University of South Carolina Libraries
Dn otra c er ee ht cyr lilt 36 3 hiisnlJtlitu Citb(ainu, :fl~vora t nyrimnu 4 ad nuie & WeV will cling to the Pillars oif thne Tenuple of our Llbn les, and if it uust fall, we wvill Perishu amidst tihe Ruins." W.F. DUJRISOE, Proprietor. EDGEFIELI C., APRIL 13, 1854.VO.XL-O1 TBE EDGEFIELD ADVERTISER 4S PORLIS3ED EVERY THUESDAY BY - W. F. DURISOE, Proprietor. ARTHUR SINEINS, Editor. TERMS. Two DoLARs per year, if paid in advance-Two DoLLARd. and FIFTY CENTS if not paidi'ilidn six muntht--ad TuRRE DOL.AIRS if 1101 paid lieflue the expiration of the year. All suhsciriptions not distinet ly limited at the time of subscrilibig. will be consid ed as made for an indeliiii; Jerio. tani will ie ictn tinned untirail arrearages are paid. or at the option of the Publisher. $iUmeriplions from other Sttes must invariably lie aecopanilied with the cash or eference to some one known to us. ADvEaTisEMSENTS will be conspiCenonly inserted at 75 cents per Sqitare (12 lines or West) for the first insertion, and 371 cents for ach subsequent insertion When only publihdied 31inthly or Qunrterly $1, per ,quare will be charged. All Advertisements not havjng the desired unmher of inserti-ans marked on the margin. will be continued until forbid and charged accordinclv. Those desfiring to advertise ly the yenrcan do soon i beral terms-it being d isticily undersood thai con racts- for yearly advertising are confined to the inime diate. legitinsate busintess of the firm or individual contracting. Transient'Advertisenetnts niust he paid for in advance. For announcing a Candidate, Three Dollars, in advance. For Advertiain: Etratys Tolled,Two Dollars, to be p-uid by the Magistrate advertising. The Nebraska Bill. IN THE Senate, on Monday lnst, Mr. Badger took occasitin to- defend his amtind. mient to this hill, providing that it should not be construed to revive any preceed law either in favor of or against slavery. Judge Butler followed him onl the same subject. We quote his remin ks in full. Mr. Butler. Mr. President, I hope the Senate will hear ime with sonie patience up (in this subject; I shall iot speak long ; but it is due to mynself that I should make some explanaiion in refereice to the true legal eharacter of the provisioi referred to by toy lonorabile friend from North Carolina, as I thitnk it has heen itisconceived, aid, as I think, errors have been put iito circulation calculated to atffi-et the iblic mind ; and pout in circulation, too, by the suggestions of Southern mten at Washington. I concur with tmy lo norabile friend from N. Carolina in all that lie has said as to The legal import of his proviso upon the general provision of the hill. And, sir, that I 9maY lie distinctly unlerstood, I lay down this proposition broadly, as far as ny authority can-gds its a lawyer, that, accarding to te legal iinport of .thehbill, we have colferred uponi the territorial governments created byV it all rightful powers of lIegislation over every subsject; and the proviso itself, itt a court of justic., would not give it a dilferent chatac ter. Now, what is the provision of the hill .tad the proviso ? The proviso does not at ll chaige the eharacter or ititerpretation of the protviit of the otiginal ball; and, in tmy otpinions, if we had simply conferred upon the territorial government the power to-legis late tupp1n all matters of rightful legislion, it would he, befire at court of' justicea'bill baving exactly the same operation. Now, sir, take that bill with all its provi. sins, and is there a reasonable man-i will not appeal to gentlemen as lawyers merely, who may he suiposed to have some techni. -al peculiarity of reasoninig; but is there a reasonable itanl who has read the hill, who will say, that by its provisionas it itntetnded to - .revive the Frentch atnd Spanitish laws upon the sutbject of slavery It neither itntended to revive, nior biy its pr~ovi~sions could it revive *either the Sptaish or the French haw. I would say, sir, thtat by desuetude those laws have gone out or existenice ; hut I attatch nto more importance to the Al issiouri comapro .tnise than this 'vwhile I say the M is.souiri Comn p~romnise is re-pealalbe atnd controllabale byv any other act of Cotress, sa.nt gin to say that there aire tnot powers unider the 3lissouri -compromtiise, whicht, having bieti executed, aire not w'ell and properly executed. Thle States wvhich have been formed, and the Territoriasl govertnmenits which have beeni .organized unmder its impa~lied antd acquniesed .authority, were good,~ executions unider it. And, sir, I supSpose that frotm 1803 until thtis - ti-ne, no court, no legalI tribunad, nit lawyer . has~ ever adverted to, or evoked in atny wiiv the Spanish or Frentch laws ini these Tentito ries. I do not say those laws were repealed by the Missouri comtprotmise expressly ; but if custom grew up unider the Missouri comn promise, under which the hiws of the Terri tolry were adittistered, the former was a <lead lette'. The bill which has passedh the Setnate, by Ats owna provisions, itndepen-tdently of the proviso of moy honorable friend frour. North - .Carolina, excltudes the ve-ry idea of reviving any old Iaw; so that it stand(s as nottig more thatn this: An act om'feri rig upont the Territorial Legislature all rightful pow -rs of legislationm over every