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1,500,000 Men Available, Says Baker (Continued from Page One) raa that this war, of all others, was ot a static thing; that our adversary ras a versatile and agile adversary; iat every day he revamped and hanged his weapons of attacks and is methods of defense; that the stoies they were telling us were true rhen they left England and France, ut an entirely different thing was robobly taking place there now, nd they told us of large supplies of reapons of one kind and anothez hich they had developed in France nd England, and which, even before bey got them in sufficient quantity - * - * <1 ? M i.L^ lanutactured to taKe tnem irom uie ldustrial plants to the front were uperseded by new ideas and had to e thrown into the scrap heap. /'They said to us: This is a moving icture; it is something that nobody an paint and give you an idea of; it i not a statistical thing. S*nt P?nluc|. "Therefore it became necessary for S to have eyes there, instant and nmediate communication with us, ad we sent over to Prance Gen. tershing, and we sent with him not lerely a division of troops?to that shall refer in a moment?but we rat with, perhaps the major part of ta trained, expert personnel of the nay. Tou know the size of the of* Mtmlnr nrmv in CUkl WVip> W* kuv *^0? ? aia country when the war broke nt It was a pitiful handful of *ained men, and yet it was necessary > divide them up and send over to fcvnce officers of the highest quality, j that they would be at the front nd see in the workshops and in the ictories and in the war offices and i the armies,' where consultations ould take place immediately back f'the front?so that they could see te thing with their own eyes, and snd us back the details by cable very day of the changing character f this war. Using Ejm of Army. "Gen. Pershing's staff of experts ad officers over there runs into the lousands, and they are busy every dilute, and every day that the sun isec-1 get cablegrams from Gen. ershing from ten to sixteen and renty pages long, filled with measrements and formulas and changes I a mifimeter m size, great long pcifications of changes in details \ things which were agreed upon st week and changed this week, id need to be changed again next eek, so that what we are doing at is end is attempting, by using the res of the army there, to keep up what they want us to do." Of Transient Value. \ \ "Already you will find in your fur?fr examination into some of the treaa work of the department, some ' the divisions, when they come ?wn, you will find schedules which ere agreed upon, weapons which ere selected and which we had sorted o manufacture, have been far discarded that people have foritten the names of them almost, id new things substituted in their see, and those forgotten and new UlgD 111 uicu yiavv-o. "So if one gets the idea that this the sort of war we used to have, if he gets the idea that this is a itic thing it is an entirely erronas idea, and when you remember it we had to divide this little hand1 of officers that we had and send large part of them to France and to think of those who remained at me and you will realize, I am sure, it those who remained here had i double duty, insufficient for either ^ect of it, in numbers?and they il have this double dtfty?they d to go forward with manufacturi, work out industry, and industrial ations. They had to see about Implies of raw materials and manurture finished products and make >m day to day alterations and ingea that had to be made and Si to be in general conference iggestions, to see whether aid devise on this side somebich had not been thought of jre. Had to b? Hotpitibla. r had to hospitable to sug' which came from the other jy had to confer with the forcers who were here and were Jy being changed, so that sh from the front could be idvise with us, and in accordth that every one of them / ______ __ had to be a university professor, going out into the life of the community and selecting men who had mechanical skill and knowledge and training and adding to his original 1 equipment the scientific training, that finishing touch which made him avail' able for use as a military scientist. Work of Little Groups. ' "As a consequence, this little group, which stayed here, have built the great special department of the army. The ordnance department starting, I think, with ninety-three or ninety-six officers, has now, as I recall the figures, something like 30,000 officers. They have had to be trained, they have had to be specialized and that has had to go on contemporaneously with this tremendous response to the changing conl AM 01/1A uinuns uu me utuvi o*viw. "In the meantime, when we started into this war I think it was commonly thought throughout the country that our contribution at the outset might be financial and industrial. The industries of this country were largely devoted at that time, the appropriate industries and many converted industries, were largely devoted to the manufacture of war materials for our allies. Going to Market. "Isuggested this morning when we went into that market we found it largely occupied, so that our problem was not going to a shoe factory and saying 'make shoa^-for us,' but it was going to a factory which never made shoes, because all the shoe factories were busy making shoes for people from whom we'could not take ?ni1 aom?w Mnom linw tn malfp U1CUA) ?UU *115 4VW*<1 MVfT vw mmm*m shoes ita order that you may make them for us.' "Now, of course, that is not true of shoes, but it is true of machine guns, it is true of other arms, it is true of forging capacity, which was the (greatest defect in the country, and all this time we had not merely to disturb the program of allied manufacture in this country, but we ,had not to cut off the supplies of raw material to our allied, and we had ' not to disturb the industry of this country to such an extent that products upon which they depended for the success of their military operations would be