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larattons. rs?l?? t the fatal example 1*.ere, in their legi-Saiive rapacity. Kcmonihcr there is !>;it *?i?e s!e:> bctwi-cn dividing tin' income of the S ates, an 5 1 !:a! of individuals, and between a partial and general distribution. Proceeding a step farther, in tracing' consequent 5, another question presents its?-If?on what articles <h.iil the duty In* laid? On the free or the dutpul articles? Shall they be laid for icvcnuc or for pr>?t. cMoa? Is it not obvious that so large an amount as live millions, equal to onethird of tiro present iuco ne Ir ?m thai source, ami probably not much less than one-half what it will be at the en i of two years, cannot bo raided without rousing from its slumber the tar ill* question, with uil its distraction ami danger? S lowll thai, howercr, not be the case, there is another question connected with this, that cannot fail to rouse it, as I shall now proceed to explain. The act of distributing the sales of th-* ' 1?1 ..r ifenh' pilDliC ianus UIIIOMg mc k.-iui'c, w, us well as the amount to be distributed, will do much to resuscitate th-ir credit.? It is the desired result, and the h ading motive for the act. Five millions annually, ('lie amount assumed,) on a pledge of the public domain, would, of Jself, be a sufficient basis for a loan of ninety or an hundred millions of dollars, if judiciously managed. But suppose that only one half should be app'ic I, as the means -.f n- troliating loans abroad, in order to complete .1,1 ~ /i.?m.nnnpo HOW IV nr\l< llf wit: i'iu, ui iv tuiiiuiv >ivw ?*? ??) ... improvement, or oth'-r obj-c s. I ask, what would be the effect it) oik imports of negotiating a loan in England, or clsewherein Europe, of forty or fifty millions, in the course of the next year or two/ (. an any one doubt, from past experience? Vt'e all know the process. Very li tie gold or silver is ever seen in these ncgo tiations. A credit is obtained, a d that placed in bank there, or with wealthy bankers. Hills arc drawn on this country, and then sold to merchants. These are transmitted to Europe, and the proceeds returned in goods, swelling the tide of i uports in proportion to the amount. The crash of our manufactures follow, and that, in turn, bv the denunciation against over-importing ami over-trailing, in which those who have been most active ill causing: it are sure to join, but will take special care to make n it the I- ast allusion to the real source whence it flows. Is not that the case at this moment? And can it be doubted, that with the increase <if the) cause, the clamor for protection will iri-1 crease, until with unite I v oces. the friends) of the system would demand, its renew I. If! to this we add, that, under the couipro-? raise act, the tariff must be revived anil! remodelled, who can lo<>k at such a concurrence of powerful causes without see-1 ing that it would he almost impossible t ? prevent the revival of the protective system, should the scheme of distribution be adopted? I hazard nothing in asserting that the renewal would certainly follow; and,j as this would bo one of the most prominent. and durable conscouences of tbati 1 scheme, I propose to consider it fully, in its most important bearings. One of the most striking featuies of the system is its tendency to increase. Let it be once recognised, and let the most moderate duties be laid for protection; but; put the system in motion, and its course would be onward, onward, by an irresistible impulse, as I shall presently show, from past experience; and hence the necessity of vigilance, and a determined resistance to every course of policy that may by possibility lead to its renewal.? This tendency to increase, results from causes inherent and inseparable from the system, and lias evinced itself by the fact, that every tariff for protect on has invariably disappointed its friends in the protection anticipated, and has been followed periodically, after short intervals, by a demand for another tariff ith increased duties, to afford protection vainly anticipated from its predecessor. Surh has been the result throughout, from 1816 to I5W3, wiicn trie nrst ana last protective tariffs were laiJ, which I propose now to show by a very brief historical sketch of the rise and progress of the system. The late war, with the embargo and other restrictive measures that preceded it, almost expelled our commerce from the ocean, and diverted a vast amount of capital, that had been employed in it, to manufactures, Such was the cause that led to the -sysi.-ir). kfVr the termination of the war, there was on the part of Congress and the country, the kindest feeling toward the manufacturing interest, accompanied by a strong desire so to adjust the duties [indispensable to meet the expenses of G ?vernincnt, and to pay the public debt] as to afford them ample protection. The manufacturers were consulted, and the art of'16 was modelled to their wishes. They regarded it as affording sufficient and permanent protection, and I, in my then want of. .i v .... ........ v ... ..... ,, did not dream that \vc would hear any more, of tariiT. till it would become necessary to readjust the duties, alter the discharge of the public debt. Vain expectation! Two years bad not passed away before the manufacturers were as chm >roi:s as ever for additional protection; and to meet ?heir wishes, new duties were laid, from time to time, with the same result; but the clamor s:ili returned, till IS2-1. when the la rill" of i.hat year passed, which was believed on all sides l" be ample, and was considered. Jike thai ol" *10. to be a final adjustment oi the question. It was under this impression that the South acquiesced [reluctantly] in the very high duties it imposed.? 'A tie late Gen. Hayno, 'In it a distinguished ir.crnber of this body, took a very active p-.rt against it; an 1 I remember, after its passage, that he consoled himself with the belief that though oppressive, it would tie the last. His expectali m proved as vain as mine in '!<>. Before two years had passed, we were again besieged with the cry >f the inadequacy of the protection; and in the sinnmer of 1S27. a large convention ( of manufacturers fnon a'l parts was held jat Harris burg, in Pennsylvania, to devise a new and more ample scheme of protection to be laid before Congress at tbe next session. That movement ended in the adoptioo of the laritl'ol* 1823. which, in order to ma he sure work, went far beyond all i;s preilec- ssors in the ;iirreas<* of duty The duties were rai.se I on the leading ai tides of consumption from forty to fifty per criit. above former duties, as high as they wire. I speak c nijet lurally, wii.ltoni any reriain dati. In 1. ss than three years, ven tiat enormous rise proved to be insufficient, as I shall presently stin.v, and would hare ccrtainl. been followed by new demands for protection, had not the small, li.it gill.int State 1 represent, a teste I its pr -g es:> i > i .at is o ?t sir nig enough ?brought the system to the groun I, against the resistance of ihe administration and opposition?never, I trust, to rise again. The fact disclosed by this brief historical sketch is, that there is a constant ten lency to increase ii the pr teelive system that every iicreis-' of duly, however high, requires periodically, alter a short interval, an ? Iditional increase. This, as I j have stated, is not incidental, b it i: is the result of causes inherent in the system itself. in the oresent condition of our conn ! try. It originates in th< fact thai ererv {increase of protection is necessarily t'ul; lowed by an expansion of the currency, 1 which expansion .mist continue to enlarge jtill the increased price of production in ! consequence shall become equal to the increased duly, and when the imp nation of I the arlices prohibited may again take place with profit. That is the principle; and it is essential t > the pcico an I pros, peritv of tfie country, that it should he clearly u idcrsl >od, 1 intend to establish its truth bcyon-l doubt or cavil; an I for thu purpose, shall begin with the Tariff of I"y-iS, the last and b> far the bol lest ol the series, with the view ?f illustrating, in its ease, the opcrai 01 of the prin.-iplc. I entreat the Scuab* to give rue its fixed attention. The principle well understood will ! shed a flood of light on the past and presjent difficulties -f ihti con try, and guide ns in safety in our (ntur. course. To _ivc a clear conception of the operation of the ta:iff of it will be .cpes<ary to premise lh.it it comprehended all the leading articles of consumption' lha coull he manufactured in our country; amounting in value to not much less than one halt of the whole of the imports; that the duties on these articles were increased enormously, as has been state'.? say not less than forty or fifty per cent; that the average domestic exports at the j time was not much short of sixty millions of dollars, and the imports f :r eonsttmp?i n about die same; that the revenue from the imports was about half that sum; and that oi- the exports, about three-fourths consisted of the great agricultural staples of the South. What, then, with these lads, must n ivc occn us necessary opcrations on the cmrcncy of the manufactur-j i 11 if States? We export to import. It is ! impossible to continue to export for any j considerable length of time, without a cor- i responding return of imports. It would be to give away our labor for nothing.? Our exports, then, continuing at an average of sixty millions, in what, under the operation of the tariff of 1828, must he the corresponding iinpoi ts to the same amount in return! Not, certainly to the same extent as before its passage, in the articles on which it had so greatly increased the duties? Its object i i raising them, was to imnnf^ciuroG a hnm/? in;>rkpt. hV excludi.ig the foreign articles of the same Itscription. If it failed in thai, it failed in accomplishing any g<iod whatever, and became an unmixed evil, without benefit to anyone. Tin return, then, of imports, must have been principally in articles on which the duties were not raited, as far as the consumption of the country would warrant, and the balance, after paying what was due abraod, in gold and silver. The first effect, then, must have, been to turn the foreign exchange in our1 favor; a most important consequence con- ; nected with the increase of gold and sil-! ver in relation to the currency. The next must have hcen to turn the domestic ex-' changes still more strongly against the staple slates, &in favor of the manufacturing. To understand this portion of lho opera lion, I must again repeat that the object uf the tariff was to cut off the consumption of I the foreign articles, in order tiiat liicy; !should he supplied by our own inamifac-j | lures. The necessary consequence of this ' I must have been to diminish the demand abroad and to increase it in the manufacturing States, and thereby to turn tho influx of gold and silver to that point, in order to purchase their supplies tlierp, which we have been in the habit of obtaining from abroad. These causes combined, i must have had the effect of adding greatly to the capacity "f the hanks in that quarter lo extend their discounts and nccom modations, and with it the circulation of their notes. x\ ith a growing supply of specie, and the exchange favorable in every direction, as must have been the rase, 5liere is no limit to the business ot banks, nor are they slow to perceive and act on such favorable circumstances. Nor must >ve overlook another powerful cause in operation, the fiscal action of the Government, through the operation ot which the vast sums collected under such high duties, was transferred 10 the sa ne quarter t^t be applied in the discharge of the public debt, and disbursed on the innumerable objects for expenditure there. ( Under the operation of such powerful causes, there could ri > but be a vast, stid- ! leu expansion of the currency where they' were in such great activity, ai$! with that expansion, a corresp Hiding increase of prices, and the cast of production. Nor! could this state of things ceas till ihc increased cost of production become equal 11<> the duty imposed for protection. At that point, and not before, must specie; rra-ip to flow in, and the exchange to be: favorable; but when reached, the tide; must turn, importations of the protected articles w mid recommence, specie flow j out, and exchanges become adverse. Tiiis | must be so obvious, that itwould only dar, ken to attempt to make it more clear.? With the turn of t .e tide the batiks must contract, ami pecuniary distress and cm, barrassmcnt follow Such under the operation of the causes assigned, must be the result, f>r reasons which appear to me irresistible. But sir, I do not mean to leave so important a point to the mere force of argument, however clear anil certain: I intend to prove bv incootestible authority of documents, such was, in fact, exactly the result. 1 i 'tend t-? pi re the principle laid down, as I have said, beyond doubt or cavil. I'U^ e. I I ill* HI'S I aiilli'.Jiil) i onau amiutc 10 uum thf * report of a committee ?>f the other House. undo in February, 1831, by Campbell P White, tho Chairm m, then a membei frotn the city of New York. The rcp ?rt is evide uly drawn .vitb great care, and by one familiar with the subject; and has the advantage of being on another subject. [ihc "urrcncy.j with out any reference ; to the tariff or protective system, and evidently without a iv knowledge of its operation. Hear what :he report says: "The recent export ofspecie has swept ] away the delusive coloring given to the 'actual result of production in 1820, 1830 and the early p rI of 1831. Real estate appreciated greatly , and; I >ral storks commanded unheard of prices; warehouses and dwelliaffs were i nnrovtd ami einhel ...... o - - - - I lisli <1, ami money was so abundant tnat , it could b.j readily obtained to any amount j upon promissory notes. H ?\v changed is 1 t'ie g< neral aspect < f affairs within a few i months? All cur solid professions and means of industry remain, land continues to be equally productive, labor is recompensed with ils usual rowan!; the seasons have not been unfriendly. Whence, then, this lament iblc .-hangr in our ".flairs? Why this grc tt scarcity of money; depreciation in value of all comm clitics, and of all property; treat commercial distress, and intpossibtlity with many solvent j?etsons to discharge their just debts; so speedily and grieviotisly succeeded the gratifying and prosperous picture which was so lately presented?" What a confirmation of the deductions of reason, both in t >e swelling tide of prosperity, and the turning ebb of adversity. Th.i sketch of the latter is not unsuitcd to the present timp; goo I seasons am! productive years, and every element, apparently of prosperity, and yet deep and wide spread dist ess; though at that time, there had been no removal of deposites, nor h.vl the Sub-Treasury been heard of, to which gentlemen are now disposed to attribute all the calamities which afflict the country. The author of the report could give no satisfactory answer to his question, whence, all this sudden and unlnokcd for calamity; hut he has furnished us with the means ofj tracing it clearly to the tariff of 1S2S. It went into operation on the 1st of September of that year, and the next year felt the, swelling, but delusive tide of an expanding currency; the exchange turned in our favor;' gold and silver, following the impulse, flowed in; banks began to enlarge their discounts and circulation. It continued * - ?. J 1-* e- * n/Nn/snr an/1 cl rnnTOi* i 1(9 b\V?:n wmi a^m/ugvi uun oiiuu^ui Uu? - , rent, through all the subsequent year, and the first part of the next, nearly three j ears, according to the usual period, when it began to ebb; and then followed the re verse scene, so feelingly described by the author, and which to him appeared so tin-: expected and unaccountable. It was at this point, had not the movements of the! South arrested the farther progress of the: system, that there would have been another. clamor for additional dudes. The distress as usual, would have been attributed to over importation, and that to the want of, adequate protection, and in 1832, (the u-! sual period of four years having interven-' ed,) another protective tariff would hare been inflicted, to be followed by the same train of consequences, and with equal dis-j appointment to its authors Now, sir, to show that the flowing in of the precious metals, inconsequence of the tariff of '28, is not a mere assumption, I; have extracted from the public documents, j for the years 1829 and '30, the imports and j exports of g Id and silver, which I hold in < inv hand. The import in '29 was $7,-103,- j (512, and the export $1.311,131. making an I excess of imports over exports of 83.092,-1 37$; and for 1830. $8,155.904 against $1,-1 241,622, making an excess of imports of! $6,914,342; making in the two years, an I excess of imports, of $10,006,810. By' turning to the report already cited, it will I be seen that the estimated amount of spe-!i rie in the country on the first of January,' 1830, was but $25,000.000. of which $5r > 000,000 were in circulation, and $20,0000000 in the vaults of the Banks; so that the i addition to the specie in the two years I i ^Document 278 House of Represcnta- i lives. 1 was forty per cent, on the whole amount. It n?>\v remains to be shown what was the effect of this great proportional increase of specie, and the favorable state of the exchange which it indicates, had on the banks in the manufacturing States.? The report will furnish the information, not fully, but enough to satisfy every reasonable man. It gives the following statement of the amount of bank notes in circulation in 1830 and '32, respectively, in the States of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York and Pennsylvania, including the Bank of t! c United States, which will show the vast increase in the short space of three years. Here Mr. C. read the following statement:? i ai -on nnn (?> * rftn nnn rr .uapsac'lUNOHS, iji,iov?,uuu y i , i vv}ijuu u.j pr:r ci. Rliodc Island, 670,000 1,310,000 100 ? New York, 10,000,000- 14,100,000 40 ? Pennsylvania, 7,300,000 8,7C0,000 20 " Bank U. States, 15,300,000 21,GOO,000 G7 " | 38.3)0,000 56,500,000 These are, it will be borne in mind, the principal manufacturing States. In the period of two years, we find their bank, circulation, taken in the aggregate, expanded from thirty-eight to fi.iy-six and a half millions, equal to forty-four per cent. Hut this falls far short of the actual increase. The year 1S29 is not included. It must have been one of great expansion, as the import of specie greatly exceeded its cxpofts; which, with the favorable exchange implied, must have greatly increased the business of the banks and the cir/?nlal!.\n r\f tlinlw n.>foc? Th/i ror/s i?co mitel I UIUHWII 1/| IIU II lllHUDi A tit UlU^b have hren the case in 1832, which is ineluded; as we know by the report itself, that year aud the latter part of the preceding, was a period of severe contraction. If a return could he had of 1829, '30, and the early part of '31, I venture nothing in asserting that we should lind the comparison, compared with 1828, the year of the larifl', far greater in proportion. That there is no mistake i*i attributing this great expansion to the tariff; might be farther shown, if additional proof were necessary, after such conclusive evidence, from the fact that it is impossible to assign any other adequate cause. As far as can be seen, there was no other cause in operation, political or commercial, that could have produced the results, li was a period of profound peace, and the exports of the country steady to asi unusual degree. Should doubt, however, still remain in the mind of any one after all this accumulation of evidence, 1 will next call the attc tion of the Senate to a fact which must be conclusive with all disposed to receive the truth. By turning to ih<* table showing the extent of bank circulation in '30 and '32 in the four States already referred to, it will be seen that the expansion was greater or less, just as the States, respectively, were more or 1 <ss manufacturing It will not bo doubted that Rhode Island is the most manufacturing of the fuur, and we accordingly find there the greatest expansion; am! that for the simple reason, that there the causes assigned must have been in the state of the greatest activity. Her bank circulation doubled in the short space of two years, as appears by the ta ? ?* _ _ . I - ?." 1 ule. Massacuusciis 15 me next; anu we iitul hers is the next highest, b ing sixtyfive per cent. New York is still less so, and hers is but forty per cent.; and Pennsylvania, the least of the four, had, excluding the Bank of the United States, increased only twenty per cent. If the statement had extended farther South, and taken in the staple States, I venture little in making the assertion that instead of expansion, their hank circulation would, for the same period, have been found in the , opposite state, for the reverse reason. It; will be seen the Bank of tfie United States had expanded sixty-seven per cent. Th's great increase, compared to the local bunks of Pennsylvania, may probab!y,be attributed partly to loans negotiated farther East, and not improbably because her accommodations were somewhat enlarged, from causes connected with her efforts, at the time, to obtain a renewal of her char tcr. I trust that I have now established to the entire satisfaction of the Senate, the truth of the great principle which has been laid down?that every increase of protective duties is necessarily followed, in the present condition of our country, by an , expansion of the currency, which must continue to increase till the increased price of production, caused by the expansion, shall be equal to the duty imposed, when a new tarilf will be required. Assuming! then, the principle as iticor.trovcrtable, it follows that the natural tendency of the protective system is to expand, in seeking to accomplish its obj'ct, till it terminates in explosion. It would be easy to show,: friiivi u'liat h:m alreatlv been Stated, that ! this tendency must continue till the ex-| ports shall be so reduced as to be barely j sufficient to meet the demands of the! country for the articles not included in the protection* as it must be obvious, | so long as they exceed that amount, so; long must specie continue to be imported, | and the exchange to be in our favor, till I thp nrntertion is broke down by the ex-i pansion of the currency. The consummation, therefore, of the) system, must be one of two things: ex- j plosion, or the reduction of the exports, j so as not to exceed the amount of the unprotected articles; but either termination must prove disastrous to the system; the former by a sudden and violent overthrow, and the latter by the impoverish-' ment of custodiers and raising up of ri-f rals, as they ceased to bo customers. To' have a just conception of its operation in this particular, it will be necessarj' to bear in mind. that the South and West are the great consumers of the products of the North and East; and that the capacity of the South to consume, depends on her great agricultural staples almost exclusively; and that their sale and consumntion dpriend mainly on the for eign market. What, then, would be the effect of reducing her exports to the point indicated, say to forty or fifty millions of dollars? Most certainly to diminish her capacity to consnme the products of the North and East in the same proportion, j followed by a corresponding diminution | of the revenue, and the commerce and navigation of the country. But the evil would not end there, as great as it would be. It would have an equal or greater effect on the consumption of the West.? That great and growing section is the provision portion of the Union. Her wide and fertile region gives her an unlimited ! capacity to produce grain and stock of j every description; and these, for the most ; part, find their market in the staple States.* I Cut off their exports, and lheir market | would be destroyed; and with it, the j means of the West, to a great extent, for I carrying on trade with th>* Northern and j Eastern States. To the same extent, they | and the staple States would be compelled I tn nr/iflupp their siwri ciinnlipc ami would *" I I t > .? thus, from consumers, be converted into rivals with the other section. , [Concluded in our next.] Woollen Manufacture.?We arc gratified to see in the ixevv York American an intimation from a Washington correspondent that, as soon as practicable, a Select Committee of Congtess will be appointed to visit that city and other large ports of entry, for the purpose of investigating I facts in relation to alleged frauds in the importation of woollen goods. It appears (says the writer) that whileMbe laws have bean carried into full^rficct with regard to the importation of the raw materials, thereby keeping up the prices of wool in particular very much above the prices paid by the manufacturers, manufactured goods have been coming to this country in large quantities, invoiced at much less than their cost or value, therc: by evading the laws, and placing the American manufacturer upon 'worse gr; tr;d :c .... ...,1 tu: ' i.? . ' man 11 uu u;iui rAid?uu9 i ins* intu dune almost, if not entirely, by foreigners, who have heen thereby enabled lo undersell the honest American importer; land this increased will:in a few years to I such n:i extent as to drive from the impor' ration ol wooi'eus nearly all the American j importers and it is now estimated that seven-eighths of all the woollen imported, I came into the country on foreign'account. It is believed that, under a proper execution of the la;ill' laws, the manufacture of wool in the country would necessarily become an * xti'i.sivc and useful branch of industry,?Baltimore American. Harrison and the last was.? Tt can never be forgotten that General Ilnrtison i refused to serve till the end of the war. lie threw up his commission and retired from all danger in the hoar of his country's utmost need. Tne illustrious Jackson gained all his laun Is after Harrison had left the service. The resignation of the one and tlie appointment of the other was 1'iinlninnil in thn en mo nnlnf It u-ne ic I ~ t? w ! sued bv President Madison in the midst of the war, ami read as follows: "Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee is appointed Major General in the Army of the United States, in I ho place of V.'iUiam Henry Harrison, ol Ohio, resigned. This short paragraph from the pen of President Madison is the severest comment that could be made upon the military services of the present federal candidate for the Presidency. Philadelphia Times. An amazing Fact.?The difference of the Earth's distance from the Sun, between the apogee and perigee of the latter, that is, when it is farthest effor nearest to the earth, it is stated in the New York American to be three millions two hundred thousand miles. In this century the Stin is in apogee or farthest off about the first of Julv nml in nfriircr. or nearest the"F!srrfh on the last dty of December. I( then on the first of July, a cannon ball should be discharged from the Earth in a right line to the Sun, and go at tho rate of five hundred miles per hour, yet the earth, proceeding in her accustomed orbit, would be nearer than the cannon ball to the Sun on the last day of December, by a million of miles. A colored man in Phi'adelphia died on Wednesday from the effects of poison in a bottle of eider which he drank. It was supposed some shot, with which bottles are sometimes cleaned, had been left in the bottle. One of these has been known to cause death.?Bait. Post. RARE INSTANCE 01" CoXJCGAL AFFECTION.? An instance of real and permanent conjugal affection, was produced in evi dcnce at the .Somerset Sessions, which has never perhaps been paralleled in the annals of humanity. In an appeal case, a woman, a witness swore that she had never lost sight of her husband for twelve hours together, at any one time, either day or night, during a period of fifty years. The whole of the New York and Ohio line of canal boats, on the Eric Canal, were sold, by public auction, at Albany on Wednesday, the 19ih ult. lor the stun of 121,500 dollars. ^