University of South Carolina Libraries
THE URN8U8 Or OCCUPATIONS. Bnameretor*' Questions Will Apply to Everybody In the United State*. r - Washington. Feb. J2.?The "oc? cupation ? question In the United States eensus population sheduled to be oerrled by the enumerators dur? ing the Thirteenth Decennial Census, beginning April IS next, applies to ^everybody living In the United States Ron the date mentioned, which Is the "Census Day," and all the population schedule questions reiste to It only. In Its printed Instructions to enu? merators the Census Bureau holds that the occupation followed by a child or a woman Is just ss Impor? tant, for census purposes, ss the oc? cupation of a man. Therefore, the f enumerators are told never to take It for granted without Inquiry that a woman or child old enough to work has no gainful occupation. It Is pointed out, however, that only gainful occupations sre to be re i ported. By this Is meant any em? ployment work, profession, or voca? tion by which the person working regularly earns money or Its equiva? lent, The fact that a person has no gainful occupation U to be noted on the schedule. If a pereon Is only [ temporarily unemployed on account of lack of work, or alckness, or other temporary reason, the occupation which that person usually follows is to be reported. If a p.rson has two occupations, tike enumerator must return only the i more Important one?that Is, the one from which the person gets the more money. It that can not be learned, then he le to return the one at which the nor sun apende the more time. As an ilreetrettos. the enumerators are told to return a man as a "farmer" II he gets most of hie Income from t* farming, although he may also follow the occupation of a clergyman or preacher; but they must return him as a "clergymen" If he gets more of hta Income from thst occupation. In the csse of a woman doing housework In her own home, without ? salary or wages, snd having no other employment, the entry Is to be that she has no occupation. But a woman working at housework for wages should be returned as "housekeeper." "servant" "eook." or "chamber meld." as the case may be. and the * entry should etate the place where she works as "private family," "bo? tet" or "boarding house " Or if s woman In addition to doing house work in her own home, regulnily earns money by some Hher occupa? tion, whether pursued In her onw \ home or outslds. that occupat io a should be returned. For lnetance o woman who regularly takes In a ash? ing should be reported as "laundress" or "washerwoman." Women Doing Farm Work. A woman working regularly at * outdoor farm work, even vnough ehe worka on the home farm for her hus? band, son, or other relative and d>e* act receive money wages, should be returned as a "farm Isborer." The enumerators are to distinguish, how? ever, the women who work on the home farm from thoeo who work away from home by writing either "homo farm" or "working out" as the caee may require. A woman Who. herself, operates or runs a farm should be reported as a "farmer," and not as a "farm laborer." m I' any child, of whatever age, ia r regularly earning money, the employ? ment which he or ahs follows shou'd be reported as an occupation. This applies also to a child working for his board swsy from home. Children, or even adults, attending school or colleges or any educational institution, and following no other employment, should be returned eel having no occupation. But If any person Is ettendlng school or college end at the same time la regularly eernlBg money as soms gainful oc evpetlon. the enumeratori are to re? turn that occupation. In either case they must Indicate the fact of school or college attendance. Children who work for their par? ents at home merely on general household work or at odd times on other work are to be reported as hav? ing no occupation. Rut children who materlslly assist their parents in the performance of work other than household work should be reported as having the occupation in which they are so employed, even though they receive no wages. In the case of children who work for their own parents on a farm, that fact Is to be entered as "h<>m? farm." Rut for children who work as farm laborers for others the enumerator's entry Is to be "working out " Employer ami Employee. The Census Bureau Instructs the census takers that an employer Is one who emplys helpers, other than do? mestic servants. In transacting his own business. The term ernuloyer does not Include the superintendent, agent, manager, or other persons employed to manage an eatabllsh ment or buatneas; and It does not In? clude the foreman of a room, the boss of a gang, or the coal miner who hires hie helper. All eu h should be returned as employees, for, whlls eny one of these may employ persons, none of them does so In transacting his own business. Thus no individual working for a corpora? tion, either as an officer or other? wise, should be returned as an em? ployer. A person employing domeatic ser vanta in his own home, but not em? ploying any 'helpers In his business, is not to be considered as an employ? er. But, on the other hand, a per aon who la the proprietor of a hotel or boarding houae and employs ser? vants In running that hotel or board? ing house, should be returned as an employer , becauae he employs these servants in his business. An employee is defined as any per? son who works for wages or a salary and is subject to the control and di? rection of an employer. The deciding test is whether the person receives a wage or salary and Is subject to another's directions. If so, he la an employee, whether he be president