University of South Carolina Libraries
Ej %'hflABLISHED 1865.0EIFmys C... FRIDAY, AUGUST_10, 19.TIEWE,15 IA Some Effects of Cotton Seeds and its Pro. ducts in the Dairy Ration. [Southern Planter.] Sometime ago a bulletin was issued from this station on this subject, but ow. ing to the great demand for furtlher and more general information regarding the Iatter, a fev remarks, based on obser valtions made in handling the milk and churning W1hen cotton seed, inl one form or another constitutes the entire grain rn tion, may not be out of place at this juncture. This food does not seem to have any nufterial cfect on tie specific gravity of milk, as it will be found to vary from 8-5 to 9.5 per cent. of solids, not fat ; a variation permissible in nor mal. Nor, in so far as can be judged. does it affect the keeping (1uality of the milk, but it certainly is a remarkable food for sustaining and stimulating the milk flow, under the most adverse cir cumstances. That it maintains the per cent. of fat, is shown by the fact that composite saimple from a heard of eighty Cows showed from 4 to 5 per cent. of fat, ind produced cream testing from 34 to -6 per cent. butter fat. It may be fair to st'ate that the milk comes from a mixed herd of IIolsteinls, jerseys, a1d grades of several otlier breeds. The cream from this milk seems to be particularly thick and viscid. Such cream is othervise as elsy to handle as that produced from other foods, but it his a greater tendency to expanld, a fact w"lhich has to be carefully considered when it comes to churning. The churn should never be filled more than one third full, unless in the case of very ripe cream, aid never more tihan hal full inder any consideration. Where cotton seed, or cotton seed meal and hulls, are fed, they certainly have a decided effect on churnii,r the cream requiring to be raised to from 66 to 7) degrees, as compared with 56 to 58 de grees where other foods are used freely in conjunction with them. The cream may even be heated to 77 degrees and yet produce hard granular butter. It mms formerly told that ripened cream, where cotton seed form the meal portion of the ration, could not be churned at a temperaiture of 58 degrees. A number of trials made last autumn showed t.he following: Tihat if the churn were only filled one-third full, tnd when the cream swelled anild became more vIs cid and sticky, that if it were diluted sufliciently w%ith water, so that it would strike freely, churning could be success fully done in from one to two hours; but where the churn was filled one-half full, or slightly more, and not s) diluted, the operation might be carried on four or fivye hours, or even longer, before the butter* could b)e obtained, and then the results were unmsat isfactory. One thing that this wvork has fully dlemonstrated, that no ad vant age is ob tned from churning at a low tempera e wvhen t u foodl is uised, its it only icessthe labe -, lengthens the opera tion, and prodluces o better butter. In fact, rather the opp (site ; for btter so chturned will be found\so crumbly it can not be made to cohere sullikmeat ly to ad mit of printing. The addition of coldl omr ice water for purposes5C of diluttion, vecry often producer the same trouble, so that it is only in ex t reme cases, and in the very hot weather, thatt it is necessary to use ice, except for wvashing the butter. In fact, where cot. ton seed meal is fed freely it largely takes the phitce of ice ; or, in other words, is to the Southbern dairyman what ice i~ to the Northern. As to the effect it has on the quality of the butter, it lessens the oleic oils wvhich -ive biutter its delicaute aroma andl flavor, us dlestroying in part the dlesirable vor' and aroma of grass and brand-fed **tter, andi( rend(ering it waxy and greasy fjYppeatran ce, and somewhat flat and owto the taste. But the increase Su;antity and the taking the platce of pd large measure, are (qualities that ly make up11 for these delete t on wvor-king in this: If the ot sufliciently ripened, or is little to cool, or if it is chilled y the add(ition of ice wvater, is the buttter wvill be of the atture previously mentioned, ardl to wvork. On the other stiff, waxy nature does not it of the equal