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FlUMEi OBJECT OF RIVAL CLAIMS XI 10 exploits of (Jabrlele d'Annun/io Ht Flume* recalling t?(? adventures ??( 4i medieval knluht. keep that iinctont city In til# If Trieste wuh the Hreinep of A,,H' triu, fc'luine wax the Hamburg Of th? Hungarian kingdom, m close rival for the brisk Adriatic trade ot n,it before the war. / Flume Is anothor <>f those foothohla on the eastern Adriatic where lto?iJJ,,s clunk f"s* despite tin* steady Influx Of Slavs In the Interior. and. 1,1 ,h,H vast; even Into Flume itself. Thus the city hears evidence of early Italian eiil (ore, It figured as a potent Slav fiie tor in the turmoil ??f Balkan polities, ii nt I n felt hi roiiKly the influence of Hungary upon Its thriving Industries ?ml fast growing commerce* Magyar gerrymandering caused It to he annexed to Hungary ln?1K70, despite the protest of Croatia to winch It had belonged since the revolution of 1848-10. Tender consideration for It* value a>- a seaport, rather than for it* citizens, prompted lis establish ment as a royal free town, making It * geographical slice of about seven dKjuaro miles cut otit ot < roatia, Despite the Hungarian Interest Irt the cltv Its pre war population was l?n per cent Italian and Slav, with the Italians, slightly predominant. Only about luil/ rtap remalnfng tenth were Hungarians. The Slavs included Croats, Serbs and Slovenes. As Im portant to Hungary as are New York or Host on to the United States. Flume s total population Is not much greatei than such suburbs of those American ports as East Orange, N. J., or New-* ton, Mass. < Flume Is situated on the northeast nhorcs ? of the (lulf ??T (Juarnero. only seventy miles, by rail, southeast of Its trade rival. Trieste. Acro-s the bay Is the popular summer resort. Ah bazla. famed for Us evergreen laurel and profusion of roses, to which tens of thousands of visitors formerly thronged each summer. The older town, distinctive "IV Italian, Is built on the hillside, overlooking the gulf. The newer city lies nnirer the Waterfront. There are three harbors. The largest, accommodating 1.*50 large vessels, is protected by a breakwater half a mile long. The quay is nearly two miles long. Hefore the -war Flume's manufactur ing plants Included a government to ,f>acco factory, the Whitehead torpedo ?works, a rice shelling factory, a pe iroleuin refinery, and many smaller plants, among which were saw mills and paper mills. Its fisheries constituted nn Important Industry. It exported sugar, grain.- flour, horses and timber. "GO WEST," SAID GREELEY j "SPREAD OUT," SAYS ELIOT flow are the evljs that go with cit> crowding to he avoided In the face of the Increasing congestion of American .cities? Hy making the cities more like the country, is the gist of one noted think er's solution of that question. Despite the steady procession of eounti j folk to cities, their new environment lacks many of the benefits of the places they came from. In his opinion. Charles NY. Eliot, world-famous lo cator, in a communication to the Na tional Geographic society says: "In order to cure the destructive evils of present urban life and the factory system, it will not be enough to restrict the vices, to diminish the pressure of poverty, to prevent d< Ht motive diseases, and prMong the average human life. The human en \ ironment must be not only negative ly but ]>o>it ively improved; so that the whole people may have the opyor tunit.v to cultivate healthy tastes and Interest*. to acqafre Just ideals of pleasantness- and beauty, and to learn . tlie value toward tranquil happiness of that !i \ ;nir with nature which cltv congestion ha* within a single gener ation made almost Impossible for mul titudes "The present evils />? el'v life and the factory system bad conditions w hich civilization 'has 1 1 >? - ! f < r. ited tin ve developed their destructive forces * In tills -country !n spite of the schools iwrid < hur< lies and of free political In v-t 1 1 ut Ions, and In M'"?' "f many hap py P Allen. -.-s from art. podrv. music ?t ,} the drania ? 'lea r! v. society needs TO develop low and better "nviron merit favorabie to both hodllv and men t a ' ! i-ri ! i b and to t Tie attainment Of k,o.u"m.- bfi pp; Tie*" not of mere moment a r> .-Tciienieit* pleasure* and gratifications T.ut of v,,nd content ment. and t4 e lasting satisfaction of Tlfe enjoyel n quietness and peace. What are the mean* n? compassing this en<T? "The readiest moms |s p>od plan idiig of city, town nnd landscape ? first applied to arens still open, and then gradually fo areas already occu pled !n undesirable ways. The new planning must take Into account the rf the -whole community. r\< well a* the !nteregts of Individual owners, the social or collective Inter* ?*t always prevailing. ?"llie Immediate object* to be sought itr*1 more li||lil find uir for dwelling*. oMSce>. cfiop.s and .{'nciorleH. mid iliris it spreading oiit of <?! ; the truie ' fei Of foetOWeK to JUlbUlhs 1111(1 to j country along the lino* of rail ; way ; t lie Multiplication of pliy gl'uund* aii' J open <i?*< -iit'ii :???! area**, and ijbovt- nil the attachment of h pleyt of amble or garden ground l?? every mini ly <l\\ elllng, "The collective force ??f i be com munity must further supply the mean* of making nirul and la ml ^cape !?'????' Illes OC'CllMloiHllly aceesslhle to ell. v popula ( Ioiih by means of parka n n <1 gardens which lll|istrrtte Hi! form*! of open country h^aut.v aiu>? |n?rnil t t !?*? occasional enjoyment by city families or larger urban groups of the outdoor pleasures which woods, shrubberies, garden* and broad Welti* cnli glre." POLAND ONCE THE SAVIOR OF EUROPE Poland, whose history Is tragedy and whose people ba\e been Called "Children of the Sun," plays no new role when who seek* to stop the on slaughts of the boUlievlkl, for It was she who once stayed the inarch of ? he Turk across Europe. A communication to the National Geographic society sums up Poland's sRd and eventful history as follows :? In idfce she outranked - nearly every nation of the continent. Russia alono of the European nations Is larger than Poland was at her greatest. In popu lation she stood at the forefront, of Europe. Only Russia and Germany had greater populations before the war than are to he found In the lands that once were Poland ; for unpartl tloned Poland ha<l an area' of 2H2.000 square miles, and the lands that once lay within her hpundarles support a population of approximately f>0 mil lion. In area she was as large a* the forme/- German empire, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland and Denmark to gether; larger than Great Britain, Italy and Greece combined; larger than Austria-Hungary and SJerbla In one, Within whut were her boundaries there dwells a present population of Great Britain and Belgium; larger than those of France, Belgium and Holland together; and matching that of the old Austria-Hungary. Poland was three {lines partitioned, andr"these partftlonlngs were read Justed between the partli loners by the Congress of Vienna In Where the original partitions bad given Rus sla 18.1,000 square miles, Prussia .">4,000 square miles, and Austria 45,000 square miles, the reapportionment of the Vienna Congress gave Russia 220. r.oo, Prussia 20,000. and Austria 3.r?,000 square miles. Much of the land which Russia secured, and particularly Kiev, had been Identified with Russia gen erations before ? Poland, In the_ilu-ys. of her greatest area, extended from a point within f>0 miles of Berlin, on the west, to the meridian of the sea -of Ahov on the east; on the north it reached nearly to the Golf of Finland and on the south down to the Khanate of Crimea, What 4Ce now know as Russian Poland is that neck of territory stretching westward between the; Prussian and Gallcla. This territory has* nn area almost exactly equal to ' that of New York, yet. In spite of the fact that its extreme southern' boun dary lies north of the latitude of Win nipeg, its population is as great as those of New York and New Jersey combined. T'fr PEKING! A CITY WITHIN A CfTY T'ntll recently Peking, capital of China, with Its 700.000 people, was one of tho least known of the great cities of ?fie world. It took the Hox?t rebellion mid th<^ siege of tin? legations In 1!MX? to open the long-closed doors. Recently It has heen In the headlines hecanse of revolt Wmnry disturbances. Peking Is a "city within n city." The Chinese city, built In 1543, is the com mercial center. The Tatar city dates torn lL'd7 and Includes the famous "Forbidden City," of which the Dragon Throne of the Son of Heaven, Emperor of the Middle Kingdom, I* the center. The throne is of rare wood exquisitely carved. Just hark of It 1s- a screen of golden lacquer so dainty In design and execution that It elves the appearance of golden lace. Around this throne room are arranged the palaces, bhut In by purple walls. The Chlen men street hlsec^* the Chinese city f rorrt f)* Sontfi Gate, where the railway enters, to the prin cipal gate In the wall separating the Chinese from the Tatar city. Along this main thoroughfare there passes a continuous throng There, too. may he seen the springiest passenger fart, with Its blue arched r ? >< ? f and yellow wheels, corrugated metal tires, and Its awning sheltering driver and mule, or the Mongolian camel, the ship of the Asian desert : and. interesting above al! the scarlet bridal chalr?wlth Its pie. f >.f baron and parcel of sugar 1 ! ti i i ir on the hack as nn offering to the demons v. ho might molest the bride while on her Journey. Officials hurry back and forth In the gorgeous chairs, 'heir ciK>||es making great din as they seek right of way. Noisy vendors of amulets and medicines of ground tiger hones to strengthen fh'r.' hearts, and extra' ts of r?t meat to mak* ?_Ke heir irrnw, add to the din On the east side of tbi* roadway is an enclosure of about one sqnnre mile which contains the Altar of Heaven, surrounded hy shrines and temples, the most Important f tvhlch is the cir cular. three roof??j marh'e Temple of Heaxen with pillars nf Oregon pine nil I roof of i!ei |> I lu?- por-ebiin tiles. Near th ? oH",.Ve T? ti;p'e of Heaven !?. ' t ?> ** or r . f :; ( .us. "rl,^ most j h??l> iillcvstral te.n ,.er 1 The uw.iimttHil of Peking I* the famous thirteen-storied J f II ? I * ' 1 1 *t p.igoilu M'OUI the Mlllliult of which * Hue view of tlu* city may be_ had. Peking claim* the oldest dally iifw^ paper in ilie world, the Peking Oh y.ette, <ihiij);i i*'(| with ? ti"M' age the London 'nun-*, with its bnnUred year* Is In Its {jifancy. For six dollar* a ynii h IVkin;'i s?' CHI) fOtjt) All 'hat his govcrumont desires him to kndrw am to lis actions, or he can nftt| his Qaiette for the day hihI return It. In former yearn newspapers were - found on ilia walla In the form of posters. They were printed fr<un h largo block of wood upon, which the intricate char acters had haen CUt>by hand. In the heart of the Tatar city Is an other enclosure- the "Forbidden City," In- which stands the Imperial palace, distinctive 111 China because It Is faced with yellow porcelain. Surrounding <h?* palace are the gardens, reception 1 1 a 1 1 h , pavilions ami offices formerly lined b.v the emperor In conducting the affairs of the empire. "Prospect Hill" wotl Id he Interest lux to those who went to the "movies" to keei> warm during the recent coal short-age*. 'Die hill Is a huge mound of coal which was to proviso fuel In time of siege, and It Is now covered with a grove of beautiful trees. f The Pekingese are consumers only. The trade of the city Is small, although It Is open to foreign commerce. The famous Grand canal which connected It with vthe rich provinces of' ISoiith Clilna greatly facilitates the t rn aspor tation of rice and other products. PRESERVING A "WHITE AUSTRALIA" Declaration by the prime minister of Australia that his country was de termined to maintain Its traditional policy of u "White Australia," a policy as flriidy grounded there as Is the Monroe doctrine In th? United States, again turned the attention of the world toward that remote and unique continent, "It Is not that Australia despises Immigration," explains a communica tion to the National Geographic so ciety from Herbert E. Gregory. "It is rather that she lias clung to her Ideal of 'a homogeneous people of British origin.' "Australia is disappointed that of the four large areas widely offer con genial ltoirTes for people of European blood ? namely.' Australia, Canada, United States and Argentina ? Austra J I n alone is passed by, -while the other three favored regions have received Europeans by hundreds of thou sands. She sa\v^4hj^J'nlU'd States re ceiving in one year (l^n.'l) 1 ,107,892 people from abroad, more than the Mt. Victoria Paaa, New South Wale*. entire not immigration to Australia for the preceding tifty-three years, and in another year (IfllO) enrolling four times hk many people, born' in the 1'nltod States Kingdom as were living In Australia. "The traveler in search of dupll eates of the (Canadian Hookies, the Yosemite. the Grand Canyon, of Nor wegian ttords and Alpine scenery, need not visit Australia. Its moun tain scenery is that nf the southern Appalachians, the White mountains and the low ranges of Arizona. Its plains and plateaus are comparable with those of the Itocky mountain foothills and the arid expanses of Utah. Idaho and Oregon. The blunt granite cap of Mt. Kosciusko, 7. .'12.9 f?*et above sea, Is the culminating point of land. A half dozen peaks rench the height of Mr. Washington, and something like our per cent of the entire land area rises as high as the Catskills. "That the size and form of a land mass nearly as large as Ku rope should have remained unknown until 1770 is most remarkable. "Curiously enough, the establish ment of the tfn;t colons on the new-, found continent Is an episode In the history of the I'nited States. It top proposed by tlie British government to utilize the land as a home for the 'Loyalists' (Tories) u ho found life in j the American colonies uncomfortable 1 at the ( lose of the Revolutionary war '' They were to be supplied with land and money, and Malax -'a\es or Eng | llsh convicts were to he provided as laborers. ' Fear of the Fren< h fleet and the removal of many Tone to ("anada led , to the abandonment of this scheme, but another u?e for Botany Bay was so..ri discovered. Pla^e inuM be found for undesirable citizens, who. before the Revolution, had been sent to j Amerbn at the rate of one thousand h year, and New South Wales met the' requirements. The history of Australia ? begins with the M'?r 17RR. when ten , h?;n^*e* a:vl t h i : ' \ live rOf:V|rt* under i military escort landed at 8ydney Cove.** A Beautiful Long-live* J Roof Certain- teed Shingles Certain-teed Asphalt Shingles, in subdued reds or greens, add an attractive touch to the appearance of any home. Their surface does not wear off, wash off cr change color and they do not crack or break. In addition to their beauty, they provide weather protec tion and are, at the same time, fire-retarding and spark-proof. Their cost is low compared with other equally high grade types of roofing and they are guaranteed for ten years. In addition to shingles, Certain teed Roofing comes in rolls, ? mineral-surfaced red or green -much like the shingles in appearance- ? 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