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mIwk 6 WA~i r M-0 W.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~W Jll clingOE Prtrotr L Pilars~ of thne Temiple of our"Lb Jbi, *and if it mzust fall, wc will Prnandttn uu~"VL W. . DRISE, ropietr.EDG-EFIELIh C., APRIL 13, 1854 THE EDGEFIELD ADVERTISER IS ?OBLISNED EVERY THURSDAY B7 - W. F. DURISOE, Proprietor. ARTHUR SIXEINS, Editor. TERMS. 'Two Dokt.Aas per year, if paid in advance-Two DOLLAR.n and FiTy CrsT8 if not paidI-ithin six monthli-aisu THREE DOLLARS if not paid befre the expiration of tie year. All subscriptions not (listinet ly limitei at the tine of subscribing, will he conid. ed as made for an indefinite period, avd will he con tinned until all arrearages are paid. or at the option of the Publisher. Sule-riptions from other States must invariably he aceiniiiiied with the cash or eference to sone one knowni to us. 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IN TIE Senate, on Monday last, Mr. Badger took occasion to- defend his amel tnent to this bill, providing that it should not be construed to revive any preceed law either in favor of or agaiist slavery. Judge Butler followed him on the same subject. We quote his remmtks in full. Mr. Butler. Mr. President, I hope the Senate will hear tme with some patience up. on this subject ; I shall not speak long ; but it is due to myself that I should make some explaatiion in referetice to the true legal character of the provision referred to by tmy hotinorable friend from North Carolina, Ps I think it has been misconceived, and, as I think, errors have been put into circulation calculated to aflct the public mind ; and put in circulation, too, by the suggestions of Southern men at Washington. I concur with my hioniorable friend from N. Carolinta in all that he has said as to Ilte legal import of his proviso upon the general provision of the lill. And, sir, that I tmy lie distintely understood, I lay dowin this proposition broadly, as far as my authority ean-g4 its a lawyer, that, according to the legal import of the hill, we have conferred upoI the terrilotial governiments Created by it all rightfuli powers of legisltion over every stilject; and the proviso itself, inl a court ofi jushie.., would not. give it a difflerenlt ch:rae. ter. Now, what is the provision of the lili aind the proviso? The proviso does not at all change the character or interpretation of* the irovisiotn (if the ot igin:l hil; antd, ill my1V Opinion, if we had simply conferred upon the territorial governmenit the power to. legis late up1on all matters of rightful legislation, it would be, before a court of justice, abill laving exactly the same operation. Now, sir, take that bill with all its provi. siois, and is there a reasonable man-i will not appeal to genitletnen as lawyers merely, who may he supiosed to have some techni ral peculiarity of reasoiig; but is there a reasonable mtan who has read the hill, who will say, that by its p)rov'isionis it intetnded to - .revive the French and Spantiish laws upon the sttbject of shlvery ? It neither itended to revive, nor by its p~rovision~s could it revive *either the Spainish eer the Frentch law. I would say, sir, that by desuetude those laws *heave gonie out of existeiice; but I attaich nto more iportatnce to the Miussiouri cotmpro .mise thati this -vwhile I say the Missouri Comn promise is repealble and cotntrohlli le by atny other aict of Cotngress, I amt tiot goiing tee say that there ate not pows1ers under the M'dissoturi .compiroimise, whichh, hiavintg bieen executetd, are niot well aind poiperly execnted. T[he States wvhich have been formied, andi~ the Tlerritorinel govermnoenits wvhich have been *.orgnized under its itmplied :itd acugtiesee.d authority, were gooid excetiuons utider it. Anid, sir, I suppose that freon 1803 unitil this - t-ne, nto court, no legal tributiad, nii lawy'er . hasi ever advertedi to, or evoeked itt anyv wtay the Spanish or French laws ini these T'entito ries. I do not say thoese laws were repealed hiv the Missouri comipr'omiise expiressly ; but if custom gr'ew up undeer the Missoniri comt piromise, under which the laws of the TIerri tory wtere adgomistered, the former was a (lead lettet. T1he bill wvhich ha;s passed0( the Sentate, byv :its own*i provisioins, indtepen'tdently of the proviso of my honorable frietnd fr-om Norlthl * Carolina, excludes the ve-ry idea of reviving any old lawt'; so thait it stands ats nothing miore than this: An act cot'ferirng uponi the Territorial Legislature all rightful pow e-rs of legislation over every subject. Th'lat - .is rJI the ptowers whlich it conifers. In this r-espect allow me to say in this conntection, it is a better bill than the coimpromiise ktnowni .as the Clayton Comipromtise Elf 1848, in wvhich: my late distiniguished colleague [Mr. Calhoun] acquiesced. What was that coim promiise ?I wish to biring up that issue so AS to compare thle two'E, anid let them stand upon the same principle. And dtoing the time whetn that bill was under conisidertation by the commrittee oft eight, of which Mr. Calhouti wtas a member, I w'as frequenitly consulted, and I will not give tihe opinionis of any body else. Th'le predicate of northern muen was, that what ever cotmpromise should be entered into, the