subject. TIhat .is rJI the ptowers whiich it conafers. Itn this resptect allowv mte to say in this connection, it is a better bill than the compromtise knownt ats the Clayton Com promise of 1848, in avhichi my late distinguished colleague [Mr. Calhoun] acquiesced. What was that comn promtise ? I wish to bring up that issue so as to comopare the t wo, atnd let them: stand 'upon the same priniciple. -And (liing the titme when that bill was ender consideration by the committee of eight, of which Mr. Calhoun wvas a memnber, I was frequently consulted, and I will not give the opinions of any body else. The predicate of northern mien was, that what ever compromise should be entered ino, the Mexican law should tnot lbe repealed by the act exptressly or otherwise ; and wvhat w~as mnore, I remtember it was said. " We will tiot consent to confer upon the territorial governmrent the power to repeal that existing) law which excluides slavery." The tiortherni mten said, very prolperly, " Here is a south 6 erni President ; you propose to put ito oper ation a govermentt unader his auspices and directiont wile not appoint a governtor and judges; wilhlihe not put into operattion a government that maty repeal that Mexican law, anid thus introdyce slavery itnto the tee-. ritories." I know what Mr. Ca-houn's views were, and I know what were the viens of some of his distinguished legal advisers. Sir, Mr. Calhoun's view was, that, as common terri tory, belonging to all the States as equals, and held by Congress as trustee to adminis ter it lor them, the Constitution of the Uni. ted States, proprio rigore, extended over tile Territories, whetlher we carried it there expressly or not ; and that it had not only a Controlling, but a repealing operation upon the laws of the conquered country. I ap peal to mny friend from Delaware [Mr. Clay ton] if I amr not ri-ht in this ? Thien that bill with even the Mexican law, then exi.ting, was so shapedl that we were willinig to abitde by the dec.iion of the courts. Sir, I will here state what I have never said before: In the counicils which I had upon the subject, I said, that whaltever night be Mr. Calhoun's opinians upon these subjects -and I concurred with him-it was a haz ardous experiment to leave to the courts so important a question. I recollect his reply well. He said: " It will give rise to the greatest debate that has ever been conductea in America ; let that issue be made belfore the Federal Couirts of this Union, and there never has been such a debate as will then arise ; the Aiericiin mind has never been engaged in such a debate as will take place upon that issue.". Ple added " If, sir, it is decided that the common territory, won by the commnion blood and coiion treasure of the South as well as the North, shall he appropriated to fine class ill Jretferelle to allother, tle sonler die South know their fate the better, and then let then look out either to acquiesce or to lake the position which a fiee people have a right to take when they think their rights have been invaded." Those werte his views. Now this bill is inlfinitely better than that; because we use this bill as a sponge to wipe out the Missouri line. As long as the Mis souri Compromise line remains, it is a certain-* tv that southern men will not carry their slaves over the line. There is that certain. tv before you if.you draw tl.e line and let it exist But I say to southern gentlemen, who are prying into this matter with something like legal !-ubtlety, and letting the great question of southern rights-1 will not say Southern righlts, but the common rights of the cnttry-rest upon a mere apex juris, a mere poiit of law-those who are looking about endeavoring to find a flaw here and there,, wi.h a v'iew, ill some measure to dis. satisfv the South, let theim take :his alterna tive which I now present. Let any south. ern man take this alternative ; W ill yon take this hill, with its legal provisiolns and certain legal import, by which the southern slavelnlil-ers may have-I do not say by which they rill have, but by which they muy have-a potential capacity to enijoy the comimion territory of the country, or will you reject the hill upon Your responsibility as a public man, and hug the Missouri Com pronise, and keep that odious geographical line ill force ? Under one, it is certain we can have no rights; under the other, we may have somne. Now. Mr. President, is it not something for a Southern man to fight for his border? If Missouri is to be exposed to the iIvasit)n of Northern fnaiticism. is there anything wrniig inl her Southern sisters coming ito her rescuie ? I do not say that I wounld wish Mkisouri to carry slavery over into Nehraska or Kansas. We wish no such thing. But when tile certainty is before us, that if that line continues, and tile waves of agitation are poulred out upon it, Missouri mlay be~ swept from the map of Southern States, is It not somlething for a Southernl man to go to the~ resciue (If that border sister of ours ? I do not say that will he tile faict ; but 01am very mi leh inclinled to think that the opera tion of this bill, if it shall become a law, will b~e suchI that the territorial government will pass i'o statute upon thle subject of slavery', oneC wayV or tile o)ther. I think it will con tinuie to be a nenltral territory-neither slave ry