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CHERAW GAZETTE A N D PEE DEE FARMER. VOLUME IV. CHERAW. SOUTH-CAROLINA, FRIDAY EVENING, JULY 6. 1839. NUMBER XXXIV. _ ' EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. TERMS: If paid within three months, . - $3 00 11 paid within three months after the close of the year, . 3 50 if paid within twelve months after the close of the year, 4 00 If not paid within that time, ... 5 00 A company of ten persons taking the paper at the Bame Post Office, shall be entitled to it at $25 provided the names bo forwarded together, and accompanied by the money. No paper to be discontinued but at the option cf tho editor till arrearages are paid. j Advertisements not exceeding sixteen lines, inserted for one dollar the first time, and fifty ; cents, each subsequent insertion Persons sending in advertisements are request, ?d to specify the number of times they are to be inserted; otherwise they will be continued till ordered out, and charged accordingly. 0*The Postage must be paid on all communications. mrrc suTTnC/YPITr OP PRTTNTVfJ. We apprehend the common practices in this branch of rural labor are not altogether based upon a sound philosophy. The ani-; mal structure, we all know, is admirably adapted to its wants, to its habits, and to its uses. There is no su rplussage?no useless incumbrance?all is necessary to fulfil the designs of nature. From analogy, as well as from the system and order which every where pervade the visible creation, is it not reasonable to infer, that every part of the vegetable structure is alike essential to its well being? Are not the branches and leaves as essential to the tree, as the limbs and lungs are to the animal? Who will say otherwise ? Nature produces nothing in vain. Although we may assist in carrying out her designs, we cannot cross her purposes without suffering the penalty ira. posed for a violation of her laws: No part of a plant can be affected with, out affecUng the other parts. Roots and branches reciprocally produce and nourish each other, if a tree has part of its roots destroyed, the branches which these supplied decay; and when some of the branch, es are destroyed, some of the roots perish also. The extent and form of the one, will in a measure ever correspond with the ex. 1 tent and form of ihe other. If a young tree ? l?Afvt aI/vaa rvpain/ir] rliuociorl r\f ito 11tv?Ko ( 19 oupi ViVOt J/IUUV-U, utfi.Oivu vr nu nuiww and fohage, it is soon stunted in its growth, ' the wood becomes carious, and diseased, ' and the plant is short-lived. If, therefore, we destroy equilibrium?which nature has < established, between roots and branches, by < greatly aiminishing the one or the other, we i thwart her designs, and mistake our inter. est. Every branch has its roots?-us mouths 1 ?in the soil, to supply it with the elements < of its food ; and every root has its branch 1 and its leaves?its lungs?in the air, to 1 convert these elements into food, for the i joint benefit of tnem both and of the stem. Oue cannot attain growth without the co. 1 operation of the other. Without the roots the plant cannot obtain the elements of 1 food; without the leaves those elements, if taken into the system, are of no benefit; but, on the contrary, like the undigested food upon the animal stomach, generate disease, rather than promote health and vigor. Every leaf performs its office in the process of nutrition and growth; and, other circumstances being alike, the increase in the growth of the plant, will be in the proportion to the number of healthy leaves; if one half of these be destroyed, the growth will be but one half as great as if the whole bad remained?if complete defoliation takes place, the growth will enur* ly cease. Hence pruning decreases growth, in proportion to the extent or severity with which it is pracIllA #3 WCUl Whenever a tree has a live spray cut from it, an injury is inflicted on that tree that can never entirely be repaired. Every wound received is stored up; and if wounds be constantly added, they will accumulate to a degree too great to be borne, and the tree will stnk under its infirmities. It is useless to attempt to transfer the timber of the bough* to. the c:?m. or to confine the growth of timber entirely to the stem. However desirable it may be to the pruner, to have all the growth diverted to the increase of the stem, he never will be able to. effect it. He may, like the dog, snai at the shadow, and lose the substance; but never will he be able, by pruning off the boughs to increase the growth of the stem one jot. No; the size of the stem will be in proportion to the head it has to support. The stem is not as he may imagine, a production formed merely for the use of man ; it is the canal, or passage, in which the juices pass between the roots and branches ; and the size of this passage is always in proportion to the offices it has to perform. If the number of branches [meaning to include leaves] be