Mexican law should niot be repealed by the act expressly or otherwise ; and what was mnore, I remtember it was said. "~ We will tnt consent to confer upoti the territorial government the power to repeal thatt existiing la w which excludes slavery." T1he northern men said, very properly, " Here is a south. b erni President ; you propose to put into oper ation a governtment unider his auspices and direction; will be not appoinit a governior anid judges; wtill lie not put into opeCration a government that nmayi repeat that Mexican lawv, and thus introdpce slavery into theg ter. litO ies" I know what Mr. Ualhoun's views were, an(d I know what were the viens of some ol his distinguished legal advisers. Sir, Mr. Calioun's --iew was, that, as common terri tory, beloniiig to all the States as equals, ani held by Congress as trustee to adminis ter it for them, the Constitution of the Uni. ted States, proprio rigore, extended over the Territories, whether we carried it there expressly or not ; and that it had iot only a conitrolling, hut a repealing operaition upon the laws of the conquered country. I ap. peal to my friend from Deliware [Mr. Clay. tonj] if I amit not ri'ht in this ? Then that bill vith even tlie Mexican law, thent exi.tling, was so shaped that we were willing' to a bide by tlit dec. ibion of the courts. Sir, I w ill here state what I have niever said I before: In the councils which I had upon the subject, I said, that whatever might he Mr. Calhoun's opinions upon these subjects -aMd I conicurred witi him-it was a haz ardous experiment to leave to the courts so important a question. I recollect his reply well. lie said: " It will give rise to the greatest debate that has ever heen conducten in America ; let that issue be made before the Federal .Courts of this Union, and there never has been such a debate as will then arise ; the Amierienn mind has tever beei eigaged in such a debate as will take place upon that issue.". Pe added: " If, sir, it is decided that the common territory, won by the common blood and Coimlimnii treasure of the South as well as the North, shall be appropriated to one clas in preference to another, the sooner tiMe South know their fate the beter, and then let them look out either to acquiesce or to take the position which a fbee people have a right to take when they think their rights havi"'Ve beett invaded." Those were his views. Now this lill is infiiitely better than that becvause we use this bill as a sponge to wipe out the Missouri line. As long as the Mis. souri Compromise line remains, it is a certain. tY that southern men will niot carry their slaves over the line. There is that certain ty before you if.you draw ti.e line and let it exist But I say to southern gentlemen, who are prying into this matter with something like legal subtlety, and letting the great question of southern rights-I will not say Southern rights, but the common rights or the country-rest upon a mere apexjuns, a mere poiit of law-thnse who are looking about endeavoring to find a flaw here and there, with a ie~w, it some measure to dis. satisrv the South, let them take :his alterna tive vhiih I now present. Let any south. ern man take this alternative ; Will yon take this hill, with its legal provision-s and certain legal import, by which the southern shiveholders may have-I do tinot say by wiicih they rill have, but by which they mf(l have-a potential capacity to enjov the common territory of the country, or will you reject the hill upon your respoiisibility as a public main, and hug the Missouri Com. promiise, and keep that odious geographical ine inl force ? Under one, it is certain we can have no rights; under the other, we may have sole. Now. Mr. President, is it not something for a Southern man to fight for his border? If Missouri is to lie exposed to the itivasion of Northern fanaticism, is there anything wrong in her Southern sisters coming to her rescue ? 1 (10 not say that I wuould .wish Missouri to carry shavery over into Nebraaka or Kanesas. We wish no0 suich thing. But whlen the certatinty is before us, that if thlat hine continues, and tile waves of agitation are poured onlt ulpon it. Missouri may lbe sweplt fromi tile ma~p of Southern Stattes, is it nlot somelthling for a Southern main to go to the~ rescuae of thlat biorder sister of ours ? I do not say that will lie the fact ; but I am very im lch inclinied to thinik that the opera. tion~ of this1hill, if it shall blecome a law, will be sueh thatt thle territorial gOvernmenC~t will pass no statute upoun thle subject of slavery, onme way or the other. I think it will Coil tinne to be a tneutral territory-neither slave ry pouring into it, inor free-soilikm and fana ticien rolling their w"aves upon.