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,'F J"? i #' ' ?, ' ' * '' .. . ^ /' * i * &&& mmwt mwmihwmmm* '4fBfSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTmmmm^mmmmm^^mmmmi????mmm?y?? ^gE*gSgSS!^~,y'?? ' m 4 VOLUME VI. CHERAW. SOUTH-CAROLINA, WEDNESDAY, JUNE $0, 1841. NUMBER 3* 1 . # 7* ?i i t - By 18. MAC LEAH. I Tuucs:?Published weekly at three dollars a year; with an additioa, when not paid within three months, of twenty per cent per annum. . Twe new subscribers inay take the paper at fire dollars in adrance; and ten at twenty. Foar subscribers, not receiving their papers in town, may pay a year's subscription with ten dollars, In advance. A year's subscription always due in advance. Papers not discontinued to solvent subscribers in arrears. Advertisements net exceeding 16 lines inserted r one dollar the first time, and fifty cents each ubeequent time. For insertions at interval* of two weeks 75 cents after the first, and a dollar if the intervals are longer. Payment due in advance for advertisements. When the number of insertions is not marked on the copy, the advertisement will be inserted, and charged til trdered out. < KjT The postage must be paid on letters to the editor on the business of the office. A &&? GiPitm From the Western Farmer. SILK. Mount Pleasant. March. 16,1841. To 3f*. : Dear Sir,?Mr. Gill has just handed me yours of the 10th, and I feel unspeakable pleasure in answering you. I am always willing and ready to give that information necessary to the advancement and final prosperity of the silk business in this country. After be. * ing engaged in the silk business for the last 40 years, in London, Economy, Pa., and Mt. Pleasant, in all its various branch. es( standings and bearings, I flatter my. elf my remarks may be taken as facts, founded on a long and chequered experi. once. After the pertinent and judicious remarks made, by G. W. Gill upon silk raising, and published in the Western Farmer and Gardener, I should betray weakness were I to add any thing relative to that department. Still, as a pioneer in the silk business, I have many oppon. ents to combat with, and much prejudice to remove, that stand as barriers to its more extended operations. Many good but mistaken gentleman have said to me. " What is the use of raising silk in this country ? we can never get it wove as in France and England." I would invite those gentlemen to come to Mt. Pleasant and see six looms in operation on plain ilk, flowering silks, silk velvet, dec., &c. From this place I would entreat them to take a trip to George Rapp's establish, rnent, Economy, Pa., where my son su. perintends, and behold what an eminence they have arrived at. Neither France nor England can surpass their machinery 01 silk fabrics. About four years back 1 put in action for them 2looms, silk velvet, and hat plush: now they have 6 ; and 18 months back there *vas not a loom in Mt. Pleasant, and now 6. Surely this must convince the most perverse and obstinate mind, of the practicability of weaving up our own raising. What has been done here and at Economy, can be done almost anywhere in the Union. We have lately purchased a considerable quantity of reeled silk from G-.G. Stockly, Esq., Cleaveland, Ohio; his production speaks volumes *. /vf nr?i?? imnn his ?vprtinn<i. We have ft ? t - purchased considerable quantities from various parts, but his exceeds all. For 90 years in England, I have had pass through my hands 200 to 250 lbs of silk weekly. (I appeal for the truth of this to Wm. Orange, Esq. Cincinnatti) from a Bengal single, to a Piedmont; and I do | uot hesitate in giving the preference to | the Cleveland produce. Upon the whole, | from what we have raised ourselves and bought of others, I am constrained to give the decided preference to the American silk; and when the worms are fed upon the Italian or Multicauiis mulberries, the silk excels all I have seen from France, China, Italy or Piedmont, in scent and brilliancy. I am aware the loss of scent or fragrance in England, may be accoun ted for by the length of voyage and tne ?i!k oftentimes exposed to the saline air : but the brilliancy I believe is peculiar to American alone. This ought to be a great encouragement to those who have commenced, to persevere, and an inducement to others to begin, knowing ultim ately it will he a source of wealth to this country ; and if our state legislatures will give the silk raisers their smiles ana encouragement, and Congress will afford its parental protection, we have nought to fear from any foreign competitor, or competitors. Let them try their worst, or do their best, they never can compete with us. I ain happy to find you are about commeucing this season ; I wish you, sir, success and prosperity, and have no doubt of it ; for success is sure if conducted in oronor mnnnpr. I""!"" We purahase cocoons to any amount, provided the crysalis is killed by suffocation, either by camphor, carbonated gas from charcoal, orsulphur; the latter I prefer, as sulphur is congenial to silk, and it is done much quicker and cheaper, ?great injury has been done to good cocoons by baking them and steaming ; the former draws out the staple from the silk?the latter causes it to flake off* when reeling. This ought to be universally known. Cocoons perforated by the miller, and doubled and indented, are useless - - j i to us,?reeled siik we also buy; but me > article we want for satins, velvet, &c., A- must have exceed from 8 to 10 fibi.a. All our own silk we reel, we never suffer more than 6 to 8, for one thread ; for this kind of silk we give the Phila. price?from $5,50 to 86. 00 per lb? 16 ?z.?Cocoons, as before named, $4. 00 per bushel; if flossed, the measure struck off; if not, piled up in the form of a cone. Wo have not (yet concluded aa Tespects having an agent in Cincinnati, but as we thing of increasing the number of looms shortly, we shall establish something of the kind you name. But this need not be any hindrance, as we are constantly receiving from all parts, cocoons packed in flour barrels, directed to John Bayne, Esq., Portland, near, Warren, Jefferson >Co., 0., for G. W. Gill. Portland is on the river bank, 7 miles from Mt. Pleasant. Mr. Gill's wagons go to that place every day, and bring home what's there. When you first start probably you may not be able to reel so finea9 I have described. Should the silk be fuller, we will purchase it, say $4. 50 to $5. 50 as the silk may turn out,?we have no eggs to spare, as we intend this season to raise 2 millions of worms?the single crop worm, will only produce 1 crop, but the two crop worms, 2 crops prebabiy 3; but the latter cjop is not of mnch account.?I strongly recom* mend Dennis's Silk Manual to your notice ; it is the mo9t coincise and judici* ! ous treaties I have seen ; the price is 25 ! cts. We expect some on for sale shortly. The space for worms is entirely discretionI al, as some worms are much larger than others ; but there is nothing lost by giving plenty of room : keep them clean, well ventilated, and never touch them with the hand if possible. I recommend the Burlington feeding frame above all others. Thus, sir, I have endeavored to answer your inquiries ; any further information you need; dont be backward to write. I have upon the average 8 letters to answer every week, from Nashville to Maryland. Every state almost, seems alive to the silk business. Any remarks you may see cal* culated to encourage and stimulate, or the whole if you please, is at your disposal to publish in the Western Farmer; my respects to those gentleman the Editors. Yours, JOHN FOX. From the Western Farmer & Gardener. CATALPA POSTS. Mt. Carmel, 111., March 8,1841. i General Harrison some years 8go, from his residence on the Wabash, had enter* tained a high opinion of the vast importance to the farmers of Ohio and Kentucky, and of the great West generally, growing the Catalpa or Catawba tree for post and rail fences: his remarks were published in a Cincinnatti paper. Mr. Jefferson, in his notes on Virginia, or in some other, published forty or fifty years ago, states that this tree was a native of the Wabash valley. In 1816, *17, I found them here; but no one, not apprized of the fact, would take them at first to be the Catalpa or Catawba tree, as growing wild they look like the Linn.? That the high recommendation given by Gen. Harrison of the timber, is correct, I shall now state, that on yesterday passing the farm of Mr. Samuel Rigg, living three miles west of this, I was shown a post fixed for a barn, and a roof formed and covered ever; yet the post had shot out limbs; ail hut one was cut away, which formed a shade for the stock, as well as a post to sustain the barn ! An. other man, about three miles from Mr. Rigg, had fixed a similar post for a gate, which has grown into a tree, and no trace of the post is left! A tree, fallen across a creok near Vincinnes, has formed a bridge for the French for 70 years!?Mr. Rigg informed me that his barn post had lain exposed to the weather for several weeks before it was planted. Discovering that the mere posts of the c Catalpa, Catawba, or Warhoo, as it is as it is called, talres root, I do most seriously recommend to the farmers of Ohio and Kentucky, to secure a sufficient number of them to plant a grove ; when planted close they grow well; and as the eccrentric old man, Joe Craig of Kentucky, said of the black Locust, that will ?*last forever," fsr he had tried it "three times our Wabash Warhoo will out go his Locusts as to durability ; for we have fouud u^s, which from appearance had reposed for ages, yet sound, and good timber, lasting much longer than my worthy vet eccentric old friend lived on ---J J earth. But I have no doubt but he has reached a better region than Kentucky, however highly that was extolled by him while Jiving! IMPORTANT DISCOVERY?HOW TO RENDER WOOD IMPERISHABLE AND INCOMBUSTIBLE. From theGennesee Farmer. Messrs. Editors :?A discovery of the highest importance appears to have beeu made in France, by wh'ch the long-sought prerervation of wood from ordinary decay, combustion, &c., is finally achieved. This has been done by introducing into the wood itself, through the agency of ,.u. in-. .L 1.-* VCgCiaUlt* IIIC, IIIU MIIIMitllucs w it 11*it wii* tribute to those important ends. It has, indeed, been iong known to amateur botanists, that the flowers of house plants, &c., may be colored by the introduction of coloring matter into the organization of the plants; and that the flavors of fruits may sometimes be injured or destroyed by liquids poured upon the ground, at the root of the tree, at the season of their ripening, which are subse quently imbibed into tie vegetable circu- i lation. But theso i tela ted facts bare I hitherto remained with their possessors, without any useful suggestions baring been djawn from them, like a multitude , of other scientific t;uths, which only require to be aplied to the arts, to produce the most important results of usefelness to mankind. ' r The announcement of this discovery comes to us under circumstances Which leave little doubt of its truth. The discoverer having submitte d his results to the Academy of Sciences, of Paris, a commit- ' sion was named from that highly scientific body, to investigai e the subject, and make a report thereon. In the hope of usefulness, I have made a translation of this report, (omitting sqiqe portions, as irrelvent to my purpose,) for your paper, which I subjoin; deeming it highly important that experiments should be extensively made, thleensuing summer, in conformity with the discoverers' process, an shown in the report ]t would be no trifling result to secure tinber, in all situations, from decay, and our buildings from conflagration, at a cost so trifling as to be within the reach of all. A physician of Bordeaux, Mons. Bon . cherie, has arrived at the all-important result of rendering the tiseue of wood almost entirely unattackahle by those causes of destruction to which it is ordinarily sub. subject; and at the same time his processes render it much it ore suitable to the various purposes to which it is applicable in the arts. A commission to the Academy of Sciences, at Paris, having been named, to examine the subject, Mons. Dumas, in the name of the commissior, made in Decernher last the folio tving report, as the resul t of its investigations: "The Academy has charged Messrs, Arago, de Mibrsl, Poncelet, Gambey, Audoin, Boussaingault, and myself, with the examination of the Memoir of Mons. Boucherie, relative to the preservation of wood, the following in the result of our labors: "The Academy has jilready examined, with the most lively interest, the preparations of the aut hor; and it has before it, at this moment, pieces of these so re. markable that the task of its commission is thereby greatly abr idgod. Mons. Bou oherie proposes to render wood much more durable, to preserve its elasticity, to prevent the voriafions in volume which it experiences through the agencies of dry and humid atmospheres, to diminish its combustibleness, to augment its tenacity and its hardiness; and, Anally, to communicate to it various and durable colors and odors. "To assume that all these exigencies have been satisfied, a;nd that this has been accomplished by methods, cheap, simple and new; and consummated through the agency of substances that are common, and which bear but a low price, is to fix the attention of the Academy, in a few words, upon the important features of the subject we are charged to examine. "For the purpose of penetrating an entire tree with oreservati*e. coloring, or r , other matter, the author has recourse to no mechanical, costly or complicated means; he finds all the force of which he has need, in that process, within the tree itself,?the same force by which its own sap is elevated and distributed through its various parts. This, alone, suffices to convey from of the trunk to the very leaves all the liquids which he wishes to iutroduce, provided that these are maintained within certain limits of chemical concentration. If a tree be felled, while in full sap and leaf, and the base of the trunk be at once plunged into a vat or reservoir containing the liquid which it is desired the timber shall im. bibe, that liquid in the space of a few days, will ascend to the very leaves, and penetrate every part of the tissue, except the heart of the tree, which in some instances of great age and hardness, or imperfect vitality, resists the absorption, and is not penetrated, "It is not entirely necessary that the tree shall retain all its branches and leaves during this process, although it is important that those of the extreme top should remain uninjured. "It is not important that the tree shall remain standing during the ODeration, O o 1 which would not always be convenient : it may be felled, and i ts but submurged in the liquid it* is destined to absorb, when this will find its way to every part. "On the other hand, the tree may be treated standing, if this be preferred; for it is only necessary that cavities be cut near the bottom, or the trunk be partially severed bv a saw, and i:hai the parts thus prepared be put in contact with the liquid to ensure the desired result. "This species of penetration, or ab? | sorption, which is effected in a few days.! .I ? *.i w 11 ' I wunoiu enner aimcuiiy or iaoor, is, well be readily seen, wholly different from any means hitherto employed.? Previous methods are well known to consist of forcing the ingredients into the pores of the wood, by powerful pressure or of introducing them by the prolonged and imperfect action of liquids prepared at much cost, in huge vats, in which the ii timber is kepi: suomerged. * The* new and ingenious process of Mens. Boucherie has placed at the com' r mand of industry an immense natural b force, which enables it, without cost, to a conduct into the most delicate vegetable d tissues al 1 sol uble suhstances wh ich it may t be desirable to deposite there. 1 "if the author has received, in a simple and ready manner, the great problem i which he at first proposed, he has not t manifested less sagacity in his choice of t the substances which he has adopted for j fulfilling all the indications announced t above. 1 "To augment the duration and hardness Wood, and to oppose its decay, either j i f J iL- j i ?-e i dry or numia, me cruue pyrougnite ot iron is to be introduced into its tissue. 1 This substance is wisely chosen, because * crude pyroHgoeouj acid is produced in all j the forests, in the process of mariufactur- j ing charcoal; and it is easy to convert ( this into the pyrolignite of iron, by sim- j ply putting it, even when cold, in contact , with scraps of cold iron; and because, ] also, that the liquid, thus prepared, con* tains much creosote, which, independently of the salt of iron, itself possesses the property of hardening, and of guarding against the attacks of decomposition, as well as the destruction caused by insects, wood and timber employed in constructions and for other purposes. ? Authentic experiments tried in the cellars of Bordeaux, upon hoops, prepared | by the author, have proved in the most , conclusive manner, the prolonged dura* tion of wood, after subjection to his process. The ordinary hoops fell to powder, upon the least application of force to them, while these of the same age, which had been subjected to his preparation, were as solid as upon the first day they were placed there. "If he wishes to preserve the elasticity of wood, and to render it less combustible, the author has found in the employment of chlorine with an earthy base, the means of accomplishing these ends. Ever preoccupied with the thought that hts discoveries, to be most serviceable, must receive universal practical application, the author has net contented himself with the employment of the chlorate of calcium, notwithstanding its great cheapness but he has ann tlyzed the sea water from the pits of the salt works, which is without value, and by so doing has obtained therefrom all the qualities necessary to his purpose. The different woods prepared by his saline solutions preserve their flexibility, even after several years' exposure to the air; and thin sheets of this wood were twisted into spirals, fi.st in , one direction then in the contrary one, ^ without their suffering the slightest frac- j turc or injury of any kfad. Exposed to the air these thin pieces were neither split i or otherwise injured, however dry they < became; and, finally, they were so far in. i combustihly as to be incapable of sustain, ing or propagating conflagration. "To those highly useful properties, 1 which the constructions of ships, bridges, dwellings, &c., will readily appreciate, and turn to profit, the author has joined others, less important certainly, put still new, and not without interest, in the arts. He colors woods in clouds so varied and casual as to promise much utility, by the employment of his metnod in ornament. | ing the most ordinary woods, so as to fit 1 them for the fabrication of furniture, and | for other purposes of ornamental use. . i "The specimens of this kind, now be. i fore the Academy, relieve us from all de. 1 tails upon this head; and it therefore 1 suffices for us to say : "That the pyrolignite of iron, alone, gives a very beautiful brown tint; "That by causing tannin to be absorb, ed by the tree, after the pyrolignite of , iron, the mass of the tree is rendered , black, while some portion* exhibit tints j of blue, black and gray; i That by introducing, first, the pyrol. \ ignite of iron, and afterwards the prus. j siate of potassa? a fine Prussian blue is produced; "That by introducing, successively, the acetate of lead and the chromate of potassa, a lemon, or chromate of lead color is produced ; ! "That by introducing into the same | trunk, the pyrolignite of iron, prussiate, , and acetate of lead, and chromate of potassa, the wood assumes a series of clouds of blue, green, yellow and brown, which collectively produce the most varied and 5 pleasing effect. 5 "The colors and shades may be varied 1 almost to infinity, according to taste or < fn n/*v . a? rhpmistrr is sufficiently rich* < . ? J ^ in agents of this nature, to satisfy the 1 wants, and even the caprices of the most fastidious, "We have said nothing here, of the communication of odors to woods, by impregnations of this kind, because this is an application easily comprehended without explanation; and also because it is too strictly limited to the demands of luxury to be placccf in the same strafe of mportance with the valuable results < vhich we have above enumerated. t "It is evident, from the bare announce. < f 9 nent of these results, that they have not i ?een, and could not be, the result of ( iccidental discovery. The author has t leduced them from simple ideas; and I hey are the fruit of long continued, and i aborious studies and experiments. I The commission closed their labors '< vith a recommendation that a copy of heir report be transmitted to the minis. < ers of agriculture and commerce, of the i >ublic works and the marine, of finances ind of war, which recommendation was , idopted by the Academy. At a subsequent sitting of the Academy* hat body received notice from the minsters of war and finance, that they had ? - e rv n l_ ecommended the metnoa or ur. douchsrie to the special attention of the commissioners of engineers,, the artillery, and the woods and forests. This shows the Importance that is attached to the discovery, by public functionaries, and by the first scientific men of this, or any age, residing upon the spot where its results aave been witnessed and investigated. R. W. HASKINS. Buffalo, March 22,1841. To the President of the Agricultural Sosiety of South Carolina.? Gentlemen?I ask your attention to the following resolution, adopted by the State Agricultural Society, at its last meeting, held at Columbia: That the District and Parish Societies be invited to present to this Society, at its annual meeting, an essay or memoir on the subject to which their notice may respectively be drawn by the President, whose business it shall be to designate the topics on which information is needed." There is, perhaps, no member of the confederacy more dependent on agriculture than South-Carolina, and none where that important branch of industry is more neglected. Of the States composing the Union, twenty have deemed it necessary to aid the cause of the husbanman by legislative enactments. SouthCarolina Ha9 so far steadily refused to lend even the influence of her name to the upholding of that pursuit on which her wealth and prosperity so intimately depend. On this exigency, .when, too, the moral and political elements have assumed a sombre hue, it becomes the southern tiller of the soil to arouse from his lethargy, and to direct his efforts to tha devising of means best calculated to promote the true interest of his vacation.? Accurata knowledge concerning the defects of our agricultural practices, and the remedies that are accessable and certain, is what is now mainly wanted.? In furtherance of this object, and the bet. ter to attain the end substantially aimed at by the Society I now respectfully submit theselection of the topics for the essays to your better judgement, in the confident hope that subjects may be chosen, adapted to localities, as will afford light enough to guide us to the goal of useful and profitable labour. It is conceded that there exist ruinous errors in management, and great neglect of means and facilities for agricultural imii - - a.. provement. i'tie tauu is 100 coiumuu for the planter to look exclusively to the annual income from his crops, without taking into the estimate at the year's end whether his plantation, regarded as a permanent investment of capital, has been improved or deteriorated. Learned or obstuse dessertations on husbandry, although they would assist in bringing about correct opinions on many points perhaps assential to our calling, are not, at this time, the surest means far accomplishing our purpose. Plain practi. cal essays alone, the necessity of the occasoin, imperatively requires. Iftheservice designated in the above resolation be faithfully performed, I scarcely need say to you, that an impulse will be given to agriculture, in this State, of vast and permanent utility. May I add, that this is a cause in which all can embark. Here there are no collission of interestor of opinion to overcome, and no motives at variance with private feelings, or public innentives to action. [ have the honnor to be, very respeatfully, Your obedient servant, WHFTRMARSH b. seabrook. President S. A. S. of So. Cft. Edisto Island; June 14, 1841. Editors of papers, friendly to the objects 3f this circular, are requested to give it an insertionReport of the Postmaster General. Post Office Department, 3fay 29,1841. Sir: The arrangement of business at, md the manner of returns to, the Generil Post Office, forbid a detailed report of its operations at the approaching session )fCongress! I have, however, felt it my July, at this time, to call public attention ;o the present state of its finances, so far is I have yet been able to learn their con lition. When first entering upon my official iuties, my attention was forced to the constant demands for payment beyond he ability of the Depurtment to dis. charge; and with a view to ascertain, as iearly as might be, its undisputed liabili;iea and probable means, on the 27th day 9 . * '1 >f March last a letter was addressed to he Auditor of the Treasury for the Post Jffice Department, requesting from him n formation on those subjects. A copJ )f which letter, marked A, is herewith jubmiited. Such statements hare not ^en furnished, for reasons clearly set forth in a letter from the Auditor, dated the 26th day*5of May instant; of which a copy is hereto appended, Marked B. * It was also important to learn, without delay, what were the pressing liabilities and what the active funds of the Department. For this purpose, directions were given to the chief clerk to state the amount due to contractors anterior,to and , for the quarter ending the 31st December^ , 1840, so far as they haobeen reported by the Auditor, and also the amount in doposite, subject to draft, for the discharge of such arrearages. His report is here, with submitted, marked C. By an examinatioa of that statement, it will be seen that there was due and unpaid to contractors, of ascertained balances, on the first day of January last, the sum oifour hundred and forty-seven thousand and seventy-nine dollars, ($447,. 079,) a considerable portion of which has been paid from the revenues of the quarter ending on the 3lst March. A report from the Auditor upon all the outstanding contracts will undoubtedly increase this amount of indebtedness to a total exceeding half a million of dollars. In fn ivhi/?K_ Kpbuv lUmiBfli are aUVIIIIUU IV VT J MVW J -mm?? ? y ? frequently made on the Department upon unliquidated claims. Of such demands, no notice can be taken at this time, nor is it proper that an opinion as to their justice should be now expressed. Under these circumstances, two questions naturally present themselves; How is the Department to be sustained under its present embarrassments? and, What are its financial hopes for the future? As no estimates, upon which can be based an answer to the first inquiry, can be presented until a full statement of the balances due from postmasters shall have been reported by the Auditor, it is passed, with the single remark, that, although it can hardly be doubted that a large aggregate sum will be found due, it is to be feared that, from the small amount of most of such separate balances, scattered throughout this wide-spread nation, the want of responsibility in many of these offcers and many of their securi1 ties, and the lapse of time since these balances accrued, but an inconsiderable part of the amount actually due will ever be received. It therefore remains for Congress to determine whether the amount now due to contractors shall be paid. from the National Treasury, or whether this Department shall struggle on with its present embarrassmenfs, consuming its daily accruing revenues in the partial payment of old debts, and still leaving large balances which it has not the ability to discharge. Notwithstanding the heavy incrsased expenditure consequent upon the act of 7th July, 1838, and although, instead of tbe supposed gadtial increase of revenue, the receipts for the quarter ending 31st March last present, as compared with the corresponding quarter of the year before, a diminution of more than 6 per cent, still the Department would probably find sufficient relief in its future operations from the decrease of prices which, it may be calculated, will be hereafter demanded upon mast of the routes, were it not for the continually increasing exactions in other branches of the service. To present this subject in its most intelligible form, the First Assistant Postmaster General has prepared a tabular view of recent proposals, that comparison may be made between the amount ot present bids and the sums now paid for mail service upon the same routes.? This table is hereto annexed) marked D. On examination of this statement, it will be seen that, in some cases, the amount demanded by railroad companies for transportation of the mails is more than two hundred per cent, higher than is paid for coach service, upon roads forming connecting links between different railroad companies, upon the same main route, and that too where the night service upon the railroads is less than that performed in coaches. Such demands deserve more consideration from the fact that, whilst at the recent lettings in New York and in the six Eastern Statfes the accepted service by coaches and other modes of conveyance has been secured at an average saving of twenty-two per cent, upon the contracts of 1837, there are but few instances where the demands of incorporated companies have not been increased in such manner as imposed upon me the necessity of suspending the contracts. Nor is the extravagant price demanded for mail transportation upon, railroads the only manner in which these incorporations affect the revenue of this Department. The facilities secured by this mode of conveyance for sending let. ters by private hands very seriously di*. minishthe reccidts of the offices upoo