distribution of ing often -in mottled butter, It generally requires from two to three times as much working as other butter to obtain an even salting. Bit while in one1 case it wonuld ruin the grain of th butiter, in this it does not affect it to any considerable degree. On account of its springy, natuire, it is very diflicult to print such butter satisfactorily. And in many instinces it has been foud impracticable to make it into poui- bricks, oil account of its adhesive nature, and the dificulty of pressing it firnly enough to make a solid print. Iii conclusion, then, we filnd the following: . Cot ton seed increases and mait,tains the milk flow. 2. It maintains the per cent. of fat in milk. 3. It enables churning to be done at high temperature, and this largely takes the place of ice. % I. Renders tile butter harder to color, salt evenly, and print satisfactory. 5. It gives tile butter a more greasy appearaice, a stily, waxy consistence, and sollewhat tallowy taste. These defects, hlowever, ar1e not mazirked, and have been greatly exagger ated by malny, and since cotton seed and its products are so cheap and valuable as food for dairy cattle, it is poor economy not to use it Iore freely. A. M. Soum.. Texas Experiment Station. Poultry ano Cows. Ai interesting discussion has been going on regarding the relative profit to Ie derived from a given number of %ickens and a given umiber of cows. While one fancier (kclares that fifteen .ens ar-, more valuable than the average cow, a s:tut vaccine partisan swears by the bea:.1 cf the prophet that he can make nc.ie money from one cow than any ImI an from one hundred hlens. The reiult (.f experiments made under varying conditions are now useful. One farmer made a test with fifty chickens aid one cow, gives a result as follows: Value of milk sold from one cow, $1 44,10; income from fifty hens, mostly for eggs sold, $150,8i. The cost of keeping the cow was given at $5 t, while the maintenance of the hens cost $56, and it was estimated that the value of the manure was equal for both. The farmer was greatly in favor of the liens inl the matter of lessened labor, of care and attention, the cow requiring more time, and far less agreeable labor. Nu ierous other experiments reported, if sunmarized, would probably result in the ratio of fifty to one. The chief value of the controversy has been to show that no dairy farmer should be without a fair ratio of poultry, anmd no0 poultrytman should fail ini maintain ing a proper number of cows. For small, irrigatedl farn:s intensively cultivated, nothing is better able to conmtribute to the famnily needs than cows and poultry. As many of each only should lie kept, however, as may receiv'e the best of care and attention, and patins should be taken to have only those of the best blood( and lineage. Right here is where tihe small, well wvatered and( well-tilled land holdmng be comles so potent a factor in the upbuild inig of a higher and b)etter civilization andl citizenship. Everything on1 such a farm must lbe of the best, and( the man w~hio tills his fewv home acres as a chem ist uised his laboratory to achieve the best results which skill and science can evoke, must necessarily climb to loftier heights, and take his family with him, than he who p)lodls in the fruitksi eni deavor to cover a large farm, without ally approach to scientific skill, either in cultivation or mlaniagemenit. -Americani Poultry Journal. UtIlize the Culls. WVe of the south spend in thme aggre gate a large sumt annually for vinegar. Every faily should take advantage of the full crop of fruit this season to make vinegar enough for several years supply. Vinegar can be mhadle fronm fruit juices in a few weeks by rep)eatedl areation, or the juice may be soured in full vessels in a cool cellar and kept for years ready for conversion into vinegar. Wheni thme vin egar jug is emptied, fill from No. 2. Fill No. 2 from No. 3, and fill No. 3 from the cask .in the cellar. If the juice is allowed to drip slowly from onie vessel to another, the exposure to the air will rapidly convert it into Cheap Pork Production. Alabama station bulletin No. 93 tells of tests of peanuilts, cowpeas anild sweet potatoes ats ecotiomical feeds for the pro duction of-f6rk. 