of a large corporation or a day loborer; whether he be paid in money or In kind; and whether he be employed by his own parent or another. The term employee doea not Include law? yers, doctors, and others who render professional services for fees, and who, In their work, are not subject to the control and direction of those whom they serve. It does include actors, professors and others who are engaged to render professional ser? vices for wages or salaries. A do? mestic servant should always be re? turned as an employee, even though as previously explained, the person employing a domestic servant is not always returned as an employer. Other Schedule Questions. Persons who have a gainful occu? pation and are neither employers nor employees are considered to be work? ing on their own account. They are the independent workers. They neither pay nor receive regular wages. Examples of this kind are farmers and the owners of small establishments who do not employ helpers; professional men who work for fees and employ no helpers: newsboys; and generally speaking, hucksters, peddlers, bootblacks, etc. It la stated In the Instructions that, the purpose of the schedule Inquiries as to unemployment Is to ascertain the measure of enforced unemploy? ment?that is, the extent to which men want work and can not find It. The schedule question, ' home rent? ed or owned." la defined a* meaning whether a family owns the home In which It Is living or rents It. If a dwelling is occupied by more than one family It Is the home of each of them, and the question should be answered with reference to each family. A home Is to be classed aa owned If it la owned wholly or in part by the head of the family living In the home or by the wife of the head, or by a son, or a daughter, or other relative living In the same house wtlh the head of the family. It Is not necessary that full payment for the property should have been made or that that the family should be the sole owner. Every home not owned, either wholly or In part, by the family liv? ing In It or by some member of that family should be classed aa rented, whether rent la actually paid or not. All owned homes which are not ful? ly paid for, or upon which there Is an lncumbrance In the form of a mortgage or of a lien upon which Judgment haa been had In a court, are to be reported aa mortgaged. The inquiry aa to whether the per aon enumerated la a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy la to be aaked aa to all malea over 50 years of age who were born In the United states and all foreign-born malea who immigrated ot this coun? try before 1865. The Inquiry aa to blindness ap? plies only when a person Is either totally or partially blind In both eyes, so aa to be unable to read even with the help of glasses. Only persons who are both deaf and dumb are to be reported under the queatlon "whether deaf and dumb." The quea? tlon concerning school attendance any time since September 1. 1909 relates only to persons of school age between 5 and 21 yeara old. In case any person outside that age limit ac? tually attended school, the fact Is to be noted on the schedule. Henry Brooks, a negro, has been arrested In Dancaater on the charge of criminally assaulting a colored girl. By Joining the boycott. Aunt Hetty Green la alamming the meat trust at the rate of 15 cents a day.?Houston Post. If the combination of Democrats and Inaurgent Republicans were per? mitted to go on with Ita tactics of ob? struction. Congress might as well pack up and go home, for all the benefit that Ita dellberatlona would confer on the country.?Plttsburg Chronicle Telegraph. It Is a wise man who doesn't for? get to stop occasionally and wonder If he Is making a fool of himself. CORPORATIONS MUST ANSWER. Returns of Incomes Must Be Filed With Collector Jenkins. There remains now only about a week In which corporations have to record their incomes, in accordance with the Federal law, making the re- ] turns upon the prescribed blanks to Collector Jenkins at Columbia. In a circular, the attention of col? lectors of internal revenue and others Is called to the provisions of Section 38, of the act of August 5, 1909, re? quiring corporations, joint stock com? panies, associations and Insurance companies subject to the special ex? cise tax therein imposed, to render the prescribed return of their gross and net income for the calendar year 1909, on or before the first day of March, 1910; and to the pena'Cus imposed by the eighth paragraph of said section 38, for neglect or refuaal to render such return, or for render? ing a false or fraudulent return. On receipt of this circular, collect? ors will, as far as possible, and with? out further expense to the govern? ment, see that notice of these pro? visions of the law are given through the public press to all such corpor? ations, Joint stock companies. <so clations and Insurance companies. Where the prescribed returns are received after March 1, 1910, the en? velopes bearing postmarks showing the time of mailing shall be present? ed, each attached to the return con? tained therein and forwarded as a part thereof to this office. As stated In article 6 of Regulations No. 81, blank forms for making the required returns will be furnished, on application, by collectors of internal revenue; and a failure to receive such balnk and to make the requir? ed return within the prescribed time, will not relieve the corporation, Joint stock company, association or insur? ance company from the penalties Imposed for a failure to make s-ch return. VARDAMAN DEFEATED. Greenville, Miss., Man Elected to Senate. Jack ion, Miss., Feb. 22.?Leroy Percy, of Greenville, was chosen j United States Senator from Mississip? pi tonight in the 58th ballot of the Democratic caucus, by a majority of five votes over Former Gov. James K. Vardaman. When balloting was re? sumed today all of the candidates withdrew with the exception of Percy and Vardaman, the vote showing Percy 87 and Vardaman 82. The nomination is equivalent to election. ^vTien the caucus met tonight it was after a recess since last Friday, fol owing announcement by Gov. Noel that should no election be made during the present legislative session he would appoint Gen. James G?r? den, the present temporary appoin? tee, to serve during the unexpired term. Withdrawals of the several candidates having the lesser votes came fast, Congressman Adaam Burd, John Kyle, and H. H. Street following In turn, and the fight nar? rowed to the two leading candidates. The votes controlled by these candi? dates who withdrew went almost solidly to Percy, giving him 87 votes to 82 for Vardaman on the first ballot. In several respects the fight In caucus has been one of the most re? markable political contests ever held In the South. From the start partl zan feeling has been Intense and the contest early resolved Itself Into a factional struggle between the ad? herents and opponents of the former governor. Throughout Vardaman has maintained his original vote, at times gaining enough to bring him within a few votes of the goal. How? ever, the majority was always distri? buted among the other several can? didates. Mr. Percy retained second piace also throughout the contest. When announcement was made of the result pandemonium broke out among the large crowds in represen? tative hall a pent up enthusiasm of weeks was given vent and it was with difficulty that brief addresses by the victor and vanished could be heard above the cheering. Mr. Percy prom Ished a faithful service, while Mr. Vardaman formally served notice that he would be a candidate for the ? ffice at the election two years hence. The action of the caucus will be ratified at tomorrow's session of the two branches of the legislature. Bo Clioorful. No one man prefers to give his or? ders to a crouch. No one selects a man with a grievance to make a sale. No one chooses to do business with a sorehead. A smile removes obstacles, over? comes obstacles, inspires faith, and paves the way for business. Cheer spells confidence. Confidence spells success. Men who succeed are cheerful. Gloom spells trouble. Trouble spells failure. Men who fall are gloomy. Cheer Is an asset. Gloom Is a lia? bility. It Is good business to associate with men who are solvent. Be cheerful?as a business proposi? tion.?System. SOCIAL LIFE'S WEAR AND TEA It. Depletes One's Store of Physical Vi? tality and Nervous System. It is not always dissipation that is meant by the phrase, "the pace that kills." Diversion that is morally In? nocuous may come in time to deplete one's store of physical vitality and nervous energy almost as seriously as flagrant persistence in vicious courses. People who are "in society" may pretend that they can turn night in? to day, burning the candle at both ends in their protracted festivities, with no fear of the arrival of a day of reckoning, but nature with severe impartiality arraigns at length not merely the hardened roue or de bauche, but the person whose "rec? reation" has been of an entirely In? nocent nature and yet excessive In amount. It looks as though "society" would soon have to come to an understand? ing regarding the number of engage? ments its devotees are expected by its unwritten laws to make and to keep within twenty-four hours. Societies for the prevention of cruelty have been formed, but what organization Is there to prevent cruelty to society? It Is a real hardship to many a busi? ness man, who has to arise betimes in the morning, to be compelled to stay up until the small hours of the night In order to perform the funct? ion of escort home from the opera or the ball. The brilliant occasion Itself obliterates for the time being the anxieties of the working day, but with "the chill gray dawn of the morning after" the bread winner of the household finds himself facing his clients or his associates with his resevolr of vitality depleted; he has to make a conscious effort to keep wide awake In order to meet the de? mands made upon his shrewdest and most alert attention. Even when It is not the captain of industry who is concerned, but the lady of elegant leisure, whose hours are regulated at her own sweet will, It is plain from the flourishing state of the sanatoria for nervous invalids that the normally constituted woman can not be "on the go" incessantly without grave danger of overdoing and having to do penance, If not in sack cloth and ashes, at least with malted milk and enforced seclusion. The modern debutante has a really formidable gauntlet to run, with all the Invitations her social position and family traditions compell her to accept. The ordeal Is not so much the attendance at two or three balls In as many days, with luncheons and teas interspersed, as it Is the in? evitable preparation, making it nec? essary to spend hal:! of the waking hours in consultation with modiste and milliner. Sure y society is wait? ing, eagerly expectant, for the for? mation of some sort of protective league to make organized resistance against further encroachments upon the twenty-four hours of the night and the day, which are at present j who;ly Insufficient: for both ar?d I business and pleasure.?Philadelphia Publi"! Ledger. You Can Not Get Something for Nothing. Did you ever see one of those dar? kies who when he went to do a hard Job would play a little on one side of It and then fool a little on the other side, doing this and that and the other, and concerned chiefly with keeping out of the real work just as long as possible? If you have, you know how much he Is really worth when downright hard labor Is de? manded. Well, we have often seen farmers who se?med to us to think just like such darkles work. They would won? der and debate over and plan for a peanut or a potato patch, but they never did a good half-hour's really h?rest, concentrated thinking about their farming as a whole?never con? sidered the various lines of work in relation to each other or to their own subEtantial and permanent welfare. They farmed without plan or system, with no definite goal in view and, therefore, no certain course in any direction. To succeed at farming a farmer has got to think, honestly, earnestly, persistently and bravely. He must, when he finds a problem that needs solving, put his mind to work on It and keen It there until he has master? ed It, just as he puts his team Into a field and keeps It there until the field Is plowed. The man who is afraid to work his brain a little must expect to do a lot of work with his muscles for which he will get very little pay. ?Progressive Farmer. The question is as to what will be? come of the Atlantic steamship lines when balloons undertake the whole ocean transportation. What, too. Is to become of the custom house?? Philadelphia Record. Goodness does not consist In great? ness, but greatness In goodnes.? Athenaeus. Dr. Cook positively declines to talk without box-office encourage? ment.?Washington Star. Tho Forte of Public Opinion. (From tht Indianapolis News.) It is difficult for practical politici? ans to realise that public opinion can be aroused to such a degree that It will insist on having something done. Their notion of public opinion, generally speaking, is merely some? thing to talk eloquently about on the stump. When the practical politi? cian says "the people demand" he merely means that tlxe party mana? gers desire. And on all ordinary oc? casions his position is well taken. The people usually are content?en? tirely too content!?to let the politi? cians manage their affairs for them and take the best they can get with only mild grumbling as a result. But once in a while the people do make a demand. They want some? thing done, and they propose to have it done. Then the politicians lose their reckoning. They cannot gauge the meaning of the popular rumbling, which, as is their custom, they con? strue as merely popular grumbling; something that will soon pass away and be forgotten, crowded out, as it were, to make room for more In? teresting matter. This explains why th^ standpatters in Congress (who are among the most practical of the practical politi? cians) have be.en so dense about un? derstanding the public demand for lower prices. They realize, of course, that there was a general complaint, but they assumed that It was mnely the popular grumbling that breaks forth every once in a while, something of no particular consequence, and something which, if ignored and not dignified by offi? cial attention would soon blow over. And so, with the interest of the high tariff schedules ever at heart, they thought It better to pay no at? tention to the popular demand for fear it might bring on another tariff struggle?which, indeed, it Is very likely to do. But thve discontent did not "blow over." On the contrary, it culminat? ed In the meat boycott, which in? stead of blowing ov.er is likely to blow something open before it ends. And now, as our Washington dis? patches show, the less practical of the politicians, who somehow have a way of always reading the state of the public mind a good deal better than the more practical politicians, have not only realized that some? thing must be done, and done very soon, but they are bringing their standpat brethren to an appreciation of the necessity. It is not a pleasant task for a standpat Congressman to inquire into the causes of the high prices after having so persistently and ably forced through a tariff law that was designed to make prices high. During such an investigation he will be in Imminent danger of finding out things he does not want the public to know. Nor is he com? forted by the report that the Presi? dent has said that if an investigation tends to show that the tariff is in any way responsible for the extra? ordinary high cost of living he will be in favor of a reconstruction of some of the schedules. All over the country Legislatures or State officials are Inquiring into this question which is uppermost in people's minds, and as a result of the investigation by th# Agricultural Department Secretary Wilson has already made some declarations that add nothing to the tranquility of the standpatters. So there seems to be no other course than for Congress to Investigate the subject of high prices, however disagreeable the process may be to the- Congressional managers. What the result of such a difficult in? vestigation will be it is impossible to foresee, but with reasonable assur? ance we can take comfort in one thing and that is that such an In? vestigation will have no tendency to make prices any higher. Answered an Emergency Call. A youni? matron in Oyster Bay has a maid who Is as original an adept in matters of domestic emergency as any Japanese. A few days ago a. trio of college girl friends arrived unexpect? edly to luncheon. The young house? keeper WM in despair. "What are we to do? There Isn't enough of anything to go around," she cried in desperation, rushing out into the kitchen. "Oh, don't