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Kingbird's Hostility to Hawks and Crows ls Proverbial. lt is True Flycatcher and Takes on Wing Large Part of Its Feed Picks Up Many Insects From Trees and Weeds. (Prepared by the United States Depart . ment of Agriculture.) The well-known eastern kingbird is essentially a lover of the orchard, though groves and the edge of forests were probably its original habitat. It breeds in the states east of the Rocky mountains, and less commonly in the Great Basin and on the Pacific coast. Its hostility to hawks and crows is proverbial, and for this reason a fam ily of kingbirds is a desirable adjunct to a poultry yard. On one occasion in the knowledge of the writer a hawk which attacked a brood of young tur keys was pounced upon and so se verely buffeted by a pair of kingbirds whose nest was near by that the would be robber was glad to escape without his prey. Songbirds that nest near the kingbird are similarly protected. The kingbird is largely insectivo rous. It ls a true flycatcher and takes on the wing a large part of its food. It does not, however, confine itself to this method of hunting, but picks up some insects from trees and weeds, and even descends to the ground in search of myriapods or thousand-legs. The chief complaint against the species by both profes sional beekeepers and others has been that it preys largely upon honey bees. One bee raiser in Iowa, sus pecting the kingbirds of feeding upon his bees, shot a number near his hives; but when the stomachs of the birds were examined by an expert ?n tomologist, not a trace of honeybees could be found. An examination of 665 stomachs collected in various parts of the coun try was made by the biological survey, but only 22 were found to contain re mains of honeybees. In these 22 stom achs there were in all 61 honeybees, of which 51 were drones, 8 were cer tainly workers, and the remaining two were too badly broken to be further identified. The insects that constitute the great bulk of the food are noxious species, largely beetles-May beetles, click beetles (the larvae of which are known as wireworms), weevils, which prey upon fruit and grain, and a host of others. Wasps, wild bees and ants are conspicuous elements of the food, far outnumbering the hive bees. Dur ing summer many grasshoppers and erickets, as well as leaf hoppers and other bugs, also are eaten. In the stomachs examined were a number of robber flies-insects which prey large ly upon other insects, especially honey bees, and which are know to commit in this way extensive depredations. It is thus evident that the kingbird, by destroying these flies, actually does good work for the apiarist The 26 robber flies found in the stomachs may be considered .more than an equiva lent for the eight worker honeybees already mentioned. A few caterpil lars are eaten, mostly belonging to the group commonly known as cut worms, all the species of which are harmful About ll per cent of the food con sists of small native fruits, comprising some thirty common species of the roadsides and thickets, as dogwood berries, elderberries and wild grapes. The kingbird ls not reported as eating cultivated fruit to an injurious extent, and lt is very doubtful if this ls ever the case. In the western states the Arkansas kingbird is not so domestic in its hab its as its eastern relative, preferring to live among scattering oaks on lonely hillsides, rather than in or chards about buildings. The work it does, however, in the destruction of noxfrnts Insects fully equals that of any member of its family. Like other flycatchers, lt subsists mostly upon in sects taken in midair, though it eats a number of grasshoppers, probably taken from the ground. The bulk of its food consists of beetles, bugs, wasps and wild bees. Like its east ern representative, it has been accused of feeding to an injurious extent upon the honeybee. In an examination of 62 stomachs of thiB bird, great care was taken to identify every insect or fragment that had any resemblance to a honeybee; as a result, 30 honeybees were identified, of which 29 were males or drones, and one a worker. These were contained in four stom achs, and were the sole contents of three; in the fourth they constituted i 99 per cent of the food. It is evident that the bee-eating habit is only occa sional and accidental, rather than habitual; and lt is also evident that if this ratio of drones to workers were Kingbird. maintained, the bird would be of more benefit than harm to the apiary. The Cassin kingbird has a more southerly range than the Arkansas flycatcher. Examination of a number of stomachs shows that its food babita are similar to tbose of others ot the group. Three points seem to be clearly es tablished in regard to the food ot the kingbirds-(1) that about 90 per cent consists of insects, mostly injurious species; (2) that the alleged habit of preying upon honeybees is much loss prevalent than has been supposed, sad probably does not result m any great damage; and (3) that the vegetable food consists almost entirely of wild fruits which have no economic value. All of the kingbirds are of the greatest importance to the farmer and fruit grower, as they destroy vast numbers of harmful insects, and do no appreciable damage to any product o? cultivation. CHICKENS AND THE GARDEN Learn How to Get Best Results Fret? Different Ways of Feeding, Housing and Breeding. A student at one of the agricultural normal school short courses in agri culture gave the following answer to the question, "What objects are to be obtained in the study of poultry and garden?" The objects to be obtained in the study of chickens and garden are to learn how to get the b?st results from the different ways of feeding, housing and* breeding; which are . the best breeds and how to keep them pure and get the most profit from them at the least expense. In gardening, how to get the most profit from soil without robbing it of its fertility. Chickens and gardening may be studied together to mutual advantage by having two lots, one for the chick ens and the other for the garden. The garden will furnish food for the chickens and the family also and the manure of the hens will keep the soil fertile and productive. The chicken yard and garden can be alternated each year to get better results. The greens for the chickens may be grown in the end of the plot which is not occupied by the chicken coop. The chickens are to be shut up all the time except, perhaps, about an hour each evening. LEACHING CAUSES BIG LOSS Leaving Manure in Pile Reduces it? Plant Food Value-lt Should Be Spread on Ground. Fifty per cent of the value of manure is lost by leaching if it is left in a pile for six months, says R. L Throckmorto:i, assistant professor of soils in the Kansas State Agricul tural college. To get the greatest value from manure, it should be spruad directly on the ground, so as to give the rain a chance to wash the piasi food into the soil. Piling the manure in the field to be scattered later is not a good plan, j The place where the pile lay will be j so enriched that small grain will lodge I if planted there. The labor braiser in j creased. It is a good plan, advised Prcfes I sor Throckmorton, to spread manure j thinly as a top dressing for wheat or ? alfalfa land during the fall or win ? ter. It is also valuable as a top ! dressing on plowed ground but should i be harrowed in the spring. It is bet I ter to put 40 tons of manure OB four acres than 40 tons on one acre. If much live stock Is kept on the farm, the bottom of an old straw stack should not be used on the field. I Use it for bedding first and lt will I be greatly increased in value. CULTIVATOR OF NEW DESIGN Device, Recently Perfected, Has Given Satisfactory Performance-Mo tor ls Set High. A new type of gasoline-driven cul tivator, recently perfected, ha? given satisfactory performance under test. The motor is set high above the frost A New Gasoline-Driven Cultivator. I truck, and is connected to the rear j wheels by chain drive, while the riding seat is suspended at the rear In mtsdft, the same way as In an ordinary riding cultivator. FEED GRAIN T3 THE CALVE! Sultahle Mixture Can Be Made of Two Parts of Cracked Corn and ?a? Part of Wheat Bran. A little grain should be fed as soon as skim milk feeding begins, In ord ev to replace the butterfat removed tn the cream. Two parts, by weight, of craeka? corn and one of wheat bran make a good grain mixture, which every farmer can readily secure, and re quires no especial preparation. The calf should be taught to eat tita grain by sprinkling a little of it fa th? feed box right after feeding th? mifa. No more grain should be fed tbs* the calf will clean up readily. > You have not fulfilled every duty unless you have fulfilled that of being pleasant. Prejudice is opinion without Judg ment. CONSERVES AND PRESERVES. To preserve pears take six pounds of pared, cored and halved pears, add four pounds of sugar and two cupfuls of wa ter, the juice of two lemons and the rind of one cut in strips and one ounce of ginger root. Drop the pears into cold water as soon as pre pared to keep them from discoloring. Boil to gether the sugar, lemon juice, peel and ginger root for half aa hour. Then drop the pears, a few nt a time, in the 3irup and cook about fifteen minutes. Take out and arrange in sterilized jars and so continue until all are used, then boil the sirup until thick and pour over the fruit Seal at once. \ Spiced Apple Jelly.-Take a peck of tart apples, one cupful of whole mixed spices, sugar, vinegar and water, not quite cover. Put the spices in a bag, cock the apples with the spices, vin egar and water in equal parts until the apples are soft Strain through a jelly bag, allowing the juice to drip; do not squeeze the bag or the juice will not be clear. Boil the juice twen ty minutes, or until it jellies, with an equal quantity of sugar. Pour into glasses* and seal. v Rhubarb and Fig Preserve.