reached the age of five or six months. During this time -hey will have had the opportLuniLy to learn how to finc their foo1. by their own effurts, such poids producing it ,rotusely to satisfy all their wants, and thus they will be prepared for their stay i open waters. To carry through the latter method, a lar ger exteut of water is required, nature itse!f having indicated pre cisely the conditions under which and the limiLS in which the nat ural and unimpaired growth of the young fishes may be expected. They do not require as exten sive a pond during the first months of their development and 'rowth. as those which have reached a nore advanced age. For this r,eason it wil be more I dvantageous to choose the mid die way by retaining the young -ishes in the ponds for abont one or- t wo months and then to give them their liberty instead of trans ferrin g them immediately after the hatebing or keeping them for five or six months. By acting upon this suggestion, incalculable advantage will be gained that the fishues profit, by the rich food of the open waters during the sea son, and wil have grown strong enough to fight. more successfully for their exiSgeUce.. For this pur* pose, establishimnenits ior art ificial breeding;, constructed with a r gard to the demands ot cliinate, are e ssentiad v needfuli in these open waters, so that the greatest possible number of eggs may be hatched. in Europe the subject of stock - ing open waters wvith the carp) has been discussed, because there, in its iative country, its excellent adaptatiou for' thIiis pu rp)ose h been recognized. I ob'served. above that this iish is fouUnd in' great num bers in most of th e European rivers, particu larily in the Rhine. Although thsrvrhas a very s w:ftiue Ofl currdS~et w hich attmsfrs ai ,hr neither mud nor .suitable ground is to be. found whnich would qual ify thLee localities f->r feedinmg cap ti1l, there are numbers of haws anda small creeks, the borders of which are richly over grown with grass and Festuca n'utans. where the tishes find iood plienutful and mnultiply. The riverI carp) is not :.s eh as the pond-carp t; tis i., accoun1ted 1br by the great amount ofboh exercise whibId it iS naturalv comn peled( 0o tak:e. 1II Iluny places i is. more~ hihly app1reciated than the~ pund(-czarp. probaby because the( ri\er water' do:es not impiart to ~i th. miidyio taste whieb is sometimeC. i),and with the carp) inh abi tingi ponde situated in mar sbv b>ealities andi morases wvhich ha-:e not a .,ini:'ient sunply of fresh water. The asse rtioni in regard to the preference given to tile river-earp) will be found to e Uc(orret, ~S pecial y in reg.ardl io the ivers iUhine, Lbe, WVeser. \i-tia, Loire, Rlhone, 'laronne. and the Danube. The latter is celebrated in sonug . astn.altif ul hiue Danube :in A~YERT~i1! 7"iTEI :-z-L. in 11 : .ova ll - i~ 1-, -; per Iint% a1l i,jr-v~. rd in I Y. 1)()\!-: %\*!'I \ E.XTNE!s~ ANTJ) IP ( TERMS CASH. (Preater1 part, (f, Ile V~eU.% a crrav i:sh-w hi to. inudd v col or, and a very ,t u rrelit. It has, bo%vErort. ParticiflarIv ini Austria, Hunur-anv Mid thec lowNinds in goenieral. 16Vh-jeh border n1po iut, nomerous 0'11"Ches 1,010h ic rep aloig 's11(g. '41y, nd zi!so many small ereeks, w I h ahnCS. ,I!r , anir t Water1. A ~rTacnu;b r Of r6hc's Of prey i:ihah1.Vc- -li ler te Pike, per~ch, the rap",cilus illochu (Salmo huchj~), *.1 ; . a?bo-,- al, thze ttever-s"-tisfied W. 'hqs:ii) which- iu the DOC'Ian]ub". reacle- aweCh.o 5'VIo p o u i,ds. Its habi-ts bein(r sinii lar tri those .f the carp it lies on th.e inud-baaks or feedingc-places of "this fish and becomes its most danaerous enueu-qy and in!aLlablc destroyer,'and till tbc carp increases in the Danube. Feum~ the city of Ulm, where this rive,r beai.-s to be navigable. after iws escape frowa the Black Forest, a thou - ,and miles downward to its mouth on' the Black Sea, as also in this ooe, *Whe -arp is found. To this fact allusion has been made on a forwer occasioin. The carn thrives best in thicke narts* The i:~aui us votc'l a bore who ;~ .~ 1 ~ hc,u,t himself