pouin~g into it, nor1 free-soilikm anid faina ticisjn rollinig their wayes upon.1M issourli. I amii inclinied to thintk it wVill retail) its trule positionl, if it malinltainis any thing like dis cretionl-elnrality being neither one way or thle other: I ami satisfied thlat the Terri torial Legislature, after we have sponged out this line, will not pass any -law upon the subject. Dio you suppose that any Tlerrito rial L.egislature will palss a law to exclude or expressly to admnit slavery 1 It wvould Le a suicidal act on) tihe part of the Legislature, an~d they are not going to commit such an act of folly. No, sir, they' will leave it to he settled by Americanl citizens, without regar-d to whether thlev own or do tiot own slaves. That will be thie operation of the bill, in myi~ opinioni ; anhd I say that to my Southern associates who are disposed to act with us uponII this subject. Now, sir, is there not something due from the South!? Ought they not cordially to give uip mnelCh in order to concur in the de libierate judgmnent of a portion of our north western and( nlorthlern friends, who have come forward amiidst perils among wvhich we have niever trod, to do us justicei Sir, I wold~ go very far to stand by them, I will bie thle last to desert them. I will stand by them because I believe they are right. I will stand by thenm because they have inltre pidly assumed the position of justice, with the proscription of an uncalculating favnti cism over theirheads. Somethitng is due to them, and I will stand by them, But there is another remark wvhich I wish to niake. I was nlot in the Chamber at the time whlen the honorable Senator from Mich igan) claimied the passage of this bill as a triumph of what is called the inherent right of the people of a Territory to invest them selves with a government. He claims this, I understand, upon the broad ground that they can assume upon themselves suchm rights whenever they may thinik that a proper case to do so arises. Mr. Cass. Does the honorable Senator so at all, Mr. Butler. Then I do not know what it i4.I Mr. Cass. The gentleman attributes that doetrine to me. I never laid it down it all. Mr. Butler. I do not wish to do the Sen ator injustice. Mr. Casm. I know the Senator does not. Mr. Iutier. Certainlv not. Mr. Cass. Mv doctrine is simply the doc. trine of (our ievolutioatry fathers. I do not deny the power of Congress, as a matter of necessity, to precribe a Io'rmo of government for the Territories; but the moment the- do so, then comes in the inherent right of the pieople to regulate their internal afairs for theiselves. This is preciseil the ground which onur revolutionary fathers took. I do not wish to argue this question now, and I have not the strength to o so if I wotld ; but I repeat, what I said on a former occa. sion, that there may be at differeice of opin ion, anid a very rightfu1l otie; as to how far such powers of legislatioi mlay go. As the honorable Senate'r from North Carolina has said, ntder our legislation, at one time, a Governor and three judges were anthorized to govern a rerritory. We did h-ve such a regulation ; but I think it was all wrng. Better ideas have now lawgun to prevail, and1i we have a more definite idea than we had formerly of how far we may properly go. Mr. Butler. I would lie the last to (10 injustice to the distinguished Senator from Nlichigan ; but allow ie to say, althotug'h a1 youiger man than he is, though I do not kiiow that the world will think so, that I think it was outside the record, and contra dieted hv the record, when he assutmed that this bill'either recognized or countenanced that species of sovereig nty which, in his owti language, lie has described, aind % hieh I will not undertake to explain. So far from lie ing-so, the bill is a recognition of the fact that Congress has the origina atid exclusive authority uiin the subject of territorial gov. eruments, atnd that a teoritorinl governmentI can take. mark the word, I use it as a law yer-no more than Congress may give, anud I that Cotigress can give no more thai is con ferrable by the Constittion of the United I States. So that, if ipon this occasion, Con. gress has thought proper to part with a t great deal of the original and exclssive'pow. er whiclh it once had, and to confer it upon the territorial governniias a mere deputy, i it has been an act of diseretion entirely. .it i is not what the people of thekre--4 - - ' enact ; it'is not what they c is not what they had any righ . Now, sir,.as my .friend fre lina has said, I would deal I different Territories, arcorditiq that were oii them. Suppost quire the Sandwich Islands t you think that 1, as a repre, South Carolina, or as a repres . American mind, would delegate to those t colored people, the Sandwich Island people, (who know nothiig of the coimmon law, iotiting (of tiose priniciples of Magnu-Charla which infuse themselves into the English mind,) the powers which I have aigreed tor give in this bill to American citizens, con- t ducting the operations of government, iuder the sanction of the sacred and r-cognized t principles of the common law I No, not at i all, sir. I will give these plowers in this ease, because it is piudent and proper. I will give them to those who, understanding the t great principle of Aimerican institutions, will t impress it upon the statutes