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PRINCIPLES OF FARMING. FALL-BREAKING AND PREPARA? TION OF THE SEED BED. Deep Ploughing. Not Leun Than Eight Im-he*. la Nee emery In Order to Obtain the ti?et Results From the gotl?Deep Full Ploughing inad? visable on Sandy or Semi-Arid Lande. Upon the Inauguration of the Far mere' Co-operative Demonstration Work In the Southern States, it was found necessary to outline some of the fundamental principles of good farming and to Insist that the tillers of the soil become familiar with them and practice them as a first step in the betterment of farm life. These principles are as follows: (1) Prepare a deep and thor? oughly pulverised seed bed. well drained; break in the fall to a depth of I, 10 or It Inches, according to the soil, with implements that will not bring too much of the subsoil to the surface. (The foregoing depths should be reached gradually If the Held la broken with an ordinary turn? ing plough. If a disk plough is used, it Is safe to break to the above depths at once.) (S) Use eeed of the best variety, Intelligently selected and carefully atored. (t) In cultivated crops give the rows and the plants In the rows a apace suited to the plant, the soli and the climate. (4) Uae Intensive tillage during the growing period of the crops. (5) Secure a high content of hu? mus In the soil by the use of legumes, barn yard manure, farm refuse and commercial fertilisers. (I) Carry out a systematic crop rotation with a winter cover crop on Mouther n far ma (7) Accomplish more work In a day by using more horse power and better Implements. (S) Increase the farm stock to the extent of utilising all the waste pro? ducts and Idle landa of the farm. (I) Produce ail the food requir? ed for the men and animals on the farm. (10) Keep an account of each farm product. In order to know from which the gain or loss arises. M is the purpose of the Farmers' Co-optratlve Demonstration Werk to tna.nt upon suoh preparj" n e?f the soil as will furnish the be**, feeding t : ids for the roots and such as will provide at all times plenty of moisture and food for the growing plant*. It is better to secure 10 or IS Inches of well-drained, thoroughly pulverised soli filled with humua than to go deeper at the expense of lea* thorough preparation. The presence of heat. air. and moisture la eeeentlal to chemical and germ action in the preparation of plant food In the ?oll. The depths to which these penetrate the soil In the South depend upon the depth of the ploughing, provided the soil Is well drained. There Is no use in plough? ing down into a subsoil full of water. v It haa been proved without ques? tion that the roots of plants pene tru the soil deeper and feed deeper la deeply ploughed land. Thus, In general. It may be stated that when the eoll Is ploughed 3 Inches deep the plants have 3 Inches of food, when ploughed ? Inch** deep they have 0 Inches of food, and when ploughed 10 Inches deep they have 10 Inches of food. The fact that the bottom portions of the ploughed land are as rich In available plant food as the top portions shows the necessity of getting more air and heat 1 >wn to them by deeped tillage. The soil requirements most essen? tial to the growth of plants are heat and moisture. Deep breaking Insures air and heat at a greater depth. For plants to do their best there must be In the soil a constant supply of moisture, so that a film of water can envelope the soli particles and absorb nutritive elements. The hair roots of plant* drink this nourish? ment. If there Is any morj than enough to serve a* films for the soil particles and capillary water, there It too much, and It should be drained off. This can be determined by dig? ging a hole 20 Inches deep. If there in standing water in the bottom of the hole. It Indicates that there is too much water In the soli or subsoil. The capacity of a given soil to hold film and capillary moisture depends upon how finely It Is pulverised and upon the amount of humus in it. Unploughed landa retain but little water. Thoroughly pulverised soil 3 Inchee deep cannot store enough to make a good crop. In all Southern States there are every year periods of drought, some? times not serious, but generally suf? ficiently protracted to reduce the crop. The remedy for thla la increas? ed storage capacity for moisture. This can be accomplished by deep and thorough tillage and by filling the eoll with humua (partly decayed vegetation.) The effect of deep til? lage hae been explained. The effect of humus la to Increase greatly the storage capacity of soil* for water and to reduce evaporation. A pound of humus will store seven and one half clraes as much moisture as a pound of sand, and the sand will lose Its water by evaporation three and one-half times more rapidly than the humus. A clay soil will