-Take three pounds of rhubarb, two and a half pounds of sugar, one pound of figs and two ounces of candled pe?l; wipe the rhubarb, cut Into inch lengths and place on a large dish. Chop the figs and peel and scatter over the rhubarb; cn this cover the sugar and let stand until next day. Boll the preserve slowly for an hour, the last half add a small piece of ginger root Pour into Jars and seal. The following is a delectable con serve never to be forgotten ty those who have tatted it: Fruit Conserve.-Take a pound of raisins, two pounds of tart cherries, three oranges, juice and rind, four pounds of sugar. Chop the fruit, add the sugar and boll twenty minutes. Seal in small air-tight Jars while hot The green Duchess apple makes a delicious appetizer to serve with meats by spicing them just as one does any fruit only leave the peeling on the green apples as it adds much to the flavor. A. H. Corley, Surgeon Dentist Appointments at Trenton On Wednesdays. MANY TROUBLES BUE TO AN INACTIVE LIVER Many of the troubles of life such as headache, indigestion, constipa tion and lack of energy are due to inactive livers. GRIGSBVS LIV-VER.LAX is a natural, vegetable remedy that will get the liver right and make these troubles disappear. It has none of the dangers or disagreeable effects of calomel. Get a 50c or $1 bottle of this splendid remedy from your drug gist today. Every bottle bears the likeness of L. K. G-rigsby, who guarantees it through. Write me and I will explain ^ how I was cured in four days SE *$??$ of a severe case of Pile of 40- SS ^ years' standing without pain, xnife or detention from husi- 8j ness. No one need suffer from Ss ?s? this diseaae when this humane 88 cure can be had right here in ^ South Carolina. ps R. M. JOSE, Wk Route 4. Lamar, S. C. 8fc| ??Sw ' i ts Executor's Notice. All persons holding claims against the estate of the late R. A. Coch ran will present them to the under sigoed duly attested for payment, and all persons indebted to the said estate will make payment to me. T. E. Cochran, Executor. Plum Branch,fS. C. "MONEY" The mint makes it and under the terms of the CONTINENTAL MORTGAGE COMPANY you can secure it at 6 per cent for any legal purpose on approved real estate. Terms easy, tell us your wants and we will co-operate with you. 908-9 MUNSEY BLDG., Baltimore, Maryland. The Standard Visihl . Yes, the crowni It is just out-a For makers have striven a li again, as we scored when w< There is truly no othe touch so light that the tread CAUTION ! I had the Optional Duplex Shift, gera of the right and left hands, of any standard typewriter. Tht ber "9" with more speed and gre? WARNING! discovery. For while the Olive pense to us by simplifying constr spend a dollar for any typewriter more this one does. If you are t 17 Cents a Day! matic spacer, 6 1-2-onnce touch-pit new-day features. Yet we have decided to sell it every user can easily afford to havt like print, included FREE if desired TO-DAY-Write ist?, employers, and individuals evei It's a pleasure for us to tell you ab( The Oliver 7 I 1ST You can rent the Oliver Typew FIRE INSURANCE Go to see Harting & Byrd Before insuring elsewhere. We represent the best old line com panies Harting & Byrd At the Farmers Bank, Edgefield Land for Sale Life is too short to go on renting land,?when you can buy a small farm for almost the rent money. I have land in small lots around,1 Johnston, and near Batesburg, Meeting Street, Celestia, Rocky Creek or Fruit Hill, Ropers and near Edgefield, and lots and stores in tho town of Edge field. TERMS EASY ArthurS. Tompkins Edgefield, S. C. GEO. F. MIMS OPTOMETRIST Eyes examined and glasses fitted only when necessary. Optical work of all kinds. EDGEFIELD, S. C. Model Jriter e Writer BUY IT NOW ng typewriter triumph is here! md comes years before experts expected it! fe-time to attain this ideal machine. And Oliver has won 5 gave the world its first visible writing, r typewriter on earth like this new Oliver "9." Think of I of a kitten will run the keys! he new-day advances that come alone on this machine are all controlled j Oliver. 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Now i the world's crack visible writer, with the famous PRINTYPE, that writes /. Tittil ri/jf/?rlc an(* De amon? the first to know about this TOT ? lill LSGlClllS marvel of writing machines. See why typ rywhere are flocking to the Oliver. Just mail a postal at once. No obligation. mt it vnAffirffor Cn . oliver Typewriter BldZ->' ypewriter L>O., chicago, nunois riter three (3) months for $4.00 IT MARES flo?: Om So HAPPY TO nave A BANK ACCO Cowilcht 1909, bj C. ?. Zimmerman Co-- -No. 44 OF all the unhappy homes, not one in a hundred has a bank account and not one home in a hundred who has a bank account is unhappy. It seems almost foolish to put it off any longer, when it is such a simple? ?asy matter to start a bank account. BANK OF EDGEFIELD OFFICERS : J. C. Sheppard, President; B. E. Nicholson, Vice-Ptfg{dent; E. J. Mims, Cashier; J. H. Allen, Assistant Oashier. DIRECTORS : J. C. Sheppard, Geo. W. Adams, Thoa. H. Rainsfoid, John Rainsford, B. E. Nicholson, A. S. Tompkins, C. C. Fuller, E. J. Mims, ?. IL Allen. S. M. Whitney Co. Cotton Factors Augusta.? Georgia Established 1868 Personal Attention to all Business. Correspond ence Invited