interefered with, both agricultural and commercial, and industrial products. The Idea at the Onttet. "At the outset, the idea was that we would be of financial and industrial assistance to our allies during the year 1918, and I think one can probably read from the Metropolitan magazine for August a suggestion which will show what the current expectation of the country was. The editor of the Metropolitan magazine was protesting against what he believed to be the intention of the government at that time." Here Senator Weeks interrupted to ask if that was the magazine of which Theodore Reosevelt is associate editor. Secretary Baker replied that Mr. Roosevelt was a contributing editor, and continued: Quote* Editorial. "This magazine came out in August^ 1917, and this editorial says: "Since it is our war, we want to put everything into it so as to finish it in the shortest possible time, so that J ?MM?* UA TA A11V uic nunu iiuijr uo i vu. * v mind the whole plan of the War Department had been flavored with a desire to hold off until the allies finish the war for us.' "You see, the editor was dealing , with what he supposed to be the in-/ tfntion of the War Department at that time, that we were holding off so for as military operations were concerned, and letting the Allies do the fighting . "What he says we should have done and I ask your particular attention to it, is this: 'We should have strained every energy to have gotten from fifty to one hundred thousand men to France this year.' "That is, the year 1917. I tell no secret, but it is perfectly well known to everybody in this group that we have far exceeded what in August, 1917, was regarded as a program so ideal that the editor of this magazine refers to it as a thing wnicn WtJ uu^iu IAJ navo gtimiiw siery nerve in a vain but hopeless effort to accomplish." In response to a question by Chairman Chamberlain, the Secretary said the United States did not have more than the minimum number of men in France in Auguust, 1917. He continued: "And then the editor goes on: "And by next year, 1918, we could have had 500,000 men to send over, or any part of 600,000 men, which we could ship.' "Now, instead of having 50,000 or 100,000 men in France in 1917, we have many more men than that in France, and instead of having half a million men whom we could ship to France if we could find any way to do it in 1918, we will have more than one-half million men in France early in 1918, and we have available, if the transportation facilities are available to us (and the prospect is not unpromising) one and a half million who in 1918 can hp ahinnpd to France." Senator Weeks asked whether the Secretary knew who wrote the editorial and Mr. Baker said he thought it was attributed to Mr. Wiggin, the editor-in-chief. Quizzed by Chamberlain. "Why, asked Chairman Chamberlain, "have you not felt it proper to let the public into the confidence with reference to these things that you are telling now?" "Senator, I confess that I have hesitated and I still hesitate," replied the Secretary. "I have here a statement from Field Marshall von Hindenburg, in which he /is quoted as saying in a German newspaper in contemptuous fashion of us that we have advertised our preparations for this war in an unworthy manner." "Do you think for a moment, Secretary Baker," said the chairman, "that there has been ary time within the last vear that the German secret service has not been fully advised as to everything we have done?", Germany Mystified. "Yes, Senator, I know. If I may rely upon the confidential information which we get from confidential / sources, the German government is still mystified as to the number of men we have in France or have had there at any time." The chairman said he doubted this. After some discussion as to the policy of government in announcing military secrets Mr. Baker said it was not the policy of American or other governments to do so, and added: . England Wouldn't Tell. "I am saying this now because you have asked me why I have held back these facts until now. ?I am saying to you that you could not get from Great Britain this minute?I do not know whether I could get thfe number n-f snUiaM fleoQ f Rrifnin Vina in Ui. OV1UIVA0 VI A. VMW ?? ...w ... | France or at home. I could get an approximation; I could get whatever information might be deemed helpful to the immediate military object to be accomplished, but I could not get from Great Britain or France either one the Actual number of troops they have at the front. "It may be that precaution is unnecessary and yet that is the precaution which military men have observed, and I have no further point to make in the matter of the number of troops there than to show, as I was showing when I read that extract, that our original intention was to make our military effort in 1918; and in August, 1917, a zealous advocate of immediate military activity laid down as the maximum obtain' ' ? ?-- ? nrklAVl Kah HDie program, a uuu^ vrmvu nao been multifold exceeded. Wolf at the Door. "Why did we decide to send some troops to France in 1917? It is no secret. When Marshal Joffre came to this country from France, when the British mission came from France they told us of a situation which we had not up to that time fully appreciated. There had been in France recently conducted before that an unsuccessful major offensive. The French people had suffered, oh! suf terea in a way noi oniy our language is not adapted to describe, but our imagination cannot conceive. The war is in their country. The wolf has not only been at their door, but he has been gnawing for two years and a half at their vitals, and when this unsuccessful offensive had gone on their was not a spirit of surrender but of fate, about the French people, and this mighty military engine which they had seen prepared to overcome them for forty years was at them, and that their attitude was that no matter whether every French man died in his tracks, as they were willing to do, or not, that it was an