'lie animals fed varied in age from pigs just weaned to half grown shoats, being all young, growing stock. Utnleached hardwood aishes and salt were kept within reaJi :md were used by these pigs. Thie experiment began September 8, 1891, and ein(Idd February 16, 1898. Following are tle results obtained Spanish peanuts, when harvested by young pigs, were converted into pork worth, at 3 cents per pound, $18.34 per acre of peanuts, when all conditions were favorable. This piece of poor sandy hnd, which gave it return of over $18 per acre in peaitit pork, would not have produced with same fertilizers over 2(X) I)otndls of lint cotton per acre, worth $io to $12. The expiense of cultivating these peanuts was much less thatn the cost of a similar acre inl cotton. In another field, with only half a stand of plants, the value of the pork from an acre of Spanish )eantts wIs $10.94 and $7.83 ill two experiments. Under favorable conditions, pork (live weight) wias produced at the rate of 14126 poimds per acre of peanuts, supplemented by 38 bushels of corn. With half a stand of plalnts an acre of Spanish peanuts produced, unaided, pork at the rate of 261 pounds per acre, and at the rate of 84lo pounds per acre when the acre of peanuts was supplemented with 35. bushels of corn. When tile fed pigs inl pens only three pounds of tinhulled Spanish peanits were required to produce each poun11d of increase in live weight. This is equal to nine pounds of increase, worth 27 cents, as a return from each bushel of peanuts eaten. Shoats pastured onl nearly matured cow pens and supplied with corn made almost three times the gain in live weight made by similar shoats fed exclusively on corn. The tinfavorable effects of long contiin ited feeding of an exclusive corn ration to young pigs is plainly shovin. The unthrifty appearance of the pigs eating nothing but corn was a startling coni mentary on the financial loss following such a course. The addition of corn to the peanut ration increased the total gain, but it re quired more of the'mixed food of peantits to produce it pound of' increase. The better effects 4' tlie mixed ration may )be diue to one or all of the following caIuses 1.To tihe tundetermnltIed atmotint of lea f lets caten. 2. To the more nitrogenous character (or better qtiality) of tihe mixed ration. 3. To thle better appetites of tIhe pigs oil a mixedl diet, resulting in the con sulmpltion of a larger quatntity of corn andl in more rapid fattening than oc cuirred with tIle lot on an1 exclusive corn diet. It is a well establishled p)rincip)le that rapid fattening of pigs is effected withI less food per pound of growth than is slowv fattening. Th'le cowv pea crop) was atbov'e the aver alge, and1( its vatlue ini 3-cent p)ork, after subtracting tile cost of tile corn fed, was $a0.65 per acre. Shoats fed in pens1 gained1 more rap idly ill weighit on a ration of ground cowv peaIs and( corn t h1an on grotund corni alone. In elect five andl a q1uarter p)ounds5 of t his mlixed1 food wats equalt to eighlt p-.m!ds of groundl( cornl. Three pounds(1 of sweet p)otatoes proved decidedly) inlferior to one pound1( of corn 'Tile results shmow thait tinder the condi tions of thlis exp)eimenlt oneC pound1 of corn was wvorth much more than11 three poundls of sweet potatoes. These figures (do iot einable us to p)lace an exact value oil potautoes, but indicate that pricing corni at 40 cents pe'r b)ushel sweet p)otat toes were worth less than 13 cents pe bushlel of 56 p)ounds(. (TIhe legal wveight of a bushlel of sweet p)otautoes va ries ini differenlt states.) If corn wvere worthI 50 cents per bushlel thlese results wotild give to sweet p)otatoes a value conlsidleraly below :7 centis. Probably 1o or' a cenlts per~ bushel wouild b)e a closer estimate of the niutitive value of it bushel of potatoes fed withI cow peams ini the p)roportions employedI in this ex perimenlt. Innamch na 3m huRhels of sweet no. tatoes is not an extraordinary yield, this crop will still easily produce more pork per acre than corn, and inasmuch as .ic hogs do their own harvesting and feeding without waste, it can be readily seen that notwithstanding their low feeding valuies compared with corn sweet )Ot a toes are a cheap hog food in the South. Tiey are succulent, palatable and whole 011ne. The value of sweet potatoes will be enhanced by feeding with them a liberal allowance of cow peas and peanits, which supply the nitrogenous nate rial in which the sweet potato is defi cient. Cow peas fed with corn did not injl riously affect the quality of the pork or lard. ianuts, when fed with corn, greatly softened the pork and lard. The softening effect of peanuts was still greater when! they constitted the sole food. This softening effect of peanuts was not corrected by feeding exclusively on corn for a month before the date of slaughtering. Lard from exclusive peanu11t feediig solidified only during t lie coldest 'weather of February, at other times int Febru ary and March becoming almost a semi liquid. 'T'lhe low melting point, or want of firmness, of lard made from peanuts in jures its sale. Ilowever, cooking tests fail to reveal any real inferiority. Hogs and Pumpkins. While feeding my hogs their ration of pumpkins recently, it occurred to my mind that many of the ills with which humanity is afflicted, particularly of a parasitical nature, are due to our domest ic animals. More prudence and a little forethough might avert much disease, not to say death. Tape\Vorms and other parasites find the swine, sheep, etc., a congenial breeding place. The humane and wise course to pursue is to see that our animals are kept in good health, es pecially so just before slaughtering. Pumpkin seeds are about the only vermi fuge used in some households, and they are among the recognized official articles enumerated in the United States Dispen. satory, and are held in high relute as taeniafuges by practitioners of high re pute, says J. C. Senger in the Rural New Yorker. It is but reasonable to suppose that, when fed to our animals, they will exert a similar sanitary effect. One thing is certain that when- hogs are fed pumpkins in connection with their regu lar corn ration they will lay on flesh more rapidly, and one will get more pork from a given amount of corn than without the pumpkins. This may be due p)artly' to the intrinsic feeding value of the putmpl kins themselves, partly because succumlent feedl renders more of the dry feed digest ible, and p)artly because few~er worms have fewer mouths to feed. We all know how difficult it is to feed an animnal that is infested with worims. The chances are that pumpkinms have a feeding, a medicinal , and a nmnurial v'alue. But it is not a safe practice to leedI them ind(is. crimninately, ad l ibitumi, to the extent that hogs will not conisine all that mnay begiv~en them each meal .--North western Agriculturist. Facts for Farmers. Every farm has a p)lace for sheep that no other stock can fill. For want of suflicient moisture a tree may starve with its roots in the midst of p)lenmty. Teach the young horses to walk well, and a goodl foundation is laid for thme fast er gaits. Thorough grubbing is the sur-est way of getting ridl of elder, sassafras andl per~ Always keep thme plow sharp; it nmakes better work anid is easier for bothI the team and p)lowimlan. One adlvantalge in usiing the drill or seedl sower is that the seedl will be (dis tributedl more evenly. A light. daily feed of oats canm nearly always be given to the weaning colts at this time with benefit. When the tools and implements arc storedl away, be sure that they are 1)1op) erly cleaned and( p)ainted. The best systems of croppinmg are iniva riably those which call for the most thorough p)rep)arationl of the soil. Feeing, watering and( grooming reg ularly will aid materially in keeping thc horses in a good, thrifty condiion. Farmers' Unin. San Jose Scale. (Aspidiotus Perireceosus.) This very serious pest of fruit trees has been reported from several points in South Carolina. Few Ire familiar with the insect as yet, am, know when it is present. No doubt it is doing damage uinaware in a number of other places in tile S(ale. 'it oyster shell scale or bark louse and scurfy scale are frequently fouild oi orchard trees, ats well as other species of scale ; but the S11am1 Jose scale is (lhe mennest of tle scale insects. In lested tree-s it' felt alone suceculmi) inl about three years. In a peach orchard, not inl t his State, however, I 8() out of 29>oo trees died as tile resuilt of the injuries of this insect. It is to be hoped that those in this State )who have orchards, or even but a feNw trees, will he on tle lookout for this scale, and take Iielasilures promptly for its Uistruction. In cases of doub! the party shoultd wri to tie lAltololigist of tile pelilIent Sation at Clemson College wh%.lo will gladly identify speci Iienls a1i! lur11-Iish all ecssay informIIaI tion. The tw igs of' trees infected with this scale have a dul111 ashen appearanl e whlen the insect is present in quantity. if tle t,wig he scraped with tle fingernail there is found a seurfy material whici is easilv scraped off. ''ll hark underneath ( his -urf Is a purplish appeairanice which is very pronounced in tle case of peCl es, alpples and pear-s at211( inidicates, be yond a doubt , tI he presence of Sam J ose scale. The seury scale is somiewhat similar to lie scale first mentioned, but does not cause this purplish discolora t im of t wigs. The ashen appearanee ot wig's is cautsed by two or (ibr-ee layers of small papery scales. Whenl not So abundant, however, the scales have tile appearalice of small whitish discs adher ing to the bark. These are circular in outline, about one-t welfth of an inch in diamet'er or smler with i a small nipple like prominence in the center. Tliis scale represents an excretion of tlie ini sect-not the insed itself-tie offender being a little soft-bodied insect tner neatih tle papery scale. There fixed inl position he lives sucking the juice of' tile twigs, protected from tile weauhet by his little house. lBirds, no doub), are elfective agents inl carrying tle insect from tree to Iree upoti their feet. The original infesta tiols m11a) come with trees purchased of nurserymen or tree ageits or upon fruiit. The Sai Jose scale can he sent around the world on fruit. It would therefore be unwise to throw peelings oin which scale were present tioig fruit trees or into the yard. 'Thle insect lays no eggs, but brings forth its younig alivye cont iiously (luring thle sum mer. Wh ile younzg it can crawl a3bout , but soon1 loctes 0on thle bark, and lien remiainis fix ed itn that plauce. All thle decid uouts frmuit Itrees and1( shrzutbs of tie r'ose family, inicluiding thle rose itself, a'so chnis, chesttnts and1( waluts arte liable to thle at tack of' this scale. Treatmtetnt is limiiit ed to the winter seatson when the foliage will not be in jur'ed by thle sItrong washes n)ecessary. ketrosete etmulsion used at thle trate of otne par't of' the emnulsiotn to four 01' five of wa2ter' hats been foittd etntirely sat is factory for' treat inzg t rees inf1 ested with scatle. It is utsefulI f'or ot her scale insects also. IDi luted to one par't in fiffteen or I wenty it mal2kes ani effect ive land cheap spra'2y agauinst plant31 lice, umites, and1( al miost any insect. Th'le emuizlsioni is tmade as follows: liiartd soap j, onie-hialfI pound ;d soft water, one gal lona ; ke&'osene, t wo) gallonis. First slice utp the soapl intto a gallIon of wiatetr, heat unt1il thle soap l is all melted and1( dissolvedl, atnd while t his solution is boiling hot add to) it t wo galllonis of coail oil anid churani the umixturte violently unttil it fortms a1 butter-tmilk mass. It is ltnread(y tot' diluition and use accordhinag to thle sI renigthI needed. if' wvell mxade therce wvill he no ftree oil on lie surtfazce, an<il a dtrop a pplied to glass will show 3n0 oilIintess. 'Thle c hurn'1in g is mtost effectiv~ely done by mneatns of a1 hand1( sytringe or' pump111 by pumping upl the li<utid and1( forcing thle s~ 2ta back into lie satte vessel. Ini pla1ce of thle halfI pound1( of hiatrd soaip a1 (ciuart of soft soap1 ma2y be utsedl. If the t wo gallons of ker'osene canl he heated w i thout danltgetr before beinzg adldedl to thle soap11 solution so tmuch the belter'. A not her I retnt tmenit conlsist s of t wo npounds of white-oil Isoan1 dIissolved in one gallon of watcr. This, as well as the kerosene emulsion, requires the use of at strong spray pump. On the Pacific coast, what is known as tle "lime, salt and sulpher waash," is said to mIake the control of this scale easv. 'The samle wasl, however, accord itg to some auit orities lias not proved so satisfactory inl the EAst when differ ent climate conlditions prevail. h'lie writer has nit yet tested this formiula imselif. It may be wvell to give it, lowever, unslikenl lime, 5() pounids; sulplher. .5 pounds:-. salt, 1 poimdF; water, Ioo pounds. Hlalf of the litte mnd all of tie sulpher are placedl in a vessel w it h twenty-five gallons of wa ter. '['lie contents of the kettle are then boiled until the sulpher is dissolved or com11biies withl the litte. W lien finished the resulting liquid will be dark-brown anm perfectly liquid. The product is sllplide of litte. 'lhe salt is now added Sthe bii la;nce of tie lime atid the latter slaked. The salt and slaked lime are now added to the sulpher solution. All are boiled together then for an hour. Diluted now with water to make one hiundred gallons and strained tihe wash is ready for us,-. This wash can be used only oil domieat trces. It would kill foliage. ERNEsT WALKIM. Room at the Top, but Nowhere Else. h'lle lower rouis of tle ladder of life are all occupied ; the lower bertlis in the sleeping car of progress are all filled, and ma1tny of them ire 'doibled up;" the pit and galleries of tile theater ofl human existence are crowded, but there is plen ty of roomli on tle stage ; the auditorium is full to overflowing, but tlie rostrum is not half filled. Those who can reach lie top of' the ldder, or the tipper berth, the stage or the rostrmn, will find a va cant place which they exactly fill. 'T'here is room it tlie top, but whether there is room there for all will never he known, for but few will ever reach the highest point. It is suifficient. to know that there is room at the top for all who get there. In every avenue of life this is IIte. 'I'imne was whilen all positions were neiarly oin it level : then there was room everywhere, work for all and suc. cess for every half an effort. But the few onutclimbing tle masses have Created higher levels of existence, and because liey are few there is room there. The man who is contented onl tle plain where lie tarted mnay be haitppy enough, but he is not envied. The slim rewards of mediocrity may satisfy his simple wants, but Conspicuous success is beyond his reach. 'I'lie army tliat spends it%; time on dress parade will not. challenge the admir'at ion (of' the wvorld by its great v'ictoiries. W\hy are D)ewey and Schley fitmiotus andi( envied ? Becauise they knew their business ; ittd because the imen who built their ships and( the meni who miannmedl t hem itfterwiards, thle mien whlo made(1( thle gunms that sank thle Spaniishi fleets, were all trained for t heir respec tie task, were as thle top of the laidder' of' efliciency ; hence thleir defeat by an inferior enemy badly equippledl wats an imnpossiblity. The Spaniar'ds in these memorable engiagemienits were too igno rant to know t heir inferiority, andi( they wvent dowvn with their wr'ecked ships. 'Thle American oflicers and( meni were in lie ''fighting topis." Thle Spniaxrdls looked up itt them and sanik , t here was room for them at the top), but they were niot there to occupy it. lIn every call ing, in peaice its well as wvar, men sine ceedl or fail itccording to thiei r attain menit s. In ia gang oif working men nine get one dollar11 a day, while the tenth gets its much as atll thle ofthers. IDol lar at-day mien arte in dletmanid and1( itre scarce. Th'lere is room foi' the latter, whileI the ranks of the former are crowded. WVhen all farmers were prosperous according to lhiir efforts, it was thotighit that they wer'e exemipt from thle law ini quest ion, btut miodlern pr'ogr'ess extended its pro visionis ov'er all. Th'lere is no room for a stuccessful farmier anly wVhere near the bot - tom. The persimmoni of success canm only be reached by thle lonigest pole. As in thle kingdom of' heaven, many are called, but few chosen ; so in this world many climb, bitt few get there. Hut lint is ato reason w hy itny should niot strive. Few men are wvilling to ;tiren deCr hope, and lie who refuses to make an effort becituse odd(s itre against him, surrend(ers all hope, and thence forward is (of no more consequence than a knot on a log.-.Farmu nd Ritnch.