store only about one-fourth as much moisture as humus, and will lose It by evaporation twice as rapidly. Plants use an enormous quantity of water. An acre of good corn will absorb and evaporate during its grrowth nearly 10 inches of water. About three-fourths of this amount will be required during the last seventy-five days of its growth, or at the rate of 3 inches of water a month. This Is in addition to evap? oration from the soil, which, even with the retarding influence of the dust mulch, will amount to several inches each month in midsummer. In case the land is ploughed only 3 or 4 Inches deep, though thoroughly pulverized, it will store an amount of moisture entirely Insufficient to supply crop requirements in any protracted drought. These shallow and general? ly poorly prepared seed beds are the principal cause of the low corn yields In the South, and they affect the cotton yields similarly, but not so much, because cotton Is a more drough-resistant plant than corn. If planting la done at all, It Is folly to prepare a seed bed so shallow as to bring about the almost total loss of the crop some years and a reduced crop every year. Many farmers plough or cultivate their corn nearly as deeply as they break their land In preparing a seed bed. this leaves no space for roots in the pulverised and aired soil. Roots occupy a large space. If all the roots of a single vigorous corn stalk were placed end to end they would reach more than a mile, and if allowed by the ploughing they will ml the soil to a considerable depth and feed In all portions of It In the principal corn producing areas of the South the an? nual rainfall Is 85 inches or more, and here in a soil properly ^prepared for corn the great body at the roots will He from 3 to 12 Inches from the Burface and will feed within 2 inches of the surface if allowed by shallow cultivation. Ploughing 3, 4, 5 or 6 inches deep la only common ploughing. In our Instructions nothing leas than 8 inchea la ooaldered Jfdeep ' ploughing. w? are got advocating a sin^ie. i.-v.-k of g inches hi depth on00 in two ??r three year*, but the preparation of j an 8 to 12 inch seed bed thorough* ly pulverised and filled with humus. It la not Intended here to Insist that thla should be done at once In all cases. These are the depths that must be reached finally to secure the best crop results. The farmer must de? termine how soon he can secure theae deptha under hla conditions. Always plough in the fall before the winter rains aet in?the earlier after the let of October the better. Alwaya uae a cover crop of oats, barley, wheat, rye, vetch, or crimson clover, If possible. Every observant farmer haa noted that aeeda germi? nate more quickly and that plants grow more rapidly on fall-breaking than on spring-breaking. Fall ploughing renders more plant food ready for use, while the preparation of the land in the fall oaves work in the aprlng, when everything on the farm la crowding. A cover crop is a net gain. It keeps the soil from waahlng. if utilizes the plant food that otherwlae might escape into the air, and it adda humus. The soil is improved by the crop, and winter grazing is provided. In ploughed land properly handled, the loss of plant food is less than in unplough ed land; more plant food may be produced and more can be stored. In case a cover crop is used the loss of plant food Is slight. An objection is sometimes urged that fall-ploughed soil becomes sat? urated with water during the winter and remains wetter and colder later In the spring than land left ubroken in the fall. This Is true only upon land not sufficiently drained and where the breaking is shallow. Wat? er passes through deep breaking readily, and with reasonable drain? age It Is ready for planting earlier than lands broken In the spring. With deep breaking and an abun? dance of humus it will be possible to dispense with many terraces and yet have no washing of the soli. Ter? races are seldom required on the steepest hillsides of the North. Deej freezing opens the soil for the ab? sorption of the rain. When land is nearly level, with a stiff subsoil, it should be flat-broken, but left In ridges or narrow lands about 5 or 6 feet wide, suitable for planting, with a dead furrow be? tween. This provides winter drain? age and keeps the pulverized soil out of the water, which is import? ant even If unbroken, la It Advisable to Plough Deeper than 8, 10 or 12 Inches? The depth of ploughing muat be determined by the farmer himaelf. He knowa the conditions and Is the best Judge of the cost In many sec? tions If done In the fall It undoubt? edly pays to aubaoll 15 or 20 inches. Thlg haa been proved by some of the I A best farmers and experimenters in the world. Some subsoils in humid climates have been made so close and compact by the abundant rainfall that air does not penetrate them to aid in preparing plant food. Such fields, therefore, may not show any benefits of subsoiling until after two or more years. It rarely pays to subsoil land In the cpring, and it Is never advisable to uso the subsoil plough when the subsoil is fully saturated with water, even though the surface be fairly dry. Under such conditions of plough? ing the clay subsoil is pressed and packed, when the object Is to pul? verize It and allow the air to act upon It. Exceptions to General Rules For Deep Fail Ploughing. (1) Never plough below the line of standing water In the soil, because the subsoil cannot be pulverized in water. The water level must first be lowered by drainage. (2) Do no deep fall-ploughing on light sandy land or dry, seml-arld plains, and this especially applies to elevated sandy lands of the South. Such lands can be helped by adding humuti and using a winter cover crop. (3) The object of deep fall ploughing is mainly to increase the supply of plant food and the storage of moisture In the soil. While this preparation is of great value on roll? ing lands and nearly all fields so long in cultivation that plant growth is medium or less, there are some soils that for the production of cotton had better not be deep fall-broken, such as very rich and moist river bottoms and the virgin black-land prairies of the Gulf States, for the evident reason that there is too much plant food for cotton already avail? able In the soil, with abundant mois? ture?conditions that make for an excessive growth of the cotton stalks and a consequent decrease in fruit? age?even under ordinary conditions. For the cotton crop upon such lands It is better to plough very shallow in the spring and bed upon the firm soil. (4) Do not plough deeply or sub? soil in the spring. The subsoil is gen? erally too full of water, and it is too late for much effective action of the air upon the soil for the winter rains to firm the subsoil before planting for cotton. <k\ Tbin gray toils underlain with yellow or stiff clay near thn sur face, moMt of the po*^ oak flats, ?.id the comparatively level coast lands should )<? Vn'-.on in ;hjg< * (black luiiuncu; <>, U, Of I 1CCI ftlUC, ttC" cording to the crop to be planted. Cotton and corn may be left thicker in the row, to offset the wider space between the rows. The dead furrow between the rows should be double ploughed and made as deep as prac? ticable, with a good outlet for the water. This method will gradually deepen the soil, Increase drainage, reduce washing and give a larger and deeper body of loose, aired earth for the roots. This plan is excellent when surface drainage is ecessary. Soil to be live and frlab.v must be kept out of standing water winter and summer. The sugar planters of Louisiana all use the ridge method (generally 7 feet wide) for both sugar cane and corn. The dead furrow is as deep as a plough drawn by four or six heavy mules can penetrate at the last breaking. This gives an average depth of tillage of 12 to 15 inches. The adoption of the ridge method on demonstration fields In the Yazoo Delta in 1906 increased the yield of corn from 14 bushels per acre to 70 l wshois. No fertilizer was used. In case no winter cover crop Is used the soil should be disked or har? rowed two or three times dur'ng the Winter, provided it is dry enough. Give good drainage to all parts of the field. Any cultivation done after the deep fall-breaking should be shallow ?not more than 3 or 4 Inches deep. S. A. Knapp. Special Agent In Charge. Farmers' Co-operative Demonstration Work. ?The peculiar properties of Cham? berlain's Cough Remedy have been thoroughly tested during epidemics of influenza, and when it was taken in time we have not heard of a sin? gle case of pneumonia. Sold by W. W. Slbert. A negro child, left alone In a room at Clinton, was burned to death ?Many persons find themselves af? fected with a persistent cough after an attack of influenza. As this cough can be promptly cured by the use of Chamberlain's Cough Remedy, it should not be allowed to run on until it becomes troublesome. Sold by W. W. Slbert. The five-year-old daughter of Jesse Cam was burned to death at Abbe? ville Sunday. ?If you are suffering from bilious? ness, constipation, Indigestion, chronic headache, invest one cent in a postal card, send to Chamberlain Medicine Co., Des Molnee, Iowa, with your namt and address plainly on the back, and they will forward you a free sample of Chamberlain's Stom? ach and Liver Tablets. Sold by W. W. Slbert UNCLE SAM, THE MEDDLER. Citizens of Central American Repub? lics l?rotCHt Against America's Course Toward Nicaragua. Mexico City, Dec. 14.?Resolutions ratified last night at a mass meeting of tbe Central American people in Mexico City, denouncing the action of the United States in reference to Nicaragua and Zelaya, were mailed today to President Taft and Secre? tary Knox. They are in part as fol? lows: "That the government of the Uni? ted States has no right to interfere in the internal affairs of Central America, despite the reasons stated by you, and we affirm that the pur? pose of your government is to con? summate an offense against Nicara? gua, through the arousing of politi? cal passions and taking advantage of credulity or disloyalty of some Cen? tral Americans; "That Nicaragua has grounds to consider that the political revolution has been promoted by the govern? ment of the United States and has the perfect right to claim from that government an indemnltizatlon suf? ficient to pay for the loss of life and interests which your government has caused with Its Irregular proceed? ings; "That If the government of the United States had sought in good faith an equitable and Impartial so? lution of the conflict, It would have adopted at once the mediation offer eded, according to the declaration of the Mexican government to the press. "We declare that your note is op? posed to the sovereignlty and dignity of our common country, but princi? pally to the republic of Nicaragua; that we consider that the note is not inspired by a government friendly to our people, and in consequence we protest against the aggression which your government is practicing against Nicaragua and we call upon all of our countrymen in Central America and abroad to be on the alert with respect to the dominating and absorbing tendencies of the American government in order that should the occasion present Itself, they may act as the patriotism and importance of our five republics re? quire." MCARAGl \\ I rAL TiFVOT.TB. People Of Mnna^ui? openly De? nounce ZeiHya. Managua, Dec 14.?The people of Managua are in open revolt against Zelaya without check from the po? lice. They are crowding the streets and giving vent to unrestrained de? nunciation of the administration. Shouts of "long live liberty," "long live the United States," "long ilve Mexico," "long live Estrada" are heard on every side. The street demonstrations began last night, following denunciatory speeches in Congress and the temper of the people was madly excited by the report that a battle had been fought and won by Vasquez, com? mander of the Zelayan forces around Rama and that Vasquez had mas? sacred a large number of revolution Ists. With this report came the ad? ditional rumor that Vasquez had vio? lated the armistice and it was not considered likely that he would do so unless by Instructions from Ze? laya. These reports lost nothing in passing from mouth to mouth. As the Mexican minister was the guar? antor of the armistice, it is stated that that official will ask for his passports unless satisfactory explan? ations are made. The whole country is In a ferment. Zelaya Is denounced on every hand, but he is master of the situation, and the people fear a wholesale execu? tion of political prisoners as a part? ing shot. The prisons are full of men, most of whom are in a half starved condition and doubtless would welcome death. The people openly demand Amer? ican Intervention and vigilantes have been organized to prevent the escape of the President. A serious danger threatens, for the American concessionaire of the electric lighting declares that he will nut the whole city in darkness if money due to a large amount is not paid before noon tomorrow. This bill amounts to 109,000 pesos, and It is hardly likely that the demand will be met. The American vice counsel, Henry Caldera, has stuck to his post and conducted the business of his office under conditions of considerable danger. USCHS Golden Seal Stock A Poultry Medicine an ideal remedy for Horses, Cows, Mules, Hogs, Sheep and Poultry. Never fails to give relief. Acts direct? ly on the liver. Every Stock and Poultry raiser should have a can handy for use when needed. Hold by druggists and dealers. Price 25c, 00c and ffOOa can. Also Dusch's Disinfectant and Dip, guaranteed to destroy MITES4 LICKon chick ens. Sample on request. Golden Chain Remedy Co., Ino. EVANSVILLE. IND. 4 py SIBERT'S DRUG STORE. ?ran ALCOHOL 3 PER CENT. similatingdKrMrtRtfife ting tiic S lomac?s andBoweh of nfants/ChildrknI IVomotcs DigesHon?keriii ness and RestXon tains neimer C pit mi .Morphine nor Mineral Not Narcotic. Am&ofOldlk&MMniQWL PlBopkin Smf~ .?tvtmm * AcMteS?tx jtoatSmd* ffirii? Setd GASTORIA For Infants and Children, The Kind You Have Always Bought Bears the Signature of Apcrfett Remedy forConsfipr rion, Sour Stomach.Dlarrto Worms .Convulsions Jeverist ness and LOSS OF SLEEP. Facsimile Sigrawrcof NEW YDBK. _ Atb months old J5 Doses-35CEHTS Cruar&nleed nAderthsFoojj Exact Copy of Wrapper. In Use For Over Thirty Years CASTORS VMS OBKTAUS SOfiSSNT. NEW VOM? 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