increased, ihe quantity of sap passing be. tween them and the roots will be increased; a greater space is necessary for the in., creased quantity of sap, and consequently the stem is increased. Let the head of the tree increase, and depend upon it, there will be a corresponding increase of the stem. "It is said to bo right to cut away a small proportion of the weaker branches, and turn the current of the descending sap more abundantly into the stem. It is hard to un. derstand what is meant by this explanation of the effects of pruning. Does the sap descend down the stem till it arrives at the weaker branches, and then ascend up them gnd increase their size, instead of that of fhe etem ? If so, the weaker branches would soon become the stonger; or rather if trees have the property of sending the sap from the strong branches to the weaker all the branches would be equally strong. The descen ding sap, on reaching the weak, er branches would become ascending sap. And if the small branches be considered i obstructions preventing the descent of the j sap, the large branches must be greater ob. struclions. But where does the sap de- j scend from? Pruners forget, that they can. < not cut a live spray from a tree without les- I sening the quantity of its leaves. Their 1 theory is founded in error, and all their ! reasoning is false"?Ballard in Farm Mag. J This explains what often seems enig- i matical to superficial t bserver9 in vegetable i economy, viz. that moderate sized trees i from a nursery, have ordinarily a much < thriftier end healthier growth, and arrive { sooner to a good bearing state, when trans, i 1 J . .1?? ? ?? ham. la.itn In ? piameu, man trees uiai arc *c?j iaigv.. ... >? the former, natural proportion between the 1 roots and the branches is preserved,?the s former being taken up nearly entire?the t sap vessels are filied, and the growth is but ? partially retarded. While in taking up r very large trees, whose roots have greatly 1 extended, the mouths of the plant are sc~ a riously diminished, the sap vessls contract s and become indurated, in consequence of s the diminished supply of sap?and the tree g must acquire new roots, and new sap-wood, a by a slow process of growth ere it can t! flourish with its accustomed vigor. Tho ^ same evil results from cutting off the entire " top of a tree. It is deprived of its elaborat. v ing organs; and although the root may send upjllte elements of food, they cannot benefit p the plant for want of leaves to convert them u into vegetable blood. It is no argument tl against this position, that deciduous trees l< spontaneously develope foliage and flowers w in the spring. There is a store of elabora- t< ted sap laid up in autumn to effect this.? tl Strip a tree in June, when this store is ex- ** hausted, entirely of its leaves, and the tree w wi.l not grow, and will probably die. The f< stem, at least, will sustain serious injury.? d The nurseryman knows, that after an apple, pear or plumb stock has been cut down and tl grafted upon, the heart-wood becomes un- ^ sound if the graft fails to grow, and the whole ?' stock doty and in a manner of wor hless ai for a future sc<on, and that it will not gtow c< ? /T ir a particle aoove wnere it senas on succors. The tendency of pruning to generate dis- b< sase, and to shorien the life of trees, is il. P' usf rated in the appearance of old orchards. cl which have been injudiciously pruned.? te Wherever a limb is split off by winds or ac- 10 3ident, it exposes a diseased heart-wood ; w and this disease at the heart spreads to the c< roots and branches, and induces permature 01 Jeuth. The natural duration of the apple hi tree is believed to be more than one hun- g dred years; and yet how few are found in a healthy state at fifty years ? M ?rk the P contrast, in soundness of wood, in vigor of ^ growth, and in duration of life between the ^ ipple, and other frequently pruned trees, '* ind those t;ees, whether fruit or forest, te which ar* left to luxuriate naturally, wuhoui the artificial aid of the pruning knife. 1,1 i w If pruning be prejudicial lo the growth and logevity, why then, wre may be asked?why prune at all? We answer, for utility, to give beau y, and to improve and increase the fruit. , In natural forest growth, trees attain height, and a straight clear timber form, pi from their crowded situation; and as die a lower branches become useless they die a! and fall off. But in cultivated grounds, or tc where there is ample room for roots and branches to spread, this does not take ^ rdHCH? nnd hence the oronrietv of Drunin? at r , . r r , ' L 1 here to obtain a good stem for timber* or a w nandsome top tor shade and ornament.? r< Often there are two or more leading shoots striving for the mastery, and unless they are ti shortened, or taken off, there will be two 8i or more stems, of diminutive size, instead < of one stem, of larger size. We may there- tl fore prune shade trees to improve their form, v or to please the fancy, and timber trees to 91 improve the bole; but in neither case do h we either increase the growth, or prolong * the life of the tree. o "As the twig is bent so will the tree in. si cline," is literally true in regard to pruning, u We may give almost auy form to trees b which fancy may conceive, by beginning si early, and preserving with the pruning knife n or shears, as is witnessed in clipped hedges, 1< and often in ornamental and garden it grounds. We may make them dwarfs or a standards, or give them a thin or a dense h foliage, at our pleasure. They miy be g trained or cut into thn shnnp nf animals, info I ri geometrical forms, or architectural compo- F si'ion. p We prune fruit trees to improve the fruit, u and to induce a bearing habit. The roots of trees take uo from the soil a certain quan- ' tity of vegetable food, call it geine, or humus, or organic remains, or what you please ?it has constituted par's of vegetable struc. ture and is convertable, by natural process, es, into wood or ft uit, or both. If the tendency of the plant is to wood, as is generally the case wuh all healthy young trees the fruit will t e scarce and inferior, at least nil the tree has. attained to mature sizf\ On the other hand, as the tendency to growth is checked, by poverty of soil, disease, or judicious pruning, the tree will be brough into precocious state of bearing, and, in the case of judicious pruning, produce more and better fruit. In pruning or training to induce a fruitbearing habit, the object is to check the un. interrupted, and we may say natural, descent of the elaborated sap to the root, by en couraging a horizontal, instead of an up- | right, growth of the branches, when the tree approaches the bearing age. This causes a stricture in the descending sap vessels, at the bifurcation, or junction, of the branches with the stem, and a consequent accumulation of elaborated sap in the branches, to generate fruit buds, and to swell the fruit. The same object is sometimes, though injudiciously, effected, by taking out a narrow :ircle of bark, or by ligatures, to prevent :he descent of the elaborated sap. Hence :he upright shoot is often cut out, particu- : iarly in the apple tree, and the branches are , rained horizontally, diagonally, or in a half inverted position, as on walls, espaiiers/and n the en qucneiUe, or distaffform of trainng. These operations have also a tendeu- 1 :y to improve the quality of the fruit, by jiving it a better exposure to the kind of ' nfluences of the sun, air arid light, all essential to its due maturity and high flavor. Vature provides for the propagation of the ' ipecies, by producing perfect seed, leaving 0 art the labor and contrivanceof enlarging ind enriching the pulp or fruit. All fruits nay be improved from their natural stale, 1 >y artificial culture, though nothing may be ' idded thereby to the intrinsic value of the eed, or natural duration of the tree. Ti.e ! eeds of the wild crab, or wild pear, are as ;ood to sow for stocks, to graft or bud upon, 1 s the seeds of the cultivated varieties of 1 1 - ""'1 nmnr/linrr *r\ Dr ' Iltrse ITUU9 , auu llliiWbu| awvuiumg iw j fan Moris' theory which his practice seems ? have confirmed, they are the best from diich to start new varieties. Prune, therefore, when necessary to imrove timber; prune for ornament; prune J ) improve the fruit; but do not prune in le hope of accelerating growth or 01 pro. >nging life. And in ail your prunings, cut . rhile the wood is small, and spare to the 1 fee all the foliage you can consistent with ' le object you have in view. By pruning 1 dien the tree is young, and pruning often \ 'e nr ay secure a handsome stem and well . irmed head, and we cause no wounds that . 0 not speedily heal. The common practice is, to prune in au- ! imn or spring, when the tree is divested of f iliage. To this practice we make two 1 bjections. In the first place the wounds 1 re exposed?unless covered with a suitable v jmposition?to the searching and corrod. v ig influence of the sun, wind and rain, there <. jing no loaves to shield, nor circulating k jlp to heal them. In the second place, it u luses the multiplication of succors, and of. , n increases the evil which it is designed | 1 cure. The soap is arrested in thcepring. i hen its ? greatest, in its natural s jurse to the amputated branches, oozes 6 jt and corrodes the b ?rk and wood, or ex? ? ausis itself in the production of n pro! fio 1 rowth of succors, more detrimental tuan r ic parts that have been lopped off. If f runtng is performed the last ot J me, wh? n ,! ic exuberan flow of sap has abated, the 'ounds art in a measure pro ?'c; d. bv the., I >liage?, from the %veatl?ur ; much aneliiDora- * d, has become elaborated sap, and trans. c >rm< d into cambium, or pulp, whose heal. 6 ig quali ics soon cover the edges of the ound ; few or no succors are generated, c ud the heart of the tree is in a measure pre. s wed from canker and decay. These opin- f ins as to the propriety of summer prun ng 11 uu trees, have been confirmed, in our nund, F y three years' praciice and observaiion. ^ Another common t rror in pruning, is he 1 ractice of cutting all th^ lateral shoots from fc ? -* *'nvflAnt n Four ?? tka anov f :ome cankered and diseased, and young hrifty wood is ihrown oui at or near their Jase. In this case it is always preferable o cut the diseased wood, leaving the healthy thoots to fill their places. When transslanting trees, the knife should be used sparingly. If the roots are greatly diminshed, in digging up the tree, the top may t>e lightened by thining its branch; or if lone of these can be spared without marring he form, the longer branches may be ihortoned, or cut in, at a bud ; but we do aot advise, in any case, the cutting off the entire top. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The public attention in Europe is awak ened on 'his subject, as well as in America and not only are schools specially devotet to this study continually rising up, but ample provisions ore being made to introduce elementary books upon agricultare into the common or primary schools. It appears from the French Annals oj Agriculture, that there were three prizes o one thousand francs each, awarded las year in France, to three authors of elemen. tary works upon agriculture, prepared foi the use of schools ; and also two gold medals. and one silver one, to the authors oi three other like essays. And in the list ol prizes offered for the current year, we find one of 1000 francs, for the composition o: elementary books upon agriculture, for children in schools. We make the extracts below, from the proceedings of British agricultural Societies, at the autumnal meetings, to show, thai the importance of education to those whe till the soil?to those who furnish the bread and meat to feed the nation, is attracting much public attention there. 'Mr. Brewsher, [in the Stafford Waldror meeting,] observed, that the system of theii fore.fathers, however good, was to be much improved by the assistance of educalion, and the combination of science, and the exploration of the mineral and vegetable kingdoms. He also impressed upon the meeting the advantage of combining theorectal with practical knowledge." "You never can forget, that England*! jreatness is based on her agriculture."? T. Gibson. 44 Agriculture should be regarded in a YOUng lJrcj a iv iitc a^ii a , I nd to cut young vigorous wood from toe ips of old trees, leaving long extended naed brancnes, which are often broken by le w nds. In trie first case, we obtain long xndlmg stems, iucnpab'e of supporting, lien transplanted o an open situation, a jspectuble top. The same evil occurs in ic nursery, or the forest, when t.?e young -ees stand in a crowded position. In the scond case, we produce unsightly and omparatively unproductive tops. Since offices and importance of leaves in egetable economy have been better under* tood, a mantfest improvement in pruning as succeeded It is now contended, and re think upon correct principles, that none, r but very few, of the lateral branches tiould be cut entirely from young treos, ntil the tree is tall enough fo form a head ; s ut that the pruner should be content wiih i horiening those which interfere with the t lain stem, and such as are of unreasonable i ;ngth. By this means, we obtain a tapur. t ag, and straight stem, and retain the aid of < . large portion of the leaves towards its en. 1 irgement. Every leaf contributes to the I ;rowth of the stem below the point of con- I iexion. When the tree has attained a i iroper height to form the top, it is advisable, 1 larttcularly with the apple, to cut out the i ipright shoot, leaving three, or at roost four, | aterals, or branches, upon different sides, d form the top. {. a little attention is given ! innualiy to cutting out the small limbs, vhich are likely to cross or interfere with 1 iach other, ihe necessity of cutting off large >ranches will for a long time be superseded. < in old trees, the old bmnnhM frpouentlv be- 1 Dorc scientific point of view, [John Greg, in the^Northumberland meeting,] and the )rinciples of science applied to i?. These principles ought to be followed out by men )fscience, for the public benefit. * * * There is a great field to bediscovered here, jut not by the mere practical farmer, bul >y the researches of scientific men. Gen. lemen, in tho prosecution of subjects of this cind of agriculture may be considered as yei n its infancy; and I am of opinion, that in he next sixty years, a still greater advance vill be made, than in any similar period vhich lias passed." 44 His Lordship, [Lord Braybrook. in the Stafford Waldion meeting,] also exhorted igriculturists, to give to their children thai ort of education, which was unknown wher he elder agriculturists were young. Nexi 0 a conscience devoid of reproach, no bles. ing could be greater than that of possessing 1 well cultivated mind. The greater de. jree of instruction agriculturists gave tc heir children, the more happy they would nuke them?for the seeds of knowledgOi iroperly sown, would come up and produce in hundred fold." ? This difficulty [said Mr. Binns, at the Vs'on riveting.] arises ma ^r^at measure, ?. ?? want 0? th#? same education amingst farmers than other classes enjoy. The icientific m-n who make and recommend ixperiments, want practice; and the practi:al men, want science and education. Foi vant of a knowledge in cause and effect, far ners are not able to communicate their deas wi;h the same fuciiity as others, not iroperly to reason upon them. The merGiants and manufacturers are congregated u towns, ond have the advantage of li? iraries, lectures, newspapers, and a more eady comunication with each other.?Ever nechanics h ive great advantages over far. ners. Let us then shake off tho lethargy vith which we are so justly charged, and be letermined, as well as we can, to keep pace vith the manufacturers. 44 Other advantages would attend [ngri. cultural] education. It would infuse an adjuration of nature. This would not only efine tho mind, and lead it to enjoy intellecuai pleasures, before unthought of, but il .vould add U the blessings which surrounc j8, unheeded and unenjoyed. It would in< :rease the pleasures ef social intercourse? t would teach humanity and kindness tc ill around us, and to the brute creation, and it would also increase our comforts in everj ihope. Is there any reason why the farner should uot take his rank in intellectua jociety ? The youthful mind ought to b< nstructed in the principles o? vegetation he production of fruits and flowers, chem cal agency, and the study of electricity hat mighty and mysterious power, whicf operates through earth and air in a mannei t'ery imperfectly understood. The ad van tages of science, are beautifully cxpressei L>y the Rev. Mr. YVhewell, at the late meet ing at New-Castle.?4 Tho vast scheme o law, and order, and beauty, to which scienci Introduces us. oolv lifts our thoughts to tha great Being, in whom are the fountains o law and order, and who makes the earth hi footstool, and the heavens his temple '" " Agriculture was one of the most impor tant, useful, and elegant sciences, [Mr Gray, ia the Lancashire meeting,] and tool cognizance both of our subsistence and ou comforts. The cause of the slow adoptioi of improvemeats by farmers, was the wan of education among them. The manufac turer had opportunities of educatihg hi children, which the farmer did not enjoy and some system whereby farmers son may receive a better education, would ten more than any thing else to relieve ther from this reproach. They would then b better able to appreciate works of agricu' tural information, and would attend meeting of this sort. M Let practical agriculturists, or the children, be educated [in the science whic benefit? their business.) then we should s* 1 agriculture make rapid strides. Let the children of farmers be also taught the ele! ments of mechanics, chemistry, the nature ] of manures, plants and vegetation." " It is as important to the country, that 3 agriculture should be scientifically under. , stood and studied, as that manufacturing science should progress. The mere cuL f ture of the land is nothing, except it is conf ducted on the best possible principles. To t plough and manuife?to sow and to break up and lay down land?to breed and to rear stock, and to farm, and labor ou a farm merely as they who have passed away did, p is no great merit. This is merely to exercise an imitative talent. The res urces j of the mind ought to be brought to the labor; p and profiting not only by experience, but in learning by experiment, we may hope to see improvement progress in an equal ratio , in agriculture as in mechanics; and the [ knowledge, that the stores of expeiimental t philosophy afifoid9, be applied to this, the ) most useful of all the arts, because it pro* I duces the raw material, on which the human p race is fed and clothed. When the mere ' operative farmer knows the value of science, ! he will then see that it is the best auxiliary , to the production of agricultural wealth; and , learn the secret, why his bett r informed neighbor, who has devoted some attcution 4 to such pursuits, has beat him in the cause \ ofenterprize."? Chester Chronicle. 5 ~ ??? PRILL HUSBANDRY, We have no doubt will ultimately come i into vogue among us?we mean in the cub . ture of wbeat and other grains?thought for a long time its progress will be slow. J At the late Preston agricultural meeting in , England, the question proposed for discus, i sion was?'4 the comparative advantages of > the drill and broadcast systems of husbnnt dry/* Mr. Binns ably advocated the drill 1 system, and set forth its advantages under , the following heads. t 1. The seed is delivered with regularity. S. It is deposited at proper depth. i 3. The weeds, during the growth of : plants, are destroyed with great facility, i 4. The plants cultivated receive the un. i divided benefit of the soil and manure, and [ have not to maintain a constant stiuggle with weeds. > 5. The land by the process of hoeing, is I undergoing preparations for another crop. | t C. The necessity of summer fallowing is i avoided. t 7. By admission of the sun and air be. . tween the rows, a stronger and healthier r plant is produced, and of course a heavier . crop. > 8. By stirring the soil it is moresusccp. I tiblo of benefit from the atmosphere, imbi, bing more oxygen, and being both warmed ' and enriched by the sun. 9. The roots shoot freely in pulverized soil. 10. By drilling, the farmer is enabled to have heavier crops of beans and wheat on light land. 11. Clover and grass seeds answer incomparably better in the pulverization produced by hoeing, independent of the clear, ness from weeds 12. The drills give facility for depositing smaller portions of manure with greater effect. These advantages are all self.evident to a good farmer; and it might have been added, as a thirteenth advantage, that drilling economizes seed, though Mr. Binns rejects it, ou the ground, that if the plants are thin, p they throw out side shoots, which produce , imperfect grain, and ripen unequally. In , drill Husbandry. Mr. B. affirms, fifty-six bushels of wheat have been raised on the light soils of Norfolk. The trills employed in sowing wheat, &c. aro drawn by a horse, and sow six or e'ght rows at a time at a required distance, drop, ping and covering the seed. The machine for Clearing between the rows, is also drawn by one horse, and consists of a frame with six hoes fixed to it, which occupies the same space as the drill. The rate of dril. l:ng is an acre per hour. Wheat is drilled at nine inches between the rows, and barley at seven. The horse hoe is used once, and the hand hoe twice. The expense of weeding. in England, is stated at two shillings (forty.four cents) per acre. There was, some years ago, an excellent drill presented for examination, to tho Albany County Agricultural Society, by a gentleman living in the west part of Oneida county ; but as then drill husbandry was j little understood, and its advaatages less uppreciated, the machine attracted but little at. "r tention, and has gone, we believe, to the j tomb of the Capuleis, to spring up again, J we hope, phcenix like, in a better and more f popular form- [Cultivator. THE HIGH PRICE OP PROVISIONS. Those who anticipate a great fall in the price of provisions, bn'ad-stuff and meat, we * are inclined to think wilt be mistaken. True, * should the season continue favorable, a great r crop of "small grain" may reduce the price of n wheat and flour?yet nothing can reduce them it below the point at which they will give a proStable return to the farmer. That there will * be some fluctuation, resulting from the differ. ? ence of seasons, must be admitted; but the '* causes which ensure remunerating prices of 3 all the substantial articles of subsistence, 6uch d as wheat, rye and corn, beef pork and mutn tou, are deep-rooted and enduring. In a word, e the consumers are increasing faster in relative |. proportion, than the producers?that is, the ,s number of consumers in 1839, i9 larger in pro. Sirtion to the producers than it was in 1838. esides the increase, which is geometrical, in the number of immigrants, all of whom are h consumers and non-producers, for the feat je year at least; causes have been operatic to ?asne draw off the labor of our people from prpduc~ tive agriculture to other pursuits. The Ftohda war-?the great number of public works-?the increase otmanufac ones?the opening of iron and coal mines?the cultivation of the mulberry tree?and again, the spirit of speculation which has tempted thousands to quk of to avoid the plough and the sickle, impatient for iarger and quicker returns?have all tended to diminish production, and agument the price of provision; lor employ themselves aa they may?whether travelling, or working upon rail roads or steam boats?u hetber working in a factory or delving in a mine, hunger must be satisfied?men mu9t eat. at least three imes a day, and genera ly in our country twice a day heartily of meat and bread. Of the former article no population in the world consumes hall as much, and outs would do in all respects quite as well, if it devoured less. But the most prolific source ofcoustant demand for the provisions, which are the fruits of agricultural labor, and one whic must en* sure an adequate reward to the industry and capital of the husbandman, is he great increase of city population. The calculation is, that London, were it not for its accessions from points beyond its limits, would not augment in numbers, but perhaps diminish. It has not in itself and of itself the capacity to grow, and bis results not from any insalubrity of climate, but from the want of the means and the comforts which in our country swells so rapidly the population of our towns. Take Baltimore for example?Children born here, are as apt to live nearly as if born in Ca'vert, or Charles* or St. Mary's?and while the producers of provisions in these counties have rather diminished by the last census, look at the immense growth of tho population of Baltimore and of all our towns ! and then observe, of people who are bred in cities, and cf parents engaged in all other pursuits, how few there are that abandon them, and take to tiio " doll pursuits" of rural life?while, of those who are born in tbe country, what a large proportion eschew tne plough, tbe hoe and tbe axe, to swell the aggregate of all other puwuite, and of city population?some to "hang on the rear of the bar"?some to w ield the pestle, and some to nop the counter! A glance at the statistical tables would 6hew if we had time for it, how rapid is the increase of villages and towns compared with that of the country? the agregation being made up bjL accessions from the country, as well as by tne natural, healthy and rapid growth of tbe cities themselves. We have adverted to these points to let the fanner see that the foundations of his prosperity are deeply rooted and widely spread. Tbe value of his staples is not depending on any temporary monopoly. He wants but industry and economy to thrive and prosper. If his life is not full of excitement?elated to-day and depressed to-morrow?as that of the merchant and professional man, by circumstances beyond his control, yet it is healthful, honorable and independent. If he share not in the triumphs and the spoils of the partisan, he is equally exempt from the base duplicity and heartless ingratitude of those who make a trade of politics. Let hira then hold on to his calling. It will rise in public estimation with the increase of knowledge, and cannot fail to be profitable in our country for ages to come. " Man made the town, but God mads the country." May he bless and prosper it. [American Farmer. The Yankee Farmer, May 1\, begins with APPLES. It is maintained that the value of sweet ap. pies over roots !or feeding stock, is rapidly becoming known?.bat they may be raised to give teasonable return on land and lubor, at half cent a bushel, while the root crop, by the cheapest mode of culture, will cost ten times as much?or five cents per bushel?that they / 1 V ? 7 are particular y aaapieu ^sweei appicsj id iaiteniae hogs. It is even predicted with con. fidence that in a few years apples will be esteemed second only to the when crop! The writer says molasses is obtained trom the juice ot sweet apples by evaporating the cider in its freshest 6tate, of good quality and cheaper than can be bought; and be further insists that sugar will ultimately be extracted from sweet apples cheaper than from beets, which it will supersede on account of the trifling labor in producing the other. The writer urges the importance of careful selection of the kind to be planted?he adds that with far more expensive food than apples, at half cent a bushel, | some farmers make large profits on their pork, | and the article ends by 'he statement of this interesting fact: " Mr. Phinney, of Lexington, Mass., a rej markably successful fanner, makes it is said some three thousand or four thousand dollars worth of pork a year, and pockets the proceeds as clear profit. He makes his hogs pay their way, up to the time of slaughtering, in the manure he gets from the piggery." The rearing of hogs, like every thing elee, except the great staples, is managed south of the Delaware in the most careless manner, without system or calculation. Can any man tell the breed of his ho<_8?bred altogether by chance, in proce-e of time, tlio best points of the animal are bred out, and the wore t retained. Not ono man or manager in a thousand can tell when cow, sheep or nog is to increase its stock?thus they bring iorth their young at an unseasonable and uneconomical time of the year. Better be looking to reform in their own habits than in the nabita of politicians in whose hands most farmers are but tools to be used and thcu?forgotten. [Ibid. GOOD ADVICE AND GOOD SENSE. For ourselves we have no hestition in re* commending the North Devon cattle* in pre. ference to the Short Horns, for ninety.nine out of an hundred of the Farmers in the tide water slave holding States; the improved short hora is better for tho rich grass lands in the west, where they want to convert their corn and grass lands into beef, and to send them to market on the hood* We shall take an op* portunity to enlarge on this subject. Ibid. From the Franklin (Ky.J Farmer. - -' ., # 8II0&T HORNED CATTLE IN THE WEST. We have a-word or two for those who am becoming infected witfc the M short horn fever." If you are the feast predisposed to the disease, and even taol^&t the animals, it is a gone case with yon?you'il boy to a dead certainty, at no matter wnat price. Now what we have to nay it. Don't think of buying Durham cattle before you am prepared to