of the Teiritory, until it shiatl aissume such a positiont as willi enaible it to conme into the Un iion as an eqgnalr taite ; but I am not going to deal so wvith all other Tlerritories. I will deal so with this, because, if you will allow me to say so, I know that tKentucky, Missouri, Pennsyl- i vaiuiat, Northt Catrolinia, andl, in pairt, Sioutht Caroliiia, haive mingled thieir judgmtents inr the population of'.4issouri: aral thait will lbe a judgment whieb is likely to prevail in the laws of these territories. Sir, the ingj~-l t opnosof the citizens livinig in atn i eon Missouri w~ill catrry' out that judlgmenit in the territorial laws of these territories, and I a believe they will lbe just. There are a greate many frott the North who will go intot these( territories. I haive seeni sotne ot' thenm ; they are tmen who are capable, before leaivingr home, of liling thiemselves abiove the preju- t dices which prevail there ; or whio haive leftf home with a view to taike a fatir positionl ine reference to this miatter. . I wish to mnake the-se explainations, and to a lay downi the piroposition that the lion. Se-na. tor fronm North Carolina has not changed the legal chiatraicter of the bill. I alirmn thaitt it leaives the Territory on this subject as ai Tabuila rosa, upont which the American muindt is to maike an impression, and for which it is to form aw's. I say, further, thait there is a no probabidity of interfereince one way orr the other with shavery until Nebraska aind, Kansats shall assumie the position, andr be ready to perform the responsible dutiest of States. I laty down, furthermore, the p~ro- a position that there is no recognition by the I hill of any power in the peopule of a Terri- It tory to govern, except whait we confer upon them under the piower-s which we ourselves have under the Cotnstitution of the United I States. if there should lbe any question made as I to the right of a negro or slav-e to his free dloml, to his emaincipiatilon, the issue would he in this waty: " Ye demand your ft-ce doni " " I do." " Upon whait grotiud I" "On the oround that I atm in the territory of the United States, the common property I of aill the States" Wha ~t would lie the re ply 1 If the rephy were worth ainything, it1 would lbe this: the ow'ner wvould saty, " I hold my property by a tenure higher than any< anv legal enatctment which can be made of< a local character to exclnde me. I bold under thle constitution of the country." That is the ground wvhich we have taken. But, sir, the sooner that wve learn there is to lie ~ a discrimination with regaird to the enjoy-< ment of the territories, thait there is to be a mark of inequality, indepiendently of the Nissouri line, by the adjudienution of a court< respond~ing to the doctrine ofC popular sover eignty or the fanattical sentiment whuieb ist infusing itself into the country- the sooner we know this the betr I makey no thireats. Mr. President, youptMill ar time witness that I have never mdagny fin ill literature in'h mory, in poetry, and in the Scripture themse , the crow of the cock has been used as h ily illustrative and indicative laguage. 'l gamne cock, when he stands in the p'retenagof his adversarv, gives forth a note or dfinmace, iispired by time danger aind thme etment of time con. test. and a111 nites hii stvhove On Uponi tihe path of peril to victory deatl. But how differtnt, sir, iste char i note of tie chan. tieleer, when he. procdnims to us time conmingv of the day. it is as diffiremit at note uIs mami ger is from penice It is time note of intelli. gence, of hope, if peaceI' I say, sir, that if this bill.shall pass, amid sIall be aquiesced in cordially iq all sectioai orf tii Uni. it will lie the note .g'oodmen. It will be tie clarion noteiof-the chdhticleer, proclaiim. ing to time Sothitlethat I lA is dawniing upon her ;.it will proch.im peace to all sections it peace to which we CA hlton oralily be re. eonciled.. However, th ,rp No-thern gen. tIlemen shall let loose thiWaters of..mgita tion, I will chige th figure. If they will [hntinue to (tmiiitiile toreh 'which has been I lighted by discord, I inm tit know how sooin Ile note nimy be chanigeg to that of the roud bird to which I Ii me mlmded. Mr. President ,; haie said iore than I in ended, but atllwv e to(~dd a few word nore. - What. spectaele will the United Statels exhibit at this crisistd at this event ul period of time world's liistory ? Sir, at a imie when a war .is likely .to take place it he East which may miark tie age at at time hen a war may ttke plin& to. phange the whole character of Europdim power, shalli me exhibit to the 'vorld these evidences of xenkness and distr'Aetion I It mnyi lie ont. if place for ine to say a word npoii this natter ; but 1 must sa. that. I do not thimink hat the.United. States nrelikely to be in lmiy danmger so ,1on, as wa-ois goig ol, he :ntse We may naitmiiin theosition and tie mfety of neutral.; , ut I wi make this pre. fiction: I" Russi shall le crshed as a nwer in Europe by tomeomiation of rnnee and Enghand; thie ternnitation of that Aa- . will place Frane aitil. England in at )sition to. indue them t interrere ssith kmerican affairs. Ihey wil come out of hat wni;of they 'shall- cru4j ussia, with riuniphait nrmitesi stod to i war and i tliatik the Senate for having al lowed me o make these