bother at all," said the quick-witted maid. "Just, you ro sit In the parlor with your company and let me manage?only," she added, "don't be surprised at anything you get yourself." The bride gladly obeyed, and when the luncheon was served she partook untllnchlnRly from her plate of con? somme?smoking hot black tea? while the soft-shell crabs, browned to perfection, on her guests' plates, were well imitated in potato and flour on her own. Her friends warmly congratulated her upon her excellent cook, which sentiment she echoed.?Success Maga? zine. Some day, perhaps, book store clerks will know what you mean the first time?another way to spot the millennium.?New York Mail. OFT-OF-THE-WAY CHINA. Only The Missionaries Arc Carrying Thither Western Ideas. (From the London Spectator.) To most people the word Hsln-hwa merely conveys something quite un? pronounceable, but hearing it I have a vision of a walled city of some 25, 000 inhabitants set In a n< t work ef canals in inland China, girt round on every side by yellow waters. In and about it passes the never-ending stream of Chinese life; traders, fish? ers, carriers, faring up and down the Grand canal and its branches?and once a week for token that China 1? av.ake, a puffing steam launch. Hsln hwa lies some hundred miles or so north or north and east, of Chlnkiang ?which you will find on the Yangtze ?and is to be met with on but one English atlas?which shall be name? less. Yet its population runs into tens of thousands, and its trade is by no 1 means inconsiderable. For the rest, lit Is, if you will, a tyi'cal Chinese 1 town of the lesser sort; 'emote and sequestered, moved now an \ again by I the doings in coast towns aid treaty ports, but for the most part \ ving its I own life. For its fellows, theh name Is legion, scattered up and down the I Yangtze valley and the basin of the I Hoangho; unconsldered by the ordi? nary Englishman, Ignored by the globe-trotter with his "Future of China." I Hsin-hwa is only typical of thou I sands of other cities, and so one's I view of China must largely be ln I fluenced by these tiny settlements. For good or ill they are there, and It I is scarcely likely they will be broken up, short of that event deai to the heart of the sensaticnal novelist?a sudden rising of' the East. One has then u> reckon with them in forming I any estimate of the future of China, I and unfortunately they are almost wholly neglected by the ordinary I writer. He will tell you In perfecetly vague terms that the missionaries are I a nuisance, excite the Chinese, were I the cause of the "Boxer" trouble, and I so forth. Now every one of these statements is demonstratbly false. The I "Boxer" rising was very certainly di? rected against foreign, not merely Christian, influences. It was precipi? tated, as anyone who knows China will admit, by the system of "land I grabbing" which gave Kisao-chow to I G?mai.y and Wei-shai-wei to Eng 1 land, and it was aggravated by that commercial Jealousy which Is so much in evidence today in the Pacific. And while it Is perfectly possible vo make out a plausible case for the total ex? clusion of the foreigner, you must, if you admit anyone, admit the mission? ary. He is not there for selfish mo? tives; he is, from his principleti, op? posed to any sort of violence, and he is generally speaking, a man who re? fuses to support his own converts against the "unconverted" Chinese. And, on the whole, setting on one side the religious question, one feels certain that these tiny mission stations are working for good. They are very slowly, but none the less surely, bring? ing about that "waking of China" wh*ch is the work, not of one year, nor of two, but of many decade8. These people living among the Chineae are gradually accustoming them to Western ideas, gradually preparing China for the great change which must come. So far it is only the great centers that have really been Influen? ced; there are still hundreds of mil? lions who have not yet seen a white man. It is by means of the mission? aries that these inland towns are brought, in any measure at all, into contact with the new order. In an? other way, too, they are doing useful work. If China is to be civilized, it is well the West should take some part in it. Japan has her agents, qnd these foreigners in Inland China are of great importance in reminaing the Chinese that Japan has no monopoly of energy and enterprise. Where En ? gllsh goods are scarcely to be met with, there you will find the mission? ary slowly doing the work of the pio? neer. That is to put the case on its lowest level, to omit all mention of the religious element. It is only one side, and the least Important of the missionaries' work, but it is a side the outsider is apt to neglect. And one may say with absolute confidence thai: this quiet, slow work is a factor of almost supreme importance in the Chinese problem, and a factor neg? lected by 9 out of 10 even of those who write comparatively intelftgent hooka about China. At the most, they deal with the missionary in the treaty port; they .eave out of account the missionary pioneer, though he be? longs to a class at once more numer? ous and infinitely more important. Mr. Henpeck has hesitated a long while abcut doing this bold thing, but he felt that now was the time or never, according to the Catholic Standard and Times. "Dear," he said, in a. very timid voice, "I wish you wouldn't call me 'Leo any more/ "Why not?" demanded his wife ex? plosively. "Leo" is your given name." "I know, my dear, but it makes my friends laugh when you call me that. I was thinking you might call me 'Job' just for a pet name."