*Missouri. I am inlclinied to think it will retain its true piosit ionl, it it mal~intatins any thing like dis cretin-iieutrality being neither one way or the othe(r: am satistied thiat the Terri torial Legishiture, after wve have sponged out this line, will not pass any -law upon the subject. Do you suppose thiat any Territo rial ILegislature will pass a law to exclude or expressly to admit slavery 1 It would L.e a suicidal aict on the part of the Legislature, and they are not goinlg to commit such ani act of folly. No, sir, they will leave it to he settledl by American citizenls, without regard to whether thier own or do not own slaves. Thtwl e thie operation of the bill, in my opuinionl ; aind I say that to miy Southerin associates wh are dipsdto act wvith us up)on this subiject. Now, sir, is there not something due from the South i Ought they not cordially to giv up mneh in order to concur in the de !ihierate jiudgmnent of a portioni of our north. western and~ nlorthern friends, whlo have come forward amidst perils among whlich we have nlever trod, to do us justice ? Sir, I wudg verv far to stand by them. I will lie the last to desert them. I will statnd by them because I believe they are right. I will stanld by thiem because they have intre. pidly assumed tile position of justice, with the proscription of an ulnealcuLlating fatnati. cism over their heads. Someting is due to them, anld I will stand by thetn. But there is another remark which I wish to make. I was nlot in the Chamber at the time when the honorable Senato'r from Mieh igain claimedl the passage of this bill as a triumph of what is called the inherent right of the people of a Territory to invest them selves with a government. HeI claims this, I understand, upon the broad ground that they can assume upon thlemselves such righlt whenlever they may think that a proper case to dho so arises. Mr. Caiss.. Does the bcsncsrable Senator ~ay thlat down as my doetiine i IA isn~ In so attl Mr. Butler. Then I do not know what i i4. Mr. Cass. The gentleman attributes that doctrine to mie. I never laid it diown at all. Mr. Butler. I do not wish to do the Sen ator inijustice. Mr. Cass. I know the Senator does not. Mr. Ruter. Certainily not. Mr. Cass. My doctrine is simply the doe. trinse of our sevolutionary fathers. I do not deny the power of Coigress, as a matter of necessiy, to precrilie a iori of goverimnent. for fihe ')erritories; but fihe moment they do so, then Comes inl tie inherent right of the people to reguiate their insterinal affiirs for thiiIs-lves. This is precisely the grosund which our revol stionary fathers took. I do not wish to argue this gniestion now, and I have not the strength to do so if I would but I repeat, what I said on ia former oeca. sion, that there may i a diffecrensce (i opis. ion, and a very right fil (fie; as to low far such powers of legisiation may go. As the honorable Seiater from North Carolinsa Ias slid, under our legislation, at ne time, aI Governor and threp judges were anthurized to goveri a rerritory. We dtid h--ve such a regulation ; but I think it was all wrong . Better ideas have now begun to prevatil, nd we have a more definiite idea thani we had formeriy of how far we may properly go. Mr. Butler. I would lie fhe lst to do injustice to the distinguished Senator from .\Michigan ; but allow me to say, ailthough a voniger m;n than lie is, thongh I do nsot know that the world will think so, that I thiik it was outside tihe record, and contra dicted by the record, when lie assumed that this hill either recognized or counteniced that species of sovereignty which, in his own langua.ge, lie has descriled, an11d " hichs I will not undertake to explain. :o far froy lie ing so, the bill is a recogIition of the fact that Congress has the originals anud excksive authority upon the suliject of territorial gov ernments, and that a tesritoriil government cans take. mark the word, I use it as a law yer-no more thans Congress iy give, and that Congress canl give io more than is eon f'errable by the Cnistitition of tie United States. So that, if upon this occasion, .ons. gress Ims thought proper to part with a great deal of the original and exclasive pow er which it once had, and to coifer it upon the territorial gnverniSas a mere deputy, it has beenl an act of discretion entirely. It is not what the people of thederi, - enact ; it'is not what they c. is not what they had iny righ Now, sir,.as my friend from lina has said, I would deal i diflerent Territories, areordii that were on them. Suppost quire the Sinidwich ilnds t you thiiik that 1, as a repre4 'South Carolina, or as a repres . American miid, would dehlgvate to) those Colored people, the Sandwich Isamd penple, (who kniow nothing of tle commoin law. notIhing of those piies of MagnerChar/a which infuse themse-lves into the Eish haesgreed tos intd,) the powers which I have agredt Igive in this hill to American citizens, cotn ductinsg the operations of goverimenlt, unsder I the saiction of tie sacred and re-cogni:ed principles of the common law ? No, not at all, sir. I will give these powers inl this cse, becasuse it is prudeit anld proper. I will give thesi to those who, uiderstandig flse great principle of American iswtituilns, will impres it ipon the statutes of te'l'ei ritory, until it shsall assumses such a positions ;s will ena bise st to comse inito the Uniions as ass egnsal state; but I ass not gigto del so withs ll othesr T erritosries. I will deail so withs this,~ becaiuse, if yosi wili allsow mse to sayV so, I knsow thaies cyaisuiPnsl vaiaii , North: Carolinack, anin pr,Ssuth Caroliina, ha ve minigied thseir jiudgmsensts ins the popuslations of M1issou ri; and tisat wililibe a jusdgmienst whsiebs is likely to psreva'il iin lhe laws of these territories. Sir, the msing;e'd opinionf the citizenss