remarks. Fron the Carolina Tines. E DG EFELD C, If., Feb. 13, 1854. My Dcar Sir:-Your noble .vindicati v f tie case of learning and, popular educa. ion iii our State, imust serve to revive the rooping hopes of many who feel deeply on bese subjects, and will, .1 aim sure, lead to important and happy results. Tho high po ition yon claim for our State College, and lie hold dignity with which you have por. r raved its true aims, rejectin!v at the samme ine, the false appendtages, which a purely ilitsirianit spirit is seeking to throw around t, nnnot tt exeite tie approval a id admi. at ion of' eveLry'scholar. Time hai t, so char. teristie of our age antd country, of crowd ag time minid with insulated faicts before it as beeni trainted to sy'stemaiic effort, or to rvestigatte time causes or first principles of higs, while lowering the general esteem for al schioarshiip, hams creatted' aimong us a iste l'r frivolous and superficial attaiments. he addtins sought to. be made ton time olle'ge course wtill, it is evident, only tenid nm increamse these unipromi~wing results. An levted standard of knowledge, ariing from high developmenmt of our intellectual pow rs, is alonie to be attained by keepinig the slege true to its legitimaite objects ; sand Iese ais I view them, are-to develop time ore massterhy faculties of thte mind and soul , n fo'rm time literary taste of our younmg men otr tme higher and broader fields of knmowi dge-ins a word, to enabthle our y'outh to rum pple wvithm the great principles of' science, d to brintg order and use out of time world f detail surroundig us5. Iconcur with-you, that to necomplisha bese entds, the style of imstructioni pitrsued ii onr College, is better aidapted titan that Isualy terimed the 11riversity systemi. Thie reedonm of the University aiffords too loose rein to our impatient youth, while the dog. iaticatl discourses of thme University lecturer ould lie little calculaited to educe theiri aental emnergies, or to lend thenm to any very Ii boroughm research. Dialectic instructiomn - Sshairp catechetienl contest between time 'rofessor anud the Pimpii is the surest, perhasps le only miode, by which time latter can be rGe rnperl to tax his mental powers. ['le ma lniversities, so famed for their iterature and science, derive thmeir chief vail ite, itn my humble jutdgmenit, from two im ortanit adjuncts: first from thme Uiymnaasia, 'hich sare most excellent preparatory acade ies; secondly,' from a deep devotioni to1 nowledge, front thait nattional iterary ent hu ism, to bo found nowhere out of Germany.' While urging, themefore, no change, at least i or te present, in our College curriculum, I nust however, lhe permitted to staite thsat, vithout somse chianmge in time pre'partory in- 1 trction of our young ment, the full benmefits if time College can never be reidized. Stu- I lents too often enter College iin a raws state,1 vith their inmids slightly disciplimled, amid with Ia Si mer smattemrig of thte branchles to which! hey have given their attention, 'How lis it I ossible they can be prepa. d ihr the severe iscipline required or them withi'. the. Collhege vallsi How can they 1be ex~p etsd rghmtly1 o appreciate the profound. resuonine.g, amid lose ansalytic teachings of time esnt Pro. essor ? Hor master the abstruse, difcult nmestionts occurri ; in mental and nmorail1 hilosophmy ? time cornplienmted priblemsnd imc,...,m of the Ihian atl un14mSir. I5O i subtle analysis and philosophic structure (or the-ancient languages I or, indeed, any of tie graver studies of the College course ? You will agree with me I think, in saying, that much of the talent and learning of the Professor is throwin away upon tuinds, not suflicientlv tutored for a just appreciationl of scientific teaching. This must, in the main, he aseribed to de. fective preparation. Aid the ftiult is inot so miuch with the teachers of oir academies, as in the organization of the academies them selves. Can one man, for instance,vhile nitending to the disciplinary dluties of the scholroomi, instruct thoroughly in all the branches usually taught in our academiaies 1 in Latin, Greek, Mathenaties, Natural mid Moral Philosophy, H isiory. Geography, :md ilmost the whole cyclopedia I im pos.ible ! Yet this, at present, is required of nearly .all th/teachers in the State. The result is, that instruction has been giveni inl a most imper reet manner: the teacher has been kept from ill chance of distinction, or from making proficienicy iin scholarship, nd, after a flew rears, has usually a brokei down constitu ion. To remedy these defects-in other words, o enable the instructoir to attain to a mas Pry ov.r the brancles he may lie called onIf o teach, and to train the minds ofoumr youth iy sound, accurate instruction, the State will i ie compelled to establish academies of an larged character. As an imperfect outline f i plan,I, wiould respectfully suggest the Illowing: Let six academies ht formed in mitable places--one, for instance, in each Con gressiota District-with an organizatiomi after this manner: There shall ie a Board if Trustees, to lie uppointed by the Legisla ure, fromn the respective Districts of each .ongressional District, whose duty it shall le, in connection with the superintende-it of mblic education, to order tile erection (t iroper buildings, and to supervise the inisti utiois when esfallished. Each academy hall contain eight chief iistructors 1. A director, who nav teach M!oral Phi. osophy and Evidences of Christianity. 