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Always th? SAME Always GOOD YKAR WITHOUT A SUMMER. Interesting, Chronidea of Abnormal Weather Conditions. Herbert J. Browne In Ikvarborn Inde pendant. ?, . Viop failures may come from any unseasonable, climatic causu.. Nuture's balance may be upset from several di rations. What has happened in the past is apt to happen again. In the bed of the Ohio river below Pittsburg h* a rock exposed only at extremely. low stages of the river ami " aid to have been even partly uncov- 1 ? ie.d. only twice since white men 'have ?>. upled the country. Jit carries the st.innge mnruihgs of some primitive pre-Columbian people and is believed In .In* their record of the river's fall du-'ing an extreme drought. The In dians of the Mississippi Valley had traditions of a drought and famine so severe that there was no -grass for the (jeer or buffalo, which died of star vat ion: even 'bird life disappeared, tin* Indians themselves surviving by iis ing on fish from the depleted .sti earns aiul the lakes, j A later and more definitely; record ed year of calamity wa?- 1816, ""The Vrar Without a Summer." Various records have been preserved of this < \t ? aordinary period, Not only \va.s n a year of sunspOt maxima, but the ><*ar before Tomboro, in the island of Sumbawa, Dutch Kast Indies, blew up in one of the greatest volcanic explo sions of modern times, filling the up jn'i' atmosphere with hundreds of etibie miles of fine volcanic dust, which in a few months spread all over the earth, lasting for three years, ? i i'd in conjunction with the disturb 'i nee of the sunspot maxima intercep 1 ? ? ? 1 enough of the# sun's heat to'ac ? fiint for the cold weather of t h > year IK 10. No crops were raised ? ? ??n in Virginia. Potatoes, beans, wheat, rye and corn hardly got above ih<- ground. There was no hay or :>a*turage, and farmers sold their live '?>? k for ^ few dollavs ^ head to the nxire fortunate ones who had carried ? ?\*r from the previous year a supply "f hay and grain. Ice formed and smiw fell every month in the year. hile the East was well settled, the ? ' a.us- Appalachian country was re viving "its first strong impulse of iiardy pioneers. Detroit was a sny?ll \'llage and military post, St. Louis a I t ench fur-trading! settlement and < hioago still Fort Dearboriii The ab ' -rmal cold extended to |he British hi u rope and even into North \fiica. It may here be noted that ' ]Kl(j and 1870, three seriously ? '?normal years, fit into the 55.6 cycle ?: highest maxima of sunspots, that 'lie dry year 1NK1 recorded nearly as i?any sunspots as the 11.11 year cycle l" 1 N8'k and that the next 55.6 year ?Kijor cycle will fall in ] 020-27. The most interesting record of IHlOj - i hat of Charles Pierce, of Philadel \ !'"ia, from which the following is j ' ikrn. April --Mean temperature IT. Cold, 'Ustering snow .storms; iff several ? ghts. All bud.s and green things '.'ilftl. * Mny~-Mean temperature 57. A .'x. sty jado, her frowns many, her it i It s few. Cold frosty nights, north ^ litis. Huds and small' fruit frozen. ?? to l-j inch. Corn replanted three ?n?-v ?I line ? Average temperature 0-1. ??Idest ever remembered. Severe "st> and one day iee. All restarted .;ints killed. >!X to ten inehes snow in Vermont, ' i<<- inehes in New York, several "c 'lies iti Maine and NVw Hampshire. ' u I \ Mean temperature fi8. Frost "id thin ii c .">th. lee as thick as win glass in New ? i k . New Kng ?uid and Pennsylvania. (irass des "H'Ved. Very little rain. August- -f'heerless and eold. North ? ' -t rains. Ice '-j inch thiek. Indian ??rn fru/.t-n Sewrpapprr from ICng ?in<! say: "It will be remembered by '.'!*? present generation that the yea>* "I'l v\a* a year in whieh there was no limner. ?v< ptember -( ne<l nuM. Mear '.i n>pei ature 62. i roftty 17th. Severe 1" '{uinort lal storm, 23d. Then several o>?\? of freezing weather. ' >< lober? Mean temperature 41. ' "Id. freezing! a few warm days. Novemboi ? Mean temperature 41. Cold. Fjrote hard Nvvvru) nights. temperature .'fcj. Milder. Pierce records thut December, 1815, saw more intensely ?. <> Ki weatl or than any I )t*( t-mher in uwu s, and that lsp; was titlto of exceptional severity in Europe, North Africa and the West Indict). Seed coxn held over- from IKli> Hold for $1 a bushel on the cob in the spring of 1K17. He also notes that the year 1702' had the severest drought on record in Pennsylvania, that scarcely a drop of rain fell from May. to September and that them were no crops, V 1 Th<* extraordinary cold year of ISlti wan a repetit ion?of many such record ed since the beginning of the Chris tian Kra. hi 201 the Black Sea wa.* frozen over, and in 401 not only the lilack Sea but the Hosporus, the Dar danelles and the fcea of Marmora, and again ' in 762. In 1384 the Adriatic froze. History records a startling number of weather catastrophes, the recurrence of which now, with popu lation pressing more and more closely Upon the heels of production, would menace the welfare of humanity. They have come oftener than once a cen tury, but it has been less than a hun dred years since food supplies have been brought thousands of miles to the populous trading and manufactu ring nations. And it is a lingular par adox that so far famines have affect ed principally the agricultural popu lations of the regions where^- th" 1 droughts have fallen. It cottld not fail to fall heavily on the non-pro ducing centers if it were to occur again in the near future. Less attention has been given .by .meteorologists . to the eft Uses of cold years, because their recurrence within the short period of modern scientific meteorological investigations has not been notable. Hut in' the combination of 'unfavorable conditions will lie the explanation. Assume for two or three years dry summers and autum'n* in thev lower temperate regions, with unusually heavy snow falls in , the hijgh northern latitudes and normally* e&ld arctic Winters. The stage woyld then be set for cold lafce springs and a limited movement of the artic ice lields. That in turn would develop artic abnormal highs and abnormal Atlantic and Pacific lows. This would have the double efFect of bring ing up from the ocean depths beneath the subtropical lows huge bodies of icy water and of causing numerous i arctic anti-cyclones to sweep south all through the Spring and summer in a series of cold waves. It does not .re quire constant- cold to kill crops, but i a series of killing frosts and freezes. Conditions in the polar ice cap de termines largely the location of the Aleutian low. Let a warm winter be followed by ii warm spring with the ice fields clearing into the Atlantic at an <hirly date, the Aleutian low will move well, to the north and weaken until it is practically blended with the general field of, rising arctic pressure. The Icelandic low will follow suit, and then both Atlantic and Pacific high; will be found moving north of their normal stations. ^ln the United States warm currents will flow in and move far toward the "arctic and what cyclonic lows fin I their way into the American conti nent are too feeble to work south of the Great Lakes and produce rain. A great stagnant high pressure area will have taken possession of the - country and a severe drought is on. Tire dry winds crossing the Rockies now sweep across the heated plains and i>urn the withering crops like a prairie fire. The country has suffered from ,nu mcrous dry periods, each originating in certain of the causes here outlined. Let these causes all he combined in a single assault, and the country would experience a drought <>f unprecedent- j od severity. i I The drought of 18H1 was of wide | j e.v'tcnt. Abnormal condition* had : ! appeared during the previous two i years. December 1880 was one of the) Warmest Decembers ever recorded. | and January 1 HS 1 the warmest, east i of the Koekies. The Canadian snow | : cover was thin and soon melted, con- i hv "* i ! hrination of the theory that its earlj- j departure is a contributing cause of ? droughts in the states. Duiing Mav| the cool lows, whose normal progress j well "South of the Cireat Lakes gives ^ the saving rains, were drifting east ; above latitude -4 T?. and the inevitable deficiency in rainfall which had be gun in April continued until Mate Sep-, tember. The entire country ?'ast of the Mis- j sussippi .was under the s|>cil, and du- j ring .July and August Kansas and Ar- | kansas were affected. In August, the J Middle Atlantic ?<tate.? reyejved . less , than one -.third their normal rainfall.! and the Ohio valley le?s than one eighth. By September the situation ; north nf th< Ohiu and cast of the Mis- ; ?dssippi ? W ar >> the coast had become hopeless. Str? .ns had fallen to their ! lowest stages and the crops wore either killed or so badly injured as to ? not pay for the harvesting. A severe drought in July and August, 1*76, ex j tended from Maine to Virginia and , west into Ohio with a ra.nfnll of less j / than mm inch. In 1880 ihe d rough.' was marked in northeast Dakota and northwest Minnesota. During Juno and July the dry ai t a included five other states with extensive crop dam age. The year 1020 *aw the southwestern tattle ranges so strickerTthat the gov ernment had to intervene to aid in getting the tattle almost bodily out of the teritory. The northwest grain belt fared nearly as badly. Both 1920 and 1921 saw large areas of intense drought ,and the later year witnessed the failure of the Kusaian ' grain fcrop and the roost destructive i famine in the history of thut country. In the period from September, 1020, to July, 1021, inclusive, a light north- | ern snow cover and early high^rctte temperatures paved the way for droughts. The country, filled with stagnant high areas and tho arctic cyclones were too weak to dislodge them. Tho lows were nearly 44 per cent above the average number, but this was the mafk of a warm arctic whose signpost, tho Aleutian low, was far north of its proper place, or At lantic and Pacific highs moved to the north, and sluggish atmospheric con ditions generally. * The year 1922 just closed is the third in succession of striking abnor malities and world-wide weather dis turbances. The Russian drought of 1921 and a serious famine in China are included, with every country in Europe suffering severely during the past five years. Since the record of 1922 will have a strong, bearing on what may happen during 1923, its re cord should be examined with care. Its first abnormality was the record breaking snowstorm which swept up the south and- middle Atlantic states January 27-29. Richmond had 19 inches of snow, Washington 28, Balti more 20, Wilmington, Delaware 18, Philadelphia 12, And points, farther north and east lessening amounts. This storm finds repetition a year la tter in the great gale which swept the 'whole length of the Atlantic coast '-the last week in December 1922, cross ed the ocean with increasing intensi ty. and ravaged the coasts of western Europe, reported by many sea cap tains as the worst they had cveiv ex perienced. Following the. January 1922, snow came a series of winteu thunderstorms ranging east from Milwaukee to. New York and south to Washington A se vere glaze storm followed in the Great Lakes region doing $5,000,000 damage in Michigan and $10,000,000 in Wis consin. In March came the great cold wave which swept the citrus belt from California to Florida, with freezing temperatures as far .south as Corpus Christ i, Texas, the first time on re cord. A told wave in May damaged j fruit from New ? Y<frk to Virginia. The Gulf stall's suw the cotton crop seri 9U|]} dlll^jh^ by e\ccssi\e rams all through the spring ait<t tMtvly summer and numerous cloudbur?t*y \ver$ re ported in \nnny sort ions. Noughts are characterised by vagaries of intense local ruin*, or more frequent 1> b> $? cessivo ruins during the fortnight pre ceding t hi* beginning of the period. Prought sections of groat intensity developed in northern Pennsylvania extending north into New York. Sim ilnr conditions were reported in the Kentucky coal fields. The rainfall of the great grain states of the trans Mississippi has been far bo low normal ami forecasts indicate that any fur ther unfavorable developments will find the, winter wheat plants too weak to make resistance. Severo droughts prevailed" in the Great Plain* and Rooky Mountain districts and Pacific slope and the rainfall of nine-tenths of the conutry is distinctly below normal. > Now comes an interesting report from the American consul at HOrgon, Norway, issued by the department of commence at Washington. He states that the Arctic ocean has become much warmer this winter. Seals are retiring far north to the ice fields ! mm It beyond their usual grounds." Ice fields* are disappearing, glaciers ar?/ inciting in Greenland* leaving bare ra vines and moraines nevb'r seen before. The whitetish have vanished and her ring and smelt have gone north to taVe their places. Or. Iloel, geologist of lb*1 University of Norway, has just returned from Jin' ^Arctic expedition and reports that lie found very littl.' ice and that his soundings to a depth of move than two miles showed the north arm of the Gulf stream very warm as far up as Hi degrees 21 min utes* nearly IKdegrees inside the arc tic circle' An arctic fisherman, he states, says that it has been growing warmer in the arctic since 1918. ? Here has been set forth the record of three consecutive years of d rough*. . high temperatures and marked ubnor ma li ties of rainfall, cold waves, heat land barometric disturbances. The year just closed has been the most | marked of the series in its chaoticcon ditions, pa.Sjkicuh.irly in those which ! carry over their effects into the'fol ! low i ok year. I ; :? The Order of Railway Kxpresxnian has tiled a formal request with the United States railroad 'labor board for an increase of tch cents per houv wage increase. The request affects 70.0(H) expressmen and the increase would cost slightly more than $17, 000,000 per annum. Allendale, the baby county, which formerly grew only cotton to sell, is: f showing what can be done in diversi ' lied farming, her farmers having I shipped out in three' months (10 cars of hogs, 15 cars of cattle and over $3, ?00 worth of poultry. i "" " 11 JJj- 1 Ml l[ J . Nt>?H'vv uttor.s und thvir hflpvrs of Now York OHy two tin outoniMK - 1*? t{^ on stiik*' f..r higher \Nuui' > 1 la s at .' now rt'ioiving and $?> pur day rvn pcctivoly. Tluy .demand an im-roani of $11 and per day. 1 1 - 1 1 1 '? T ' " A fuivat 0?'V? fout milos wuli', x\w)pt over a good many thousand* of acres of I'arm mix) timber land in N ?>\y Jersey. Tuesday. T)u\ i\rt? i * * thought to have befft started by ,lo Kim\?vivi> sparKs, Have you shinedyour shoes today with Shoe Polish It improves your per sonal appearance and saves the leather. ? For Black, White, Tail, Brown and Qx-blooil Shoes F. Dalky Corop>r?y Inc. \ . .. N. Y. A Nation's Prosperity Is Founded on Its People's Savings It is the individual .savings of each man, woman ami child, coupled with ed ucation. invention ' and enterprise, Unit makes a nation great and prosperous. America? the melting pot of the na lions- ? has been particularly blessed. It is the richest nation in Jill the world, and its people free, enlightened, loyal and de termined. Opportunity plays no favorites. What another has done, .'you can do. If you are not already a member of this big. loyal, saving family, come in to the First National Bank and start an account. As your sav ings grow, your pride wiJl grow with them. THE l'NI VERSA!, OAK FIVE DOLLARS ENROLLS YOU YOU CAN NOW BUY AND PAY FOR A FORD CAR OUT OF YOUR WEEKLY EARNINGS ON THE THOUSANDS OF FAMILIES ARE TAKING ADVANTAGE OK THIS NEW WAY TO BUY A FORD AND WILL SOON HP: DRIVING THEIR OWN CAKS ENJOYING ALL THE BENEFITS ANI) ADVAN TAGES OF MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. THE FORD WEEKLY PURCHASE PLAN IS AM AZING ',V SIMPLE. YOU CAN ENROLL WITH AN INITIAL PAYMENT AS LOW AS FIVE DOLLARS. EACH WEEK YOU ADD TO YOUR FIRST PAYMENT A> MUCH OR AS LITTLE AS VOL FEEL YOU CAN AFFORD. THIS MONEY IS PLACED IN THE BANK AND DRAW'S INTEREST. IN A SORT TIME YOUK DEPOSIT PLUS THE INTEREST PAID BY TlfE BaNK WILL BE SUFFICIENT TO OBTAIN DELIVERY OF THE CAR. START TODAY AND BEFORE YOI REALIZE IT VOL WILL BE DRIVING YOl'R OWN FORD CAR. \ FORD MOTOR CO. DETROIT , \1H HIGAN THE BANK OF CAMDEN IS ACTING AS DEPOSITORY FOR PAYMENTS MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE FORD WEEKLY PURCHASE PLAN. KERSHAW PHONE 140 FORI) MOTOR CO. DEALERS CAMDEN, S. C.