liingst in andst beyovind Miss'ouri ilil carry out that juudgmsenst ini the territoriali latws of these territories, and I believe they will bie just. There are a gret many from tihe North wiho will go inito thsee territories. I have seen some of thteim; they are mess who are caspablse, befosre leasving~ homsse. of lifingisu thseselves above the preju. dices which psrevauil there ; or whso have left homse with a view to take a fasir position in reerensce to this niatter. I wish to mauike these explanations, and to lay downs the psropsositions thast tise H1ons. Ser-s-i tor froms North Carolinsa hs not chsanged the hegal chairacter ofi the bill. I aillirmn that it leaves the Territory oin this subiject as. a T fabuila rosa, upnsn whsich dhe A msericans msisd is to mas~ke ans imipressions, ansd fors whichs it is to fosrm iawis. I say, further, thsat there is no probatbiity of intserferessce onse way or the other wvith slavery' until Nebrasska and IKansaIs shall aussumise the positions, and be ready to perfonrm the responssible duties of States. I lay down, fuzrtherssosre, theo proi positions that there is iso recognitions by the hill of any power ini the pecople oif ai Terri tory to governs, except what we confer upons them under the powers which we~ ourselves hasve under the Conistitution of tise Uniited States. If there should bie ansy ques:iesn masde as to the right of si negro or slave to hsis free donm, to hsis emanlcipastioln, the issue would he ini this way : " Ye (l5dend your free domIn" " I dis." " Upon what grosund C" "On the g rousnd tha4t I asm in thme territory of the United States, thse commnonl property of alhl the States." What wvosuld be tine re ply ? If thse reply' wsere worth ansyting, it would lielthis: tihe ow'ner woul say, "1I hldi my property by a leisure higher than ansy ayi legal enacetment whsich cnn be imade of a locasl chasracter to exclude me. 1 hold under the constitution of the counitry." That Iis the grounid which we have tatken. But, sir, the sooner that wve iearsn these is to lie a discrimination witha regard to the enljoy ment of the territories, thast there is to tie a mark of inequality, insdep;endenstly of the Missouri line, by theo adjudication osf a court respondinig to the doctrine of psopular sover eigty or thse fanastical senitimsenat whieb is infusing" itself intlo the country- the sooner - mnw this thte better. I smae no thireats. Mr. President, you ll ear le witness that I have never made IIn all literature, in irtnry, in poetry, and in the Scripture thesni'e s, the crow of the cock has eenti used ns lotlily illustrative nod indicative language. The game cock, when lie stands in the piresenegof his adversary, gives forth a note of dgfinace, inspired by the danger and the exitement of the con. test. and animates hin t'inove onl 11pon the path of peril to victory or death. But how different, ir, is the clanoi note of the chan. ticleer, when he proCIilts to us the coming of the day. It is as diff*rent a note as anl. ger is fromn pence. It is fite nole of intelli. genice. of hope, of 'peace. I say, sir, that if this hill shall pass, and sall he ncquieseed in cordially iv all sectioag of the Uinioi. it will lie the note of godomen. It will be the clario:t note 6f the chanticleer proclaim. iIg to the Sottult thatIt hits dawniing upotn Iter ; it will proclaim peae to all sections a peace to which we ca honioriy he re conceiled.. However, thieri Northern gen-. ilemen shall let bosO.e tht a ters of..agita tioun, I will change the fiuJre. If they will continue to hate torch which has been lighted by discord, I do tn't kitow how soon the note may be changed to that of the proud bird to 'which I hIavewdlinded. Mr. President, I have siad more than I in tended, but allow-Ine to add a few words more. What a spectacle' will the United Stats exhibit at this crisisnnd at this event ful period of the world's history ? Sir, at a time when a war is likely to take pltce at the East which may mark the nge at a time when a war may take plade to. change the whole character of European piower, shall we exhibit to the world these evidences of weakness and distritetion t It itny lie ot] of place for me to say a word upott this matter ; but 1 must say, that I do not think that the United States are- likely to 6e in any dager so long as war is going ot, he catse we may maintain the:?positioi id tle s:ifety of neutral; but I will make this pre dietion: If Russia- shall, he ernshed as a power in Europs by the combhinationt of France and Etiglhmid, the teimtiation uf that war. will place France and Eiglanid in a positiott to induce them hinterfere with Americnn affairs. They will come out of that war, if' they shall crus: ussia, with triumph:t arnies, t eetsto.ied to war and victory.. witha"* ,si i thank the Senate for liavintg allowed tie to make these remarks. From tle Carolina Tineo. En;EFIELD C. U1., Feb. 13, 1854. My Dear Sir:-Your noble .vindication of the cause of learning ami, popular educa tion iii our State, must serve to revive the drooping hopes of many who fe-A deeply on these subl1jects, and will. I am :ure, lead to impiotant and happy results. The high po sition yon claim for our State College, and the hold dignity with which yU have por raved its true aims, reje-ctim at the same tine, the false apptmiages, which a purely utilitarin spirit is seeking to throw around it, cannot hut exeit~e the approvd1 attd admti ration of. everv scholar. Taehabit, so char ateristic of our age and country, of crowd ing ite iil with insulated facts before it has beeni traitied to systemaitie 311ort, or to investigate thte causes or first pricples of things, while lowering the generalI esteem for real schtolarshtip, bhas created among us a taste foar frivolous and superficial aittaiinments. The add',iotns sought to. be made to the Cl~lege course will, it is eviden;, only tenid I o increase these tinipromising .r esults. A n elevated standard of knowledge, arising from a high development of our intellectual pow er, is ailotie to be -attained by keeping the Cllege true to its legititmate objectb ; and thse as I view them, atre-to develop the moure mai~steriv faculties of the mniid arid soul, to formn the literatry taste of our yonntg tmen for the higher and broader fields of kntowl edge-itn a word, to enable our youth to grpple with the great principles of science, ad to britig ordler andl use out cf the world f detail surrounding us. I concur wvithi you, that to accomplish these ends, the style of instruct-ont pursued int outr Coilk-ge, is bietter adapted than tha-tt usually termied the Untiversity systemi. The fiedoim of the Untiversity affourds too loose! a rein tat our impatient y'outh, while the dlog-. tmatical discourses of the University leeturer woubal lbe little calculated to educe their metital etiergies, or to lead thenm to any very thoroght research. Dialectic insitrucittin a sharp catechetical contest between the Professor and the Ptipil is the sure'st, perhiaps the only tmode, by which the latter can be urged properly to tax his mental powers. The German Universities, so fan'sed for their literature atid science, derive their chief v'al-I e, i n my humble judgment, frcom two im pirtant adjuncts: first from the Gymnasia, which are tmost excellent preparatory acade iies; secondly, from a deep devotiotn to knowledge, fromt that national li/crary enlit siasm, to lie found nowhere out of Germanty. W'hile urging, therefore, no chatge, at least for the present, in our College curricuhumn, 1 ust however, lie permitted to state ta,~ witout some change in the preparatory in struction of our y-ouing metn, the ful betnefits of thte College catn never be realized. Stu ents too often enter College in a raw state, with their mintds slightly discipline], atnd with a mere smattering oif the branches to which they have given their attetntion. 'How 'is it possible they catn be1 prepared ihr the se.vetre disciplitne required of them withis. the College wallsi How can they he excpreted rightly to aptpreciate the profound rezuoninsgs, and close analytic teachtings of the learneil Pro fessor ? Hlow master the abstru'e, ditlicult gnestions occurring in mnenital.pnd qnital E:Inennto - cmsopmlienuted pr bloninn~d subtle analysis and pinlosophic structure o tie- anci'ent itiguiges ? or, indeed, any o the graver studies of the College course ? You will agree with mue I think, in sa ying thatt much of the talent ami learning of' ti Professor is thrown awa y upon iinds, nol suiciently tatored for a just appreciation Ue scientific leachin. This must, in the main, ie aserihed to de fective prepartion. And ft fimit is niot so much. with the teachers of' our aeadeties as in the organization oftie itademies them selves. Can one man, for instance, wiilk attending to the disciplinary duties of the school-room, instruct thoroughlly in all tit branches usually taglit in our -aademnies in Latin, Greek, Matiaotlics, Natural amt Moral Philos-ophy, H istory. Geography, nd almost the whole eyelopedia I impossible Yet this. at present, is required of iearlv II thoteacthers in the State. The result is, t hti iistruetion has been giveii in ; most imp-r fect maier : the teachlier has been kept 11romr all chance of distinction, or from making proficientcy in schob-irship, :nd, ;fter a fe years, has usually a brokeni down constitu imo3. To remedy these defects-in other words to emtlie the instructoir to attain to a inas terv ove.r the btanclies he tmay ie called on to teach, and to train the minds of our youth by sound, accurate instructioi, the State will he compelled to establish aedemies of an Pil:rged cbaracter. As at imperfect outline (if a lanht, I wiyultt respectfully suggest the following: Let six academies lit lormed in suitable places-oie, for instance, iii eaoch Congressiial District-with an organiztion atier this tmanner: There shall le a Board of Trustees, to he uppointed hy the Legisla ture, from the respective Districts (-f each Congressional District, whose duty it shall be, in connection with the superiitendeit of public edreationi, to order the erection ol proper buildings, and to supervise the insti tutions when established. Each academy shall contain eiglt chiel instructors 1. A director, who may teach Moral Phi. losophy id Evidences of* Chritianityn. 2. A i instructfr in the Ancitt Launguages. 3. " itt tihe 313 dern L:magmges. 4. " " in the English Language aid Literatre. 53. " ' int Mathemaitics. .. ,,,an1may appea xpensivr .. w tidred pupils at $10 ea-hi would meet the expense ; aid, I venture to aillirni, that, for the education of the smne nimiher of youths, a larger sum is )o3w miilly ex pended, while the iiistruction received, froi the very nature of the case, is much less vlable. . To erect these Academies and to keep them itn operation, it would be w-ie in the Legislature to use a part of our dittiimi fund, which should be incrersed to S100,000, aid to cause all moneys received rom pupils to he Iid into the State Treasury. Theie can be little doubt, that these academies will, in a short time, support themselves ; but it remove all contingeii'y, and to place them at once oi a sure and permanent Isis, and it the Saie time, to alrord beneficiary in struction to a numier oh inidigeit, proimising young men in the various Districts, the State should hold itself responsible for thie sailaries of the Teachers. .itt a word, these should he State academies. fThe advanitages of such institutions must readily suggest themselves to every relketing' mid. They wvill lbe conmprehtensive anid sci entiie: affording a substantial, utinir edin cationi to the yoiung men of the State, ani preparinig all, who may desire it, for entter ing our coillege under ample anid equal bi-e fits. Uttlike our present. academies, whieh usually spring up undter the direction of sonu~ poular teacher, and as suddenily die away withi him, sinikinig thtousanids of dallars it improvenments renidered useless, they will li< stationary anid pernaient. [Ibmidreds o years to comei they will be stamnding mono merts of the energy atnd wisdomn of omt people, entlighttening the youthful mninds the State, and impartinig a ptermanuentt, aint increasing value to prop~erty around themt. Instead of onie teacher aus nouw, whlo lead: almost the life. of a reclnse ini onie of om1 acaemies, rernoved from every stimtulii, necessary to n etive itellec-tual eilert. ter< will he a little socicty of literary meni, en gaged itn similar pursuits, with a generou emulation, utrging anid aiding one attouherm in the road to ktnowledge. There will exist also, both a division and a combiiit ion 0 lao(r in the several diuties of disceiphinie anm instruction-mtatters as imnportantt ini the pro( vice of literature, as itn thamt of political econi omy. Two meni occupyin~g themtselves with different branichtes cai istrutct tifty pupil with greater emise to thtemselves, andi witi higher advanitage to the pupil. titan onec mat can instruct twenty-five in all the branches And thtis rule, it is believed, will hold goot to almost any extent. Young men, taught in these acadlemiet wouldl enter college with advatntaige unknowi to our yotuth at presenit. Thecy wvould b< prepared to derive profit fromi tihe ablest in strqction of learned professorrs, andti hy thi tite they gradluate, would receive a mienta discipline, aind a relish ior study aind acegir ients, which in after life, would gnatlify thea fr -bedoming useful ment and scholars. Ti College would then, indeed, hbe a ntoble in sitution of I earning-exeitinig a happy in fuence over the public tasto in literature and imipartinig to the younlg minids of thi State a polish and a powver that wvould so be felt in all the higher wvalks of knowledg While, too, in the plan submitted, grea care has been givent to intellectual training moral culture has not been overlooked. I is too mnch the fiashtion,ntow-a-days, to pt-e on the young intelleet by every artihiciai stimulus, eramtming~ it wvith facts and ambi tious aspirations, with little regard to thle de velopmentt of its moral capabilities. Mind this trained, thoiwh enlightened hvy the rav r' or genlin. and knowledge, may be, aid often I ar*e. prostituted to the worst purposes. . It is needless to reinark that in every wise plan of eduentiotn, to train properly the natural -affectiis, and to inculeate sound morsal pre cepts, should be deemed great and leading Iobjects. " Recti cultus pectora roborant: Ultunque defcere min-. Indecurant benle niata culgPe "-IHon Hence the studies of 1loral Philosophy aid tihe Evideices of Christiuit have been introdnced, while nusic, as a science, theo retienlly and practicaily taught, is oflered as an auxiltiry disciliie to the iatural affiec tions. These academies should likewise be surrounded by beatifuifl, cultivated groves, wii arrangemits far gvniastic exercises, a forditig innocent recrentions and joyous patst tines, to alinre the yonth of tie cotintry f(o)mI idle, misclhieios itediutionts, and111 fromt t iose tummlttious ontbreakings of passion am1 violence, that so ofteni disgrace olurU Souther in istittions. Scenes like these, en. ijoyed t11miog the delitfl academic groves of unient Atheims, helped to inspire the youth there assembled with that beautiful antd romtttitic attachment to tle causef or letters, which gave to Greece her magnil cent literature. ie idea of musical instruction in a lite. rary academy may excite a smile from many of tle g'rave seniors of the land ; but. I am addressinr my1i'f. to one profoundly aic quamiled withi the human .heart, and whose searching analysis Ias enabled him to trace out thle Iimost secret springs of human act;)n. To you, sir, the poet's words can be no mere miennlinglesis sotunds: lu-ie alt... witl stolei ebarmn can bind The wannteriig sensie, and ea the tri.ibl-d mind." Cuxo~ttt:Vs. " Musie the fierc'st gzrie'f cnn charm, A nil rte's sever est ran:: disarm; 3Mnsi t n softent paul it enae, And make- detsp~a r and imadness please; Our jeoys lwit.n it e:it improive. A id anteith-dutec' the 1)i1s above."-Porr. Phltysiologists coniteid thauit, while the study aid practice of musitc exert a happoy intiu eice upon tt- metal and ioral qualities of our naure, they also greatly imttprove the phyisical elnstituionl. But if a special ad voency of the suictee, as a tbranch of edu I. in .. - . . .. lnture M the concert or the opera, or by genle diver siots otl stme favorite instruteLlt. The skill or the ancient Grtee'ks in this re filled scientce, is atbntuost proverbial. It was a rare titg to find a cultivated Athenian. without a knowledge of it, and without skill upon: some illstrument. Themistoee, wve are toild. was deemed 1u lewtrlcl, becanse of his inability to play the lyre at a feiast. You recoileet a enri u passage on this subject in Circero's Tus. Disp. Lib. i. 2, 3.: *** Stin -rttelitiotm Cra-vl !itamn censt-ball ti ii'rvtrui n V'iik mgle eii ibuls. t I itr e liii jii min-nelas plrinepsj. ite-o judiiciot, G;r.ueimt fidibusI prnchte eeiiss diitu :Themi.ettoelesquei aliqit ante ann<), 'eui In eoi1.S i'etunrr-t lyram. est hatus il ind.,--tior. Ert' in G rae a .sici ti'rnerunt : dts tetIntsmique il noi11-4 : hor lu: uIit: ne*ciebut (ti$ excel! tum douerina putabatir." So mch for the :eademies: the establish. mntt of whtieb mnest be deemed of great imt. piortantce, atnd nmty be considered the sectondt step towards a cotmprehtensive systei of State edutcation. Thle forming of common schools is the next step. To furn.sh a systemi of common school itn struetion t'or our Staete, likely to be~ success f'ul, is con fessedly a thing ofgraprcia dii'Jy.Te imtportanice iof it, htowev'er, isasrnly het t present, thaine shoutld not be0 restrained from offeritng his suggr'es tins frott a fe'ar of faihtire or of criltis. Though imuch thas beetn said attd wirittetn otn this subfjecet, little, 1 believe, ini the way' of' a well dtigestedl, suiitabtle' pilan has been brought to the pulic eye. 'The bo'asted systems of r Prusaint, amt of New Entglanid, recotimentd ed by~ somie, miay at onceO be rejected as unt -suited to our presenlt state, tiot tot speak of rliheir failuire to nehlieve the granid results so Icotnfidently expected ini the regionts where . they have been estatblishted. No system, which is wholly computlsory, or enttirely vol unitary, cani succeed with us. These two thtings must be pror'l'y blended in order ton develop really usetuh results. The systemn shiould be so faer volutitary as to) entlist the cordial efforts of our people in the cause of educatin, yet sufliciently' coercive to impart , rder andtt permtanlency to the atrrangetmenit. f With mtuch ditlidence', vet, with some as I suranrce of its feasibilityv, I subitt the fed .tliwmn outlinte of a pltant:-Let the Legisla -tre appoinit from tenm to fiftuen schtool comt itmsiners for each dist rict ini the State, with dtrections so to distributte their labors among t htemselveLs, that eacti commtiissioner wilt htave cc t ee-an circuit within whticht to perform his .dutie. It shalt, in the first place, be incum I bettt on htimt to seek out all the neighborhoods within his circuit itn which schootls may be establishied, and to form pirecinets, if praecti' CabIle, niot exceeding five mtiles square. He shall then aptpoinit five~ trustees withtin each plrecinict, whto shall ctnstitute a body cotrpo rate for specific purposes, and shall tassist Ihitm ini selecting setuibe attd central sites fir -the establishment of school honuses. T1hese itrustees shatll endeavor by voluntary contri biutions froit alhl thet iinthbitantts of' their re -spective precinmcts to raise thie futtds, netces.' -sry during thte first year, to erect the build ,ings, and afterwards to pay the salaries of Sthe teachers. Should the stums thus raised he Sinsuflicient, it shall be thme dluty of the corn .tmissionter's with the aid of theo trustees, to t * Nor.-The Grecians thtoughit that to sing and 'to play wvell was the highest accoumplishtmtent. A int ttherefore kpamtinoneidtus thte chief't ini my opmliton of Sthe Greeks is satid to have accomipanied the lyre tnmust beautifully. A nil Thtemistelees. some few years .before whten hte refutsed the lyre at the feest wits es teemed rather unleairned. Thterefoure in Greece, *i tslusiitnns flourished and an ufnivated thi:.t art. No'r swats that ant deentied hti:tly polisheud who was it; S floaut tereo assess all the inhabitants of their reLp'~, iG'e precincts at a per centum, of which the mtz imum shall ie fixed by the boa-d of coni missioners on a basis to be heeafter stated: provided no one be assessed on more-han $45,000 : which assessment shall, if resisted, he collected by the usual process of law is the name of the trustees. Voluntary con tributions may now he added to this assess ment ; and should there still be acdeficit, it shall be reported to the board of commis sioners, who shall distribute tle education fund received from the State towards supply ing the deficiency. A nd should there still b a deficit, the commissioners sl::ll proceed to' levy a certain per cent. upon the generiLtax of the district at large, as is now done by tihe commissioners of roads to raise monej for bridges, &c. . When the salaries have been:thus raised, the Trustees, with the commissioners of each precinct, shall with care, select competent teachers, who shall be required to teach without distinction, all the children of the precinct that may be sent to schooL The Commissioners shall ddtermine the maximum of the assessment, by ascertaimni first, :is nearly as practieable, the aggregat. wealth of their respective districts; then, the number of schools in the District, and the aggriegate salaries of tihe teachers. The per centum on this aggregate wealth, necessary, to raise the aggregate salaries, Vill te the maximum assessment. - Let me illustrate... The.District of Edge field, containing about 1700 square miles of territory, will, after deducting the uninhabit ed portions, embrace about 55 precincts, of live miles square, and hence 55 schools-rma king about four schools for the superinten dence of each of the fifteen commissioners. At a salary of $500 each, the aggregatelof Teacher's salaries will be 827,500. Now, tihe value of the aggregate real and personal estate of the district, according to the report of the United States Marshal- in 1850fis $16,485,0794 [The more corirect. anfiunt* would he 820,000,000.] An assessment of one-sixth of a cent per centum on the former sum, will give $27,475. Tie (ommissioners and Trustees of the various precincts. in Edgefield- District, in fIiling to raise the salaries of the teachers by voluntary subscriptionsi shall' therefore have power to assess.,the ihabitantsof elch precinct, not exceedings one.-Sixth .t per cenium dn the i% 2i @oif tates; provided no 2n6ahi1 e : e more thain ??IPAWeih er wea tI t*im sn0 Ole a.mnounts elsewhere in .the way of' educati Should there ho a deficit after this, it shall be reported and acted on as above indicated. It' necess.arv, the commissior.ers may re ceive, as a compensation for their services, one dollar nP.1 fifty cents per diem for every day while engaged on duties relative to the ,schnils; and it shall be their duty to super. intend said schools; to procure for them a good, unilorm systemiof-instruction ; to col eet all in*ornmationfoecting them; and to make an annual reyettto the-general super ijtendent of public education, who shall make a COndensed annual report for the LegZislaltire. The plait here proposed seems easy, plain, and to my view, entirely practicable. That it is prfeect, no pretence is made. "Nihil siunl incentima est et perfectum." Among others, it offers these advantages. It will secure permanent and respectable schools, f:rnishing subtiantial uniform instruction for tihe general classes of the State. It will dis tribute the biurdeni of educating the poor equally upon all, according to their capacity to contribute; egualizing the burden through the State, by means of the State fund, and thmriumgh the D.istricts, by an ad valorem as ssment andl tax. It moreover will enlist a large niumber of respectable citizens through. out the State iln the cause of education, and cannomt, ther. fore, fail to excite a spirit of emulation andu pride in contributing to the educamtion anid moral improvement of our entire wuhite population. In short it will en able everv child in the State to receive a fair elemenmtarv education at an expense but a trifle more than that now incurred in half educating only a portion of our youth. Should these plans, both for the academies and common schools, be carried into effect, it ma:y well lbe doubtred whether a single (dlllar more will lie expended in the cause of edutcation than is expended at present. The increased facil.ities afiorded will be caused not so much by the additional expense asby a proper husbandry of' the mnean~s already employed. What may not systematic effort achieve in any departmnentof human science anud indlustry ? But to educate our people and to raise the standard of knowledge and. scholarship among us. no lover of his conn try or oif his race could hesitate to urge the Legislature to mnake the most ample enidow mtentts. Who would not bestowv liberally from the bounties, with which a henignant~ Deity has blessed him, for the promotion of - objects so useful, so noble! Let the Legis-. l'ature increase our school-fund to $100,000~ -applying $50,000 to the support of an ex-. cellent system of academical instruction,, and $50,000 to the common schools-and at no distant day, we will experience a de gi'ee of moral and mental improvement, and a thirst for sound, practical, comprehensive knowledge, that will both astonish and glad den the heart of every patriot in the land. I have Sir, thus. crudely thrown out my views to von on this interesting subject. They arce the result of some serious reftec tiomn for several ,years past. If they be en tithed to any contsideration I know yo u'ill cheerfully ~aecord. it. I have addressed this communication to yIou because of the deep interest you take in these matters, and be cause I know of no one in the State, wl o~ can form a more .correct judgment upon the practical efliciency of any plani that may be ofl'eredl. With high r'espect and esteem, I regain your obed't seryt W. C. MOlRAGNE To the Rev. Dr J. H. TnoRxwLL , President o a.. C. College. ( fge Cultivatin is nu essential to the miind as