2. Ai instructdrin the Anacieat Lanages. 3. " - in tle Mogdern L:mngages. 4. in the English Laaguage and Literatnre. 5. ": ." in M e s .all 11a.1 appear1 - xpensivt .VO imidred pupils at $40 exeh wiuld ccet the expense ; and, I venture to aflirm, bat, for the edneation of the same nmnber ( youths, a larger soim is now amaally ex. eaded, while tlhe iastruction received, frim lie very nature of the case, is much less atiable. . To erect these Academics and to keep bem in operation, it would lie wi.e iin the egislature to use a part of our educatanian ad, which should be incrersed to $100,000, 1 nd to cause all moneys received from pupils a he paid into thie State Treasury. These an be little doubt, that these academies will, a a short time, support themselves ; but to emove all contingeincy, aid to place them t once on a sure iad permanent basis, ;ilal t the same time, to afford beneficiary inl truction to a nnnber of indigent, pronising oung men in the various Dist ricts,the State ould hhld itself responsible for the salaries f the Teachers. .1In a word, these should e Stale academics. TIhae adv'antages of such institutions mnst edily suggest themselves to every relkecting indl. They w~ill be conmprcehensive and sei ntific :affording a substantial, unaiformi cdi ationi to the young men of tihe State, and reparing all, who may dlesire it, for enter our college under ample anid equal benie ts. Untlike our present. academies, wich sually spring up under the direction of som~e oular teacher, antd as suddlenly die aw ay itia him, sinkinag thousands of dallars ina mprovements rendered useless, they will be at ionary :ancd peramanent. Iinnmdreds of ears to come they will bc ste.aiding miona-~ nents of the energy arid wisdom (if our eople, entlightening the youthful minds of* he State, anad imparting a permanent, and icreasing value to property around them. nstead of oae teacher as niow, wvho leads Imost the life. of a recluse ini one of our Lcaemies, rernoved froma every stimulus eessary to active inte-llectuial ehiht. there till lbe a little .socicty of literary meni, en aged in similar piursuits, with a generous mulation, urging and aidinig oiie a nother on n the road to knowledge. There will exist, Iso, bioth a division and a comblinat ion of ahor in the severi.1 duties of di.=eipiniie ;aid nstrution-matters as important in the pro-. 'inee of literature, as in that of political econ my. Two ment occupying themiselves with lifferent branches cana iinstruct tifty pupils ith greater eta.se to themselves, ad with ligher advantage to the pupil, thani onie mian :an instruct twrenty-five in all the braunchies. nd this rule, it is bielieved, will hold good o almost any extent. Young men, taught in these academies, v~ould enter college with advantaige unknown o our yoth at presenit. 'They would be irepared to derive profit from the ablest in trqction of learned professors, iad by the ime they gradluate, would receive a maental lisciplinie, and a telish for study and acquire. mants, which in after life, would quaify themr r .bedoming useful men and scholar;. The Jolego would theni, indeed, lbe a iioble in titution of learning-exciting a happy ini luence over the public taste in literature, mnd imparting to the young minds of the 'tate a polish and a power that would soon >e felt in all the higher walks of knowledge. While, too, in the plan submitted, great -are has been given to intellectual traiann, noral culture has not been overlooked. It s too much the fashion, now-a-days, to press n the young intellect by every artificial timulus, cramming it with facts and ambi ious aspirations, with little regard to the de elopment of its moral capabilities. Minds hus trained, thouig eanightened hby the rays of genius and knowledge, may be, and ofte are, prostituted to the worst purposes. . It i needless to reinark that in every wise pla of edueation, to train properly the natur. affectiois, and to inculcate sound moral pre cepts, should be deemed great and leadin objects. " Recti eultus pectora roborant: Uteunque defrecre' mn-r's. Indecorant bene nnta culpae "-HIOe Hence the studies of Moral Philosoph, aind the Evidences of Christianits have beei intridced, while music, as a science, then rtically and practically taught, is ofllered a an auxiliuTry discipline to the natural affee tions. These academies shonld likewise bi surrounded hy beautiful, cuhivated groveE with iarrangemet'n ts for gymnastic exercises alhordinig innocent recreations and joyou 11astlimes, to allnre the youth of the coitri fr.om idle, mischieonis mieditalions, and fron t iose tininiltuous ontbreakings of' passiol amid violence, that so often disgr'ace ou Soutiern institutions. Seenes like these, en joyed aimong the delightuli academic grove of ancient Athens, helped to inipire thi youth there assembled with that beantifu and romantic attachment to the canse o letters, whieb gave to Greece her magniti cent literature. The idea of musical instrnetion in a lite rary academy may excite a smile from miani of the grave seniors of the land ; but I an addressitng myj'self. to one profoundly ac qnininted with the human heart, and Ihos searching analysis has enabled him to tract out the most secret springs of' human action. To you, sir, the poet's words can he no inert meaningle.,s sounds: "u'ie al.n' with sudlen cianrm can bind The wandering seis., and eal the triubled mind.7 Music the fiereest grief can cliari, A nd iate' seer e'st rare disarm: Mausic enn softeni pain to e'a'e, A id make despa r ind a lmaLess please Our jo.ys below it can improve, A ndii aite-dute the b:iss above."-Pore. Physiologists contend that, while the study aind1 praclice of music exert a happy influ. mie upoi the mental and i norni qualities 01 or nature, they also greatly improve the physical consiitution. But if a special ad' VocaIcy of the science, as a branch of edo st s .. . ... 1esrlo Imiturt- m lie eicert or the opera, or by gentle diver iioiis on some favorite instrument. The skill oh' the ancient Greeks in this re Sned science, is almost proverbial. It was a rare thing to find a cultivated Athenian without a knowledge of it, and withnut skill Ilon smne instrumient. Thenistocles, we ire told. w'as deened uncaurd, beeaise of is inability to play the lyre at a feast. You VcoleCt a Cnrionu passage on this subject n Cireero's Tus. Disp. Lib. i. aiii, 3.: *-1Surmmn ertaliinem Grav ,:ilam eenschban: n nervorum voenmquie enntibus, Igituir et Epa iiiino ,hi porinepsi in-o judlicist, Gr.eeim fidlibuts irn-elare cevinisoe diciur : Themistoelesqueniut mte anno4, cum in evpis reeuaer-t tyram. et hn;tuim nid.e'tior. Eruis iin G roe a .\nsici t'irIneruilt : IIs .eaniqie d ilm n es l: neanacebul S1ti8 excul 'us doaerina putahaturn." So mnuch for the aeademies: the establish. nen'it of wihcheb mist. be deemed of' great im or'taince, and1( may be considered the se'ondl ,tepi towanrds a comprehensive systeni of State edneatiun. Th'le forming of commonJ ,chools is the niext step. T1o furnish a systema of commfonJ school in trnetion for our State, likely to he success ul, is 'oin lessedly a thing of1 great priactical] lifftc'-.lty. 'The imiportmaice of' it, however, s od strongly felt at present, thant one should iot be restrained from offering his suigges' tins f'romi a fear of failuire or of' criticism. Though nmuch has been said aind written on this subiject, little, I bielieve, in tile way ofh well digested, suitable plan has been brought to the public eye. TJhe boasted systenis 01 Prussia, and of New Enigland, recommend ed hi sonme, may at once be rejected as till suited to) onr pr)eent state, not to speakt ol their failure to achieve the granid results sc confidently expected inl the regions wvhere they have been established. No system, which is wholly compuilsory, or entirely vol. utary, can sneceed with us. T[hese twr things mu1st he piropexrly blendted in order ti develop really usef'ul results. Tfhe system should be so far voluntary ats to enlist the cordial efforts ot' our pecople in the cause of education, yet snficiently' coercive to impairt order and( permanen~icy to thme arrangemienit. 'With much dfitlidence, yet, with some as' surance of its feasibility, I submit the fl lomig outline of' a plani:-Let the Legisla' tre appoint fromi tenl to fifteen school com~ missioners for each district in the State', with directions so to distribute their labors among I em~selv'es, that each commissioner wviilliave a ee.taini circuit within which to perform his uuties. It shall, in the first place, he incumo ben t on himi to seek out all the neighborhoods within his cir'cuit in wihiebi schools may be established, and to formi precincts, if practi' able, not exceeding fivo miles square. He shall then appoint five trustees within each precinect, whio shall constitute a body corpo' rate for specific purposes, anid shall assisi himi ini selecting suitale and central sites fit the estahlishment of' school hlouses. Thiese trustees shall endeavor by voluntary contri butions fronm all tihe inhabitants ot' their re spective precinects to ralise the funds, neces sary durinig the first y'ear, to erect the build igs, andi af'terw~ards to payt the salaries o1 the teachers. Should thle sumis thus raised be insufficient, it shall be the (duty of the corn missioners with the aid of the trustees, tc *Norr..-The Grecians thought that to sing and to play well wa'is the highlest accomnpiishmeint. Anw therefore Epaminondus the chief ini my. opinion o the Greeks is said' to hav'e ac.conmpanied the lyri mst beautif'ully. A ad Theicstnck's, sonme few yean before w'hen tic refuse'd the lyre at thec feast was es teemledl rather unlearned. Therefore in Greece Osicianls flourishecd aind alt euthivateeil that art. No was that mian deemed hlighily polishied wvho wals ig unnnt tie,-o. al ssess all the inhabitmits of their rpspect ps s preeinects a t a per centum, ofWhich- thle VadL imun shall lie fixed by the. boaiidof coni'- . missinners on a basis to le -le'enfter stated' provided no one be assessed. on' moethaii -. $45,000: which assessment shall, if resisted, he collected by the usu:al process or la'jwu the name of the trustees. Vluntary*ion tributions may now be adled to this assess ment ; and 'should the'e still: lie a'deficit it shall be repored to the leArd or dommis sioners, who shall distribute tie education fund received from the State towardsspply ing the deficiency. And should theretilb a deficit, the commissioners shall piroceekt'" levy a certain per cent. upon the dene'raflx or the district at large, .as is. now done b4 the commissioners of roads to raiswimoney for bridges, &c. . When the salaries have beenatbusaised, the Trustees, with the commissionerefch i. c prectict, shall with care, select competent teachers, who shall be required to!Aeach without distinction, ull the children ofithe precinct that may be. sent to schooL.. The Commissioners shall ddtermiue the maxiumnn of the assessment, by ascertaiin first, as nearly as practicable, the aggregate . wealth of their respective districts;'then, the number of schools in the District, and the aggiegate salaries of the teachers. .Tlhe per centum on this aggregate wealth,.neasear to raise the aggregate salaries, wil tlhe maximum assessment. - Let me illustrate... Tlhe.District of Edge-. field, containing about 1700 square niies o territory, will, after deducting the uninhatit. ed portions, embrace about 55jrecincts of five niles square, and hence'55 sclools-:ma king about four schools for the. superitten dence of each of the fifteen 'commissioners. At a salary of 8500 each, the aggrgate of Teacher's salaries vill be $27,500. Now' the value of the aggregate real and personal estate ofl' the district, according tothe repiort of the United States- Marshal' in 1850,is $16,485,079, [The' more correct.anfOot would he 820,000,000.]* An assessment 6f one-sixth of a cent per centuron the formr sum, will give $27,475.' The Commissieners and Trustees of;4 various precincts, in EdgefieldDistrit'iai failing to raise. Ihe salaries'othe teachd - by voluntary subscriptions shail' th have power toassessthe iihabitan precinct, not exceedI per-centin n th I I .ites; provided o on more than 45,000 Wel sslun;l p er qanyh' .j li sPfose 'o xe r0 amounts elsewhere in .the wayof, etion. Should there ho a deficit after this, it shAll be reported and acted on as above indicated. If neces.ry, the commissiorers may re ceive, as a compensation for their services, one dollar an.1 fifty cents per diem for every day while egaged on duties relative to the 1.schools; and it shall be their duty to super ijitend said schools ;Ato. procure for them a rond, uiiform systqoffinstruction ; to col let a1l informnlationiIeecting them; and to make an annual re-'to the-general super iptendent of public education, who shball nake a enudensed annual report for the Le?gislautuLre. 'The p1an here proposed seems easy, plain, and to my view, entirely practicable. That it is per-fect, no pretence is made. "Nihil simuil inentum est et perfectum." Among others, it offers these advantages. It will s-eure permanent and respectable schools, furishing, sibstantial uniform instruction for' the general classes of the State. It ivill dis tibiute the baurden of educating the poor equally upon all, according to their capacity to contribute; equalizing the burden through the State, by mieans5 of the State fund, and throug~h the Dis/riets, by an ad valorem as sessmnent and tax. It moreover will enlist a large number of respectable citizens through out the State in the cause of education, and - cannomt, ther'. fore, fail to excite a spirit of emulation antd pride in contributing to the education anid moral improvement of our ent irec white population. In short it will en able everv child in the State to receive a fair -elementary education at an expense but a tiile more' than that now incurred in half educating only a portion of our youth. Should these platns, both for the academies and common schools, be carried into effect, it may wvell he doubted whether a single do~llair more will lbe expended in the cause of edluen~tion thtan is expended at' present. The' increase~d facilities afiorded w'ill be caused not so mluch by the additional expense as by a prope~r husbiandry of the means already employed. What may not systematic effort iachieve in any department of human science atnd indlustry ? But to educate our people and to raise the standard of knowledge and scholarship among us, no lover of'his coun- - tr-y or (if his race could hesitate to urge the Legislature to make the most ample endow mients. Who would not bestow liberally.;' from the bonntie~s, with which a benignant Deity has blessed him, for the promotion of objects so useful, so noble ! Let the ecgis. latur-e increase ontr school.fund to $100,O000 I-applying $50,000 to the support of an ex-. eellent system of academical instruction, and1( $50,000 to the common schools-and at no distant day, wve will experience a'de' gree of moral and mental impi-ovement, and' a thirst for sound, practical, comprehentso knowledge, that will both astonish *und glad den the heart of every patriot in thK land. II have Sir, thus. crudely thrown out my v'iews to you on thyis interesting subject. They are the result of some serious reflec lion for several ,years past. If they be en titled, to anly consideration I know you will cheerfully accord. it. I have addressed this communicationi to you because of the deep interest you take in these matters, and lhe cause I know of no one in the State, whb ... can form a more' correct judgment upon the - practical efficiency of any plan~ that may' Ibe 'e~lred. -' With high r'espect and esteem, 1 reinain your obed't serv't, W. C. MORtANE. To the Rev. Dr '. H.1 Tnoxswaz 4 . President o .. C. Clee (t'y Cultivntion is as essential to the-mind as fnod is to the bndy.