irresistable thing, and they said to us 'frankly, it will cheer us; it will cheer our people, if you send over some ol your troops.' "We did send some troops. Profited by Example. "At that time we had a choice. We could have sent over, as Great Britain, our regular army, and in a very short preparation have put it into action and suffered exactly what Great Britain with her 'contemptible little army,' as it was called l^y their adversaries. Our army would have given as good an account of itself as the British army did, but it would have been v destroyed like the British army, and there would have been no nucleus on which to build this new army that was to come over a little later, and it was deemed wiser to send over a regular division, but not to send over our whole regular army at that time. "Then what happened was that the regular division went over and the people of Franco kissed the hems of their garments as they marched up the streets of Piiris; the old veterans, wounded in this war, legless or armless, stumping along on crutches, perhaps, as they went up the streets of' Paris with their arms around the necks of American soldiers. Not a single man in that division was unaccompanied by a veteran. America had \gone to France and the French people werB filled with a sense of gratitude and hopefulness that had never been in them before. Bound Ibjr Stronger Tie*, "Of coursu, they welcomed the British, but their need was not so groat when the British weiil;. Of course, they welcomed the British, but there were ties between them and us wmcn mere nas not Deen yetween them and the British, and so when our troops wont there was an instant spontaneous rise in the morale of the French, but an equally instant and spontaneous insistence tluit these soldiers who came from America should continue to come in an unbroken streamAnd so, we made the election. We decided not to send the regular army as a whole, but to send regular "divisions and National Guard divisions selected according to the state of preparation, and keep back here some part of our trained force in order that it might inocculate with its spirit and its training these raw levies wnicn we were unuuuiK, ouu one after another these divisions have gone over until in France there is fighting army, an army trained in essentials and in the beginning of essentials and in the beginning of military discipline and practice, and trained seasoned fighters in this kind of a war on actual battlefields where it is taking place. Engineering Regiment* "Early in this war, when Joffre was here, and when Balfour was here they said to us, 'It may take you some time to get over to us a great fighting army, but you are a great industrial country, our man-power is fully engaged in our industries and our military enterprises, send over artisans, special engineering regiments and troops of a technical character,' and although it was not contemplated at the outset, and only a phrase in the emergency military legislation shows that the thing thought of only as a possibility; yet in a very snort time we naa organized engineering regiments of railroad1 men and sent them over there and were rebuilding behind the lines of the British and French the railroads which were being carried forward with their advance, reconstructing their broken engines, and cars , building new railroads, both back of the French and British lines, and those regiments were of such quality that tit the Cnmbrai assault carried on by General Byng, when the Germans made their counter-atack, our engineer regiment rtiMw /?nwn +Vipir nirlfQ ariH nnades: and carried rifles into battle and distinguished themselves by gallant action in the war itself. Nurse* and Doctors. "Very early in this war, Great Britain, through Balfour and his as sistants and France through Joffre said to us, 'Send us nurses and doc tors.' Why, before we were ucarce ly in the war American units organ ized in advance and anticipation b> the Red Cross, which was taken ove into the service of the United State through the Surgeon-General's of fice, wereon the battlefield and there are tens of thousands of men in > England and France, now bless the mission of mercy upon the first -American appearing ivt France. "Our surgeons have set up hospitals immediately behind the lines They have been made military in every sense of the word. They have not been, especially fortunate in escaping attacks from the air, and thus our early loss in- this war, the lc>sses of Red Cross nurses and doctors and orderlies and attendants in hospitals and ambulance drivers, who were sent over to assist our allies in these necessary services, not only rendering assistance, but acquiring skill and knowledge of the circumstances and surroundings, so that when our own troops came in large numbers they could render like service to our own forces. But hat was not enough. It was suggested that further troops of mechanics might be needed. By May we began to see that we were going to be over there in large force, and the question that then had to be answered was how will we maintain an army in'France? Special studies had to be made of that problem, and this is what they showed: Need of Railroad*. t .."They showed that the railroads and the facilities of France had during this war been kept in an excellent condition, or better than any of us supposed possible under war conditions. Ana; yet, tnat those railroads were used to the maximum i to take care of the needs pf the French and the British themselves, and that when our army became a great army it would be necessary c for u? to build back of our own line . i an independent line of communica- ? tion. t "In other words, France was a s white sheet of paper, so far as we e were concerned, and on that we had i not only to write an army, but we c had to write the means of maintain- i ing that army, and from the first c time; when a careful and scientific b study of the opportunities of France ? to help us were made, from that hour J nnfi'l wo h a uo Konn in a France facilities, instruments, agon- I cies, just as many as were here in \ the United States, and more?many t of them of the same character. For \ instance, the French had naturally t reserved the best ports in France r for the British. When we came in it x was necessary for us to have inde- I pendent ports for entry in order that there might not be an admixture of our supplies through these ( ports of disembarkation with those i of other nations. We were given ports. As jtou, perhaps recall, the i ports of France are tidal oorts. ports e with deep water and ideal basin at s high tides, with insufficient water c for landing at the docks when the i tide is out. ' c Docks and Wharves. 