University of South Carolina Libraries
THE CAROLINA SPARTAN. , ,, ? M , BY cavis & trimmier. Deootcir to Southern iligljts, politics, ^Igviculturc, nnfo Hliscellnmj. $2 PER ahhtjm VOL. XIII. SPARTANBURG, S. C., THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER II, 1856. NO 20. \ " ^ J*"" " - * * 1 3 THE CAROLINA SPARTAN. BY CAYIS & TRIMMLER. T- 0. P. VERNON, Associate Editor, Prico Two Dollaks *>er nnnum In advance, or *2 .50 at the end of i'c year. If not paid until after the year expires fc3.00. Payment will he considered in advance if inndc within three months. No subscription taken for less than six months. Money may be remitted through postmasters at our risk. J i Advertisements inserted nt the usual rates, and contracts made on reasonable terms. The SrxsTAX circulates largely over this and adjoining districts, and oiTcrsnn admirable medium ] to our friends to reach customers. .Job work of all kinds promptly executed. ' Wanks, Law nnd Equity, continually on hand | or priu ed to order. L -1 | Chinese Sugar Cane. , We liavo repeatedly called llic attention ' of our readers to tho value of tho Chineso ' Sugar Cano, and have extensively distribut- ; od llio teed with which wo wero furnished ' by tlio Apricultu.il Bureau of tlio Patent ; ? Oflice. We are, therefore, greatly rejoiced ' to Hud that tlio article lias fallen into the , ' bands of so scientific and careful an expo I t riraenter as Ex-Gov. llamtnond, who will ' r bo widely recognised as one of the highest J authorities in Southern Agriculture. We , ' copy below a carefully considered report of j 1 bis experiments with the Chinese Sugar j 1 Cane, prepared for an Agricultural Society ' in his own neigliboihood, and furnished f??r ' ? publication to the Barnwell Sentinel. It ! will commend itself to the attention of the 1 planters of the Slate. There can be no I doubt that the Sugar Millet is destined to 1 prove an important addition to the rcsour ' ces and comforts of the plantation.? Chur ] lesion Mercury. REPORT Of an Experiment in making Syrup from the Chinese Sugar Cane Corn or Sugar 1 Millet, made to the "Reach Island Farmer's Club," August 2, 1800. A rule of this Club, requiring every j member to make and report, each year, an Agricultural experiment, I will tako this opportunity to acquit myself of that duty. 1 One of our members?Mr. Redmond, of 1 lire Southern Cultivator? distributed among 1 its, last winter, some seeds of what is com- j moid)' called Sugar Millet, lie very kindr ly gave mo enough to plant half an acre? about a pint. 1 prepared a plot of ground on a northern slope, of old, stitf and worn out land, in such a manner and with so i much manure as would probably have , marie it yield, with average seasons, about , 20 bushels of corn ner aero. (>11 th? 99.1 i of March I planted llio Millet seed in 3 feet drills, dropping every eighteen or 1 twenty inches some six or eight seed. It was ploughed and hoed often tnough to keep the grass down, and about the 1st of Inly begun to head. The heat had then been unusually intenso for two weeks, and has continued so up to the present lime; and, latterly, the drought has been very destructive. I do not think this half acre would have yielded five bushels had it been | planted in corn. Having intended, how ever, to ascertain whether the Millet would make Syrup, I hail a rude mill put up with < two beech-wood rollers. Finding that by the 22d of July the most advanced beads had passed tho inilk stage, I had 1750 canes cut, that 1 snppos j od were a fair sample of the patch. The j first 3 or 4 hundred were passed through . tho mill twice, tho remainder four times, I and tho yio!d was l'Jl quarts of juice, but r 10 canes that I selected and passed 7 times through tho mill yielded 3 quarts. Mr. Clark, one of our members, was present when this was done. The juice was received in common tubs and tested by a Thermometer, and a Sacchrotnetcr with a scale of 40 degrees. The Thermometer stood in every instanco at 78?. Tho Sacch meter vatied from 21 1-2? to 23 I 2?. At the latter point the juice would float a fresh j egg. I boiled it in a deep, old fashioned cow pot, and, after 0 to 7 hours' boiling obtained 32 quarts of tolerable syrup. Tho next day I selected 10 canes, the heads of which wcro fully matured, 10 ; more in full inilk, 10 moro the head of which were just fully developed . ud tho ? top seed beginning to turn black, and again ' lO nnmnritinrr ? 11 l K.?* ?' 1 ? ?f mii iiivov otrtgtP, Ullb irUIll which I did not strip tlio leaves. They were all passed through tho mill seven times, and yielded neatly the sumo qnnnti- , ty of juice?about threo quarts for every ten canes. Tho juice, tested by the Sacchro. showed that tho youngest cane had rather tho most and the oldest rather tho , least saccharine matter. The whole to- j gothor, with that of a few other good canos, exhibited nt 90? of the Tlier. 24 1-2? of ' tho Sacchro. From 42 pints of tho juice I obtained, after four hours' boiling, nine pints ' f" pf rather better syrup than that made the ; (day before. In these boilings I mixed with 1 (die cold juice about a teaspoonful of lime water of tho consistency of cream for eveiy ' five gallons. These selected canes grew on tho best spot of tho patch, and where probably corn i might bavo been produced the present sea- i son at tho rato of 20 bushels per acre, t They were 1 inch in iIk. lom. " " b est end, and 7 1-2 feet long after cutting ( oft the bead and a foot of the stein. i After this I cut down all the iufeiior < C?no and cured it (or forage. I On the 28lh of July, two of tho mem- t bers of the Club (Or. Bradford and Mr. II. < Laruar) being at my house, remained to ( sco tho result of prossing and boiling 100 t canes 1 had cut and stripped. Each of us i selected 10 canes, and put them through tho press 8 times; the result being as before, t about 3 quarts for every 10 canes. Hut i oven after tho pressure, juico could be t wrung from the canes by tho hand, and we i agreed that at least ono fourth of it, and l L that tho best, remained in the cane?so in- ? ofljeient was my mill. The rest of the cane j 1 ordered should be pressed 0 limes, but i we did not ourselves remain Lo sco it done, i nor did wo count tho 400 canes. Tho l yield of the whole, however, was 37 1 2 i quarts. With tho Tliorinoineter at 85? in the juice, tho Sacchromcter stood at 24 1 2?; wo boiled the juice until it run together on tho rim of tho "ladle and hung in a transparent 6hcct half an inch below it before falling. And this in 2 1-2 hour?. The result was 0 quarts of choice syrup. The next day I repeated the experiment on a larger scale, with equal success, and 1 have brought to the Club enough of tho syrup lo enable every member to try it and judge of its quality. All who have lasted it agree that it is eqmd to the best that wo got from New Orlean?. In these last boilings I put a tablespoonfull of limewater, prepared as before, to every 10 gallons. Tho whole process of clarifying and boiling was carried through in tho same pot, at d llmt very unsuitable from its depth. I measured the grain froin a number of heads, and the result was an average of a ?ill from each. I weighed a half peck of matured grain, after several day's exposuro to the sun. It weighed 4 3 4 lbs., equal to 38 lbs. per bushel. I weighed 20 of the >cst c.'.uo cut for forage, alter it was cured efficiently to house. They weighed 24 bs., equal to 30,000 lbs. for 25,000 canes, which I think might be grown on land hat would make 25 bushels of corn with iverage seasons. I have tried horses, catle, and hogs, and find they cat the cane, ts leaves and seed, greedily, and fowls and >igcons tho last. I think, however, that when allowed to mature, tho cane should jo cut up fino for animals, as the outer coat s hard. I did not attempt to make sugar, not laving prepared for that. There can, lowevcr, be no doubt that sugar can be made from such syrup as this. And, as they make more syrup in the West Indies per acre than they do in Louisiana only because the cane matures better, it is not unreasonable to infer that the Millet, which matures her perfectly, and will even make two crops in ono year, will \iold more and hctter sugar than the Louisiana cane. Beginning to cut the enno as soon as the licail is lully developed, it mny l?o cut for a month hot'oro it will all ripen ? how long after that I do not know. A succession of crops might be easily arranged so as to insure cutting and boiling from the 1st of July?probably earlier?until frost. I have housed some stalk-* immediately fioin the Held, to ascertain, hereafter, whether thus treated it will yield juice and make syrup next winter. A good Sugar Mill, with throe wooden ri Hers, may be erected for lest than $25, and a Sugar Boiler that will make HO gallons of syrup per day mny be purchased in i Augusta for le.-s than ?G0. This Millet will, of course, mix with any j other varie y of tho Millet family planted i near it. Unfortunately I planted Broom I Coin about a hundred yards from mine, and j shall therefore have to procure seed else ] where for the 10 acies I iu'e-nd to plant ! next year. I have now stated the chief particulars ! of my experiment, livery member of the : Cluh is competent to draw his own conelu- ' siutis. A s iigle experiment?especially one ' in ngiicultnte?is rarely conclusive. 1 may err myself and might cause olheis to i err were I to express with anv emphasis the opinion I at present entertain of the value of this recently introduced plant. .1. 11. HAMMOND. A Mkrciiaxt's Vikw of tiik Kffkcts ok v Dissoli nos ok Tin: Union.? Mr. William A. Crocker, a friend of Daniel Webster, an active Whig, and one of the most intelligent merchants of Massachusetts, in a recent letter presents an ndmiiable protest against sectionalism. The fol- ; hiwilif is n iiro<Tii?i??r . 3 ? "" I '"O' * jniwjn-< . "1 invoke tho manufacturer, tlio mereli ant, tho shij> owner, the mechanic?every man who has the smallest stake in the prosperity, the wealth, the happiness of the country?to consider how his interest and tho welfare of those with whom his interests are hound up, would be affected by a violent disruption, or even a peaceable dissolution,of the Union of those States. It is common to hear the remark that the j North can take care of itself. Doubtless1 sho can. The enterprise of her pooplo is boundless, and their encrsjv indomitable. But it must be remembered that a dissolu lion of the Union, with tho formation of a Northern republic, would cause new combinations. Commerce is essential to national wealth, no less than national greatness. The North is not an exporting region, and from its climate, soil and productions, cannot be so to any uniformly general extent. It is mainly from the South and Southwest that wo are indebted for the immet so carrying trade which mploys our navigation. It is in tho same States tha. our manufaclurers lind n large market for their goods, mid our importers no inconsiderable pro portion of their ordeis. Now suppose the I nion dissolved, and the Northern States Forming one republic, an.I the Southern and South western States forming another. "SliniKisn whiil in .!?.? tii.-'- . i , , - MMtiui pihii i\ tUllillki'MI, would inevitably be the case, this Southern republic, with litile navigation of its own [o foster, ami with no manufacturers to enmurage, in reciprocal coinmercial inter tourso with all the manufacturing countries ){ Kuropc, on the basis of absolute and uncontrolled free trade; suppose what, under die sentiments of animosity engendered by he disruption, would ho no less likely to recur, discrimination against our ships and foods of tiro North, and where would L>>. hat prosperity which now gladdens our naiiufncturing towns and (ills our seaports silli lifo ami activity.' A dissolution of he Union would depreciate the value of ho property of New Knglnnd fifty cents on lie dollar. Tho wheels of our manufactories would bo stopped, tlio implements of lie mechanic would bo put by, our ships j locay at our decaying wharves, and the grass spring up in tho streets of our towns ?nd cities. These would l?o the material XHisequences. The moral consequences uny be summed up in a singlo line: The Ic&truction of tho world's ln?t hope." Discoveries in Jerusalem. 1 Tlio following no'.cs on ancient quarries ' in Jerusalem Havo been placed, says the Hartford Times, at tlio service of our read- 1 era, through a friend. They were made by a Scotch gentleman, Mr. Douglas: "During a visit to Jerusalem in the spring of 1855, I bccamo acquainted with a very j intelligent Hebrew, who informed me that there wero extensive quarries beneath the city, and that thero was undoubted evidence that from theso quarries the stones employ- ' ' ed in the building and the rebuilding of tlio Temple were obtained. Ho told mo j that theso excavations wero accessible i | through a smnll opening under the north wall of tho city?that ho had descended some time before with two Knglish gentle- 1 men, and had spent with them several hours in exploring the excavations, which worosuf- j ^ ficiently extensive to have furnished stones enough, not only for the construction of tho . Temple, hut for tho whole of Jerusalem, the j walls included. IJo expressed his readiness to accompany me, but proposed to go after dark, as ho feared tho Turkish guards j might fire upon or maltreat us if they do- t tcctcd us. As my party comprised two la- , dies ami my two sons, all equally desirous I t with myself to see these excavations, as the , gates of the city were closed at sunset?ami ^ as there were no houses outside tho walls ? I would not listen to the proposal to spend tho night in tho open air, unless upon trial I found wo could do no better. J \Vo accordingly went to examine the situation and size of the opening. We found j it about 150 yards to tho eastward of the j Damascus Gate. It seemed like the burrow of soino wild animal; there was no rub j bish above tlio opening, but some tall grass t and weeds. Persons entering might be | observed by tho guards; hut this did not , seem very likely, as the soldiers generally remained within the gate, and onlv veiv i rarely ono sauntered outside. Wo accordingly decided to make the attempt by t daylight, fully satisfied that, even if ob- t served, wo should only be rudely driven j away. The next morning, therefore, we ! | left the city as soon as the gates were j opened. Ono of the party got into the j l hole, but returned, saying it would he j necessary to get in feet foremost, as there i t, was a perpendicular descent of six or seven . feet at the inner opening. lie went back t again with the lights, I followed. The la ( dies were got through with considerable ; difficulty. When faiily inside, we found J ourselves in an immense vault, and stand ing upon the top of a pile, which was very j evidently formed by the acciunulaiion of | the minute particles from tile final dressing . of the Mocks of -tone. < hi descending this pile wo entered, through a largo arch, into , another vault, equally vast, and separated j from the lir>l by enormous pillars. Tins 'j vault or qunriv, led by a giadual descent j into another, and another, each sepaiato l from the other by massivestono partitions, j which had been left to give additional strength to the vaulted roofs. In some <>f the quarries the blocks ul stone w. ich ha ! ' been quarried out lay partially dr?->scd; ill ! ( sonic the blocks were still attached to the | rock; in some the workmen had ju-t c >m ( mericed chiselling, and in > mo the arclii tecl's line was distinct on the smooth face ( of the wall of tire quairy. The modo in , which the blocks were g t out was similar to that used by the ancient lygyptiar.s, as seen in the sandstone quarries at 11 agar l iisilis, and in the granite qiiarric* at Sycno. : , 'PI I * - mo aicmtecl nr. t ilrew tho outlines ?t tlio blocks u!i tlio face of the quarry; the workmen then chiselled them out in their whole thickness, separating them entirely from each other, ami leas ing them attached by their backs only t<> the solid wall. lh< y were then del ached by cutting a passage behind lltfem, which, while it separate.', the block*, left them roughly dressed, and left . the wall prepared for further operations. We remarked tho similarity between tho stones chiselled out in those .panics and j tho few blocks of stone built into the southeast corner ct the wall of .Jerusalem, which arc so remarkable for their size, llnir weather-worn appearance, and the peculiar ornamentation of their edges. W'c spent between two and three hours in tlioso ipiarries. Our examinations w ere, however, chietly i u the side towards tinValley of Jchosaphut. O :r gui le slated, that more to the westward was a quarry of tiio peculiar reddish marble so commonly ( used as a pavement in the streets of Jeiusalcm. From the place where we entered t c descent was gradual; between some ?t tho quarries, however, tlieie wero hro.i i tlights of steps, cut out of solid rock. I had no means of judging of the distai: e between the rools of the \ rubs and the streets of tlio citv, except that from ih?- ! scent tho thickness inust be enormous. The size and extent of these excavations fully bore out the opinion that lhