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| KEOWEE COURIER. " TO THINK OWN SELK UK TRUE, AN1) IT Ml'BT FOLLOW, AS TIIE NIGHT TIIB DAY, THOU CAN'BT NOT TTIEN DE FALSE TO ANY MAN." VOI.. 1. PIGK'iflNS COURT HOUSE, S. C? FRIDAY, MARCH 22, 185ft NO 44 m tiie KEOWEE COURIER, j riUNTKOAND rUDLISIIEU wkeklV by W. H. TRIMMIER. J. W. NORRIS, Jr., ) f u E. M. KEITH, ) ignore. terih8. Ono Dollar nml Fifty Cents for one year's subscription when paid within thrco months, i wo uouurR ii payment is delayed to the closo of the subscription your. All subscription*! not olearlv limited, will bo considered as made for an iiuiermite time, and continued till a discontinuance is ordered and nil arrearages pai.l. AJrcrtixcinents inserted at *7f? cents per ' square for the first insertion, and 37 i-2 cts. for each continued insertion. Liberal deductions made to those advertising by ?1>n your. IW All Communications uliould be addressed to the Publisher post paid. Washington, 3/arch 7, 1850. SENATE. COMrUOMTSF. RESOLUTIONS. Mr. Walker said lie knew (l?e immense audionce present was not assembled to hoar him, and he knew that there was but one man whom they expected to hear. Tfrlmtever rights he had to the floor, he willingly conceded them to the distin- i guished Senator from Massachusetts. Mr. Webster said that ho felt himself under deep obligations to tho Senators from Wisconsin (Walker) and New York (Seward) for their courtesy, in allowing him to address tho Senate to-day. He wished to speak to-day, not as a Senator from-Afasgachysctir-, nor as a Northern man, but as an American, and as a mcmhp.r of l.lio Amnrio.Jin Snnnlo T-T?? it was fortunate for the country that there was a Senate?that there was a body which had not yet been moved from its propriety?not yet lost to a just sense of their own dignity and high selfrespect?a body to which tho country looked with confidence for wise and patriotic action. It was not to bo denied that we live in the midst of strong agitation, and of considerable danger to the institutions of our Government. Tho imprisoned winds have been let loose from the North, tho East, the West, and the stormy South, I and they tossing the ocean billows to the rlriAQ ?%%%/! AVWAfiA A*?M *ln A.. ? .3 I UUU V/A|jugc 4UVUI UO JJ1U1UUI1U I est depths. Ho did not feel ?$h&t he was ; tho suitable person to take the helm in ! this storm, nor had lie the skill to com- j bflt the elements. - But he had a duty to perform?not a duty for his own security or safety, nor to look foa fragment on which to float from the wreck if wreck 1 should ensue?but a duty to perform to | the whole country, nnd for the good of the whole country. /There was that which should keep him to his duty during the struggle nnd the storm, whether tho sun or the stars shall or shall not appear for several days: It was tho preservation _/ it. TT_:f If- V * ' m ?i nit: uniun. ne spoi<o 10 any lot* Uie preservation of the Union, Hear mo R for my cause. Ha spoke to-day for the American heart; for the preservation of peace, concord, harmony and fraternal feeling, which aro what renders this Union si dear to all. Believe mo for mino honor. These were the sole motives which governed him in giving his opinions to the Senate and the country. It might not be amisn to recur briefly to the events, equally sudden and extraordinary, which have brought the political condition of the country to its present state. In May, 1840, war was declared with Mexico. Thv. . Imerican troops crossed the line of the enemy's territory, invaded her provinces, and finally took posession of her capital. The marine force of the United States took possession of nil her {>ort8on the vltlantic and Pacific. In ess than two years from the commencement of the war, a treaty was made, by which Mexico ceded to tho United States the territories on tho Pacific. It eo hap pened that, in conscquence of the distracted and feebl state of Mexico before it was known in /nlifornia, the pcodIo thera under tho supposed lend of American officers, had overthrown the provincial government, and run up an independent flag. When tho nows of the existence of tha war runched there, the independent flaj* was torn down, and tho stars and stripes hoisted in its stead. Before the war was over, our fortes had possession of San francisco, and a great rush of emigrants from all parts, took place to California. In January, 1848, the Mormons discovered n.? extraordinarily rich mino or quantity of gold at the lower part of tho American branch of the Sacramento. This was kept secret for some time; but eventually ii becamp known. iVot long after this, gold was discovered in a higher branch uf tVo Sacrnmonto river. The I t % j fame of this new discovery was spread ] abroad, and population crowded into the country by llocks. This nil took place in the winter of'48. JJjhe digging did not commence till the spring of '48, and since then gold-digging has been prosecu ted with a success hitherto unkrown. All know how incredulous the American pub lie were at first; but all know how rapidly, from that time to the present, ussuran ces of the existence of these almost inexhaustible mines of gold have come upon us. It was known also, that it bccame high lv proper to provide a suitable Territorial Government for these people; but owing to differences existing in the Legislature, no such government was established at the last session. Under these oiluuiiisUniccs, the people inhabiting the country, under a proclumn tion issued by Gen. Riley, elected a convention, which framed a Constitution; that Constitution has * been- .atified; a /S'tate Legislature havo been chosen, and Senators and Representatives have been sent here, who bring with them an au themiccopy of the Constitution, and ask for tlicir State admission into the Union. This Constitution contains nn express prohibition of slavery in California. It is said, and he supposed truly, that in tho Convention which formed this Constitution, there wore thirty members who formerly resided in tho slave States, and fifty who had not. I [7'ho noise in tho passages leading 10 the galleries and tho 6'enate floor was here so great that Mr. W. had to pause for several minutes till onler was restored. Tt could not be denied that it was this circumstance?the prohibition of slavery ?which has contributed to raise the dispute about the propriety of admitting California ns a State. It could not be said now?wlintAV<*i? might imvc been given nt first ns n renKon for the war with Mexico?thnt it was not prosecuted for the acquisition of Territory. It was argued that the only proper n\odr> of obtaining" indemnity for the expenses of the war was to tal * Territory. And as the acquisition's a! laid south of the United States, and in warm climates, it was naturally expected by I the South, all acanisitions of ton-itorv in | that region would be added to the slaveholding States. Events havo not turned out to be so; their expectations have not been realized; and hence their discontent. And now that question, slavery, which has so often alarmed the wise and good men of tho country, comes upon us for fresh discussion. Ho said he would review historically the question of slavery, partly because t character and tho modo of discussing it ivvo been the cause of great alienation of kind and friendly feelings. Slavery existed in all ages ot the world It existed among the. oriental nations. It existed among tho Jews, and the theocratic government of that people made no charge of injustice against it. Slavery existed among the Greeks, and the philosophy of that peoplo found the snmu exr.nsfi finr it. .is iq cot ??? 5r? fUio country by its defenders niul advocates. They justified slavery on tho gvound of the inferiority of tho African, compared v?ith tho white raco. They did not undertake to show, by clo3?; logic, that the right consisted in the power of the strong over tho weak, but placed it on the ground of tho inferiority of the negro race. The more manly jurisprudence of the Romans justified it on one other ground. | From the earliest jarisprudenco down to | the fall of the empire, it was held that i slavery was against natural law, but jus; tified on tho law of nations then recogI nised; thoy argued by that law captives 4olrnn Sr. V...1J i!ll umuii in < <>> llllgllbUU 1IUUI llll lHllSQm| cd; or tlioy might, in exchange for death, voluntarily becomc slaves; that their condition ns slaves descended to their posterity. They also held that a man might voluntarily sell himself to another, as a slavo# for debt; and thirdly, that persons could bo made slaves of for crimes. At the introduction of Clnistianity the Roman world "ivas full of slaves; and no injunction against that condition of man was. found in the preaching of tho gospel of Jesus Christ, or of any of the apostles. The object of instituting, of fouridiner ! Christianity, \v.\s to touch the heart nnil ! improve tl\? mind of man. Its object j was to operate Qn the individual heart and mind of man. No'v, on the general nature and ehar I acioi o. slavery tnoro was a wido cJill'erj encc of opinion between the Northern and the southern portions of the country. On the ono side, at (he North, it was held, even in tho absence of injustice, to be a right founded in power and might over fecblowss, and slavory is held not t<) bo. in accordance with tho meek spirit of the Gospel. Thcso aro sentiments chcrishcd roccntfy with augmented force by the people of tlio Northern &tnle3, nml it has taken hotd oi, and pervades their religious feelings. | Tho <5outh, on the other side, treating their slaves with tho utmost kindn. s; and , consideration, have been taught with the j i Greeks to look upon tho African as an in- j forior creature, whose natural state is of , bondage. There are, at the south, thou- ' sands of men who, having consciences as j tender and as upright as any at the north, cannot take tho northern view of this ' subject. There nio others who look upon things as they arc, and without innui j ring further, declaro, conscientiously, that they havo neither the responsibility nor the power to clear themselves of tho institution j The Scnalar from Soulh Carolina, (J/r. Calhoun,) the other day alluded to the separation of the .1/ethodist Episcopal Church. This separation look place on i tliis subject of slavery. lie had cxain' ined the subject, had looked at the sepaj ration with anxiety, for he looked upon I that denomination as one of the great props of religion and morality of the I whole people; he had read all the arguments oa both sides, but never had been ! able to seoany good cause for the separation, nor that anv good could re ult i from it. j TKhcn question of lhi?kind take h(dd I of the religious mind, nnd creep info religious assemblages, they must lend to excitement.. All history shows (hatreligious disputes lr d to war. Upon all ( such subjects nnd i > nil such oontrovevi sies, men think themselves absolutely right, and nil others differing from them as absolutely wrong, nnd mark out a strong line between what they think right nnd what they think wrong* There arc men who cannot see that in too hotly L,pursuing one truth they are apt to fall into mnny errors. They are disposed to mount this one duty as a war horse, and ride upon it over all others. They deal ! with morals as with mathematics; and think that mora s arc as easily demonstra ted as an algebraical t>ror?v TIiav i i tnniK turn it in men' perspicacious viSUJti they behold a spot upon the sun, the sun should be stricken down; (hey would j prefer to he in total darkness rather than i receive light from an imperfect orb. ! Others there are who nro too impatient j for the slow prgress of moral effects : They forget that the truths and <he mira ' cles of Jesus Cnrist were preached, and yet how few wore convt 'ted; tnd they forge' also, that even in christian lands how frequently nre vices and crimes? and that between nations professing Ciiiisiiaiuly, how wars, unjust wars arc j waged. 1 In all this lies a cause of the great dis! sensions and exasperations existing a ! niongst us. Slavery does exist in the U Stntos, and j did exist in the States before and at the j time of the adoption of the Constitution. He proposed to show what, was the state , of public sentiment in relation to it, at the North and at the &outh, at that time. ; and what tho great and wise men of all parties of the countiy thought of it in 1787. At that time there was no great diversity of opinion, ana it will be found that both parties?South and North? held slavery to be a great moral and political evil. Not much, though some invective against it as a cruel condition, was utteicd; but tho great objection was, it being a political ovil, as taking tho placo o free labor; as a labor which was less .. ..?,i iw.? AH 1.-1.1 :i rilUlltf aiiu ivoa uiuuuuvtVUi /\II I1U1U lb ; to be an evil, and ascribed it justly to the cvil'i'Qlioy of.the mother country, who entailed it on the colonics. Eminent men hold it to bo a blight, a mildew, u scourge, ;i curse; and the North wao not then so excited against it. as tho South. This was tho light in which the Oonj ventior. which formed {ho Constitution i held it. Tho question then was, how to ' deal with tho evil. They thought slave' ry could not continuo if tho prohibited tho importation. Ilenco a limit to importation of slaves was proposed. Twen ty years v.?ts proposed by a Northern I man. Southern gentlemen opposed it as ; being too long. Mr. Madison was warm in opposing it as too long. Tlio term "slavery," nor "fugitive slaves," is no. used in tho Constitution. "Poraons b:>und to servitude ," is the term i used. Mr. Madison said tho word was not recognized by tho Constitution. Tho Convention mot in Philadelphia, and sat from A fay to September, 1787. Congress was, during the whole time in session at New York. All the great men of tho count ry wcro in cither one or the ; other body. A fow perhaps held soat? Ill IJWl/ll. It was in the slimmer of 1Y87, and while the Convention was framing the Constitution, that Congress was framing the ordinance of '87. There was a perfect concurrence bolvreo.i the tv,'o bodies. ?awq?? i mjiiieiuutmi^Miwiu'f *t ?m.*rm%mrjvmtrrma 7'ho ordinance applied to nil the Territo- j ry then belonging to the IT. States, being | that northwest of the river Ohio. Virginia had a few years previously ceded to the U. States all this Territory. It was a magnanimous act. It was one of the fairest claims of Virginia <o our rcspect and oralitiido. nnil <mlv cn?n.i/l o . ' ?V . that other claim, that from her counsels nnil from her statesmen first emanated the idea of forming a general Constitution. This ordinance was in full operation when the Constitution was adopted and the Government put in operation in 1780. It was clear as an historical truth, that . at. the framing of the Constitution it was the general expectation that upon the \ ceasing of importation of slaves, slavery | i:-. the country would begin to run out. j It was also an historical truth that so far as power existed in the Congress to pro- . hibit the spread of slavery in the United ! States, that power was exercised to the , fullest extent. The Senator from South Carolina had ; said that this ordinance was the first of the series of deprivations of the privi-1 leges and equalities of the South, but I that it was done by the Confederation.! It, \\ ns llir? nrt rS i i/.nCnJ ? 1 - * - w* ttiv vvnauuhlUUIl, IIUl I was done with (he concurrence of tho whole South. The ordinance was adopt - | ed by an unanimous vote of tho Southern I States, and the only vote against it v as a | Northern one. 1 Icro he might pause and j retlect on the pcrlect accord in (he opinion of the North and South on this subject at that time. But opinion had changed both of the ! North and the South. Slaverv was not : now considered at ihc (South as an evil I : <Soon after the.so events, a change in opin- ! ion began and a severance of opinion ! showed itself?the North, going more strong and warm ngninst slavery; the South more strong and warm in favor of if. What has been the cause of the ; change in the opinion of the (South?a I change which has given slavery a new j nomenc atuio? It is now an institution, and rapid growth of the cotton planting interest. It was this gave the desire to increase the slave labor, and to spread it. | Tn 1 TOO-'01, the exports of cotton WM'fi lint, ninvn nnnimllw M1011 fm-t" ' 1 | ty thousand dollars; now, porlmps, i. is ! n hundred millions a year. At that time thero was more wax, indigo and rice ' raised than cotton. It not was believed in England that any cotton was raised; j and Mr. Jeflbrson says, that after the | treaty by which American produce was ' allowed to be carried to England in I American vessels, a vessel loaded with | cotton was denied permission to land by I the officers of tae custom house; they do ; * ?:?1 I UKIIlll^ LIKlt UUHUIl >YUS IlUt I Cliauu 111 llllb country. The}'know better now. The age of cotton lias been a golden ago to tbc South. It baa excited a desire which lias grown on what it fed upon, and soon it became the rago for new area of Territory to raise cotton. In 1802, Alabama was added to the Confederacy. In 1803, Louisiana, including what now composes the slave /States of Missouri and Arkansas. In 1810, Fiorida was purchased, and here was more shareholding Territory. Tho Senator from .South Carolina said thatf he had seen in the policy of the Government, in tbc mode of regulating the revenue, cause i for the more rapid growth ! of the North. This may be so. But if | any operation of government can be shown to increase the population and growth of tho North, it can be nothing to tho operations of tho government to i promote slave territory. It was not. the operations of time that brought in Florida and Louisiana, but the acts of man ? And nmong these act of man might be included the annexation of Tcxnu in ?845. This last closed the chapter and settled the account, for the annexation of Texas by the resolutions adopted di'* not leavo ono acre of land that was not settled as ! ajave termory. Jiy moso resoiulicna it was guarantied by law. There was not a foot of land in the U. I States the character of which, as far as slavery or Free *S>oil wns concerned, which was not settled firmly by high nnd irrej penlable laws. At the timo of the annexation of ^exas, the Senator from S. Carolina was at the head of the State Department: there wim then in tho ?>en- 1 ate a gentleman remarkable for his activity and adroitness, who has since been j Secretary of the Treasury, (Mr. Walker,) j and between thorn both they had settled the character of tho Territory of T'exa# for nil time. It was neatly done?a close piece of joiner's worlt. Mr. W. read that part of the resolutions of Annexation of Texan particularly referring to new slavo'StatcH to ho marked out of her territory with her conscnt, find making l.liis a part of the compact. lie said that hy these resolutions it was solemnly secured (hat out of (ho territory of Texas new States to the number of four mnv lw f/wmnA a* -'1 -J .VHIVU, HIWU OUUlll of HO 30 (o l)c slave States, those North ,/j to be free. JVo act of Congress can add C strength to this guaranty, Texas accents'' the terms and conics in upon them. IIo ' : x saw no way in which the Government v can release itself from this obligation.-? Slavery was lixed there by positive guaranty. The resolutions provide that free Stales can be formed north of 30 30; but the consent of Texas is required. How could such a compact be formed if the North had the overshadowing powor which tho Senator from South Carolina says it has had? In the House of Representatives these rcsol.iiions were adopted by eighty Southern and fifty Northern votes. In - .v <> i uiu.ui iwomy-soven to twenty-five. Of this twenty-seven, thirteen were from States.?four were from New England. Nearly one-half of the vole was Free Soil votes, lie knew nothing so remarkably in history as this affair This Territory of Texas?over which a bird could n it fly in a week?annexed, and positive ly guarantied to be slave Tvr? ritory, and three-fourths of the libertyloving members of the House from Connecticut, and one-half in Senate, vote'' for it. One vote was given it from J/aine, one from Massachusetts. These men called themselves the Northern Dc. :ocraoy. They went for the acquisition of Toil?i(nvt? ' r 1 uiwv "V.UL ior mc introduction of i\ new world, and after its introduction they propose to apply to it the saving grace of tho Wihr.ot Proviso. Two senators one from Connecticut and one from New York?voted for the resolutions of annexation, with their oj'es wide open to the fact that the then &ecrotary of Stale had openly and with manliness advocated its annexation because of its being slave territory. wiM'tifd j'kI oi Abolitionists here, was endeavoring to abolish slave' " in Texas. It was on this ground he ad. vated its annexation. Mr. Webster said it was .\ear the samo thing. Those two senators who had voted to annex Texas?who had voted I / * * * lor acquiring now territory?have gone home to lead I lie irreat Free-soil party, i Thoy had left to the Senate the odium of voting to carry into eflect the guaranty to admit new slave States, or the greater odium to vote to violate that guaranty, I whilo they have gone home and are now engaged ir making flaming Free-soil I speeches. Mr. W. then gave a history of his course on the subject of the annexation ot Texas, awl on tho principles of the Wilmot Proviso, showing that, from the year 1800, he had uniformly opposed the former and sustained the latter; reading from speeches delivered on these subjects. 7/e had voted against the bill to consummate the annexation of 7\?xas. He had been always opposed to the annexation, accession, or acquisition of territorry, north or south : ho nlwnvs iwl?intA#1 (!>? ; ?"j'-ov v..u Spartan maxim: "Improve, adorn what you have, seek no further." IJut, in ihc present state of affairs, lie could sec no other mode of proceeding, than to carry out the guaranties of the 7exas annoxation resolutions, -whenever the proper time comes. lie may not he there, but he wished it to be understood, that this Government is bound to admit new States out of Texas territory; and out of the territory ^outh of 30 00; admit them as slave States. That was the meaning of (lie compact made by the Northern Democracy. He would carry it out. In his opinion slavery could not exist in uantornia and iN'ew A/exico, at least as it exists in this country. It was or impossible to carry slavery there as it wag to do nnjkother natural impossibility. Mr. W. described the soil and character of the country, nnd hfld that no fJavefroidy wou' l carry his sUlfiQft to such iv country. It was a fixed fact tl?\t f?aiifo nia and New Mexico wero destined to ho free, and that too by t'le arrangement of things by the power above. 1^ a law was now before the Senate providing a territorial government for New Mexico !,o would votofoVno prohibition of slavery. Ho would make no effort to carry ont, by law, an ordipanee of nature, or to re-ennct the will of God. lie would not vote for It in such a case, because it was ?uu..u...g ..v niu iv uiiiii^n 01 ooiuiicn gentlemen, who hold opinions that they nro theoretically at least n) lowed to carry i their slaves their. * . lie would treat the Wilmot Proviso, ; sn far as Nov Mexico was concerned, na Mr. Polk did it with regard to Oregon, j that is an n nugatory net, and in that caso