9 "As a consequence the construction of docks and wharVes in port j of that kind is very much more diffir cult than where you have a deep j sea harbor, and all you need to do is ^ to erect a pil? wharf. We have had to build docks; we have had to fab- j ncaie in mi? country ana sena over dock handling machinery; we have j had to send from this country even the piles to build the docks; we have * had to have cranes manufactured in j this country and sent to be erected . ? A I t on those docks; we have had to erect . i over there warehouses at the ports ? of disembarkation in order that ^ these vast accumulations of store ^ and supplies which go over can b< ^ properly housed and cared for unti .. they can be distributed into the in terior. vf "We have had to take over and f are in proce& of rebuilding and am t plifying a railroad six hundred mile l&ng, in order to carry our product I from our ports of disembarkatioi j to our general bases of operation e and all of that, gentlemen, has to' r be done, studied uot as a necessary a thing to do, but when studied out a and reported here, the manufactur a ers for those things,have to be car f ried on in this country and the s things shipped over there, nails p crossties, spikes, fishplates, engines o cars, building. We have had to builc h ordnance depot and repair shops and f great magazines of supply in the I interior. All that problem has beer carried forward step by step. The plans for a single ordnance repair shop which I taw some tint* ago y covered acres and acres of ground, lesigned over here, the iron work fabricated over here, disassembled, rat in ships and carried abroad to >c reassembled over there. "We have lad to build barracks >ver there for our soldiers, and in he meantime to build them arouqd n the French villages. Building bar-caks over there and building them lere is a very different thing, genlemen. ^ "When we summoned the lumber ndustry of this country to produce he lumber to build our dwn cantonnents, it came in a great and steady itream from all over the country, >ut when we talk about building mrracks in France it means this: It neans to organize, as we have orranied, regiments of foresters, and lending them over into the forests if France which they have assigned , o us for our use, cutting down he trees, seting up saw mills, mak ng the lumber in various sizes, ransporting it to the places where t is to be used, and then finally ising it. "We have had to go back to the , Wanting of corn in France in or.ler hat we might some time make a larveat Our operations began in he foreats of France, / not In the umber yards, as they did in this :ountry." . ABBEVILLE COUNTY JAIL REPORT October 26, 1017.* Vverage daily population, 7.5 prisoners. \ Plant, Management, and Equipnent.?The interior of this jail is constructed principally of wood. It s three stories high, the prisoners' [uarters being on the second and hird floors to which a single wooden ' 1 taircase leads. The fire hazard is snormouB, as'we have pointed oat in >revious reports. It could be re-? luced somewhat by cutting a hole n the end of the prisoners' corrilor farthest from the head qf the itairs, fitting it with a trap door ' ' ind connecting it with the jailer's (allway by an iron ladder down the ide of the wall. This improvement inn Viapti moH<> in Ao UMcofinl/l rhich is of praetically the same ype of construction as the Abbeville jail. After our second inspecion the jailer made some improve- ; > nente in management which enables - /,; ts to give a higher score. ^ Ucommeadatiom to Shoriff on a|*nwnt. V 1. As to "Prisoners' Quarters: Conditions."?The floors in ' the irisoners', quarters should be scoux;id regularly once a week, and the rtankets used by the prisoners washid regularly once a month. The ewerage buckets in the prisoners' [uarters should be sunned and careully cleaned every'day. Enameled :overed buckets should be used intead of the open zinc buclceta now n the cells. 2. As to "Prisoners' Food and ?. Ceding," give the prisoners three neals a day instead of only two. Recommendation* to Supervisor and ?ommUaionera on Equipment, Etc. 1. As to "Jail's Equipment and .' iepair."?Have the windows . and sxterior doors of jthe jail screened Replace the mattresses oh which the irisoners sleep with straw ticks' or otton pads with canvass slip cove*. lelp to reduce the fire hazard vat he jail by having a trap door cut n the end of the prisoners' corridor >pposite the entrance, connecting hiB trap door with the jailer** lallway on the first floor by an iron t adder up the wall. This door should >e arranged to lock on the outside o that in case the stairs caught on ire there would be another exit rom the prisoners' quarters which he jailer could open. 2. As to "Medical Service."? 5ay the jail physicians to make s physical examination of all prisonirs within 24 hours of their comnitment to ia.il. vaccinate nrisoners .gainst smallpox when indicated, ,nd to visit the jail regularly once , week inspecting the prisoners' ood and quarters besides attending ick prisoners. Send tubercular irisoners. whether serving sentence r waiting trial, to the tuberculosis ospital at the State Penitentiary or treatment. teport Board of Charities and Cor rections. ' 'V\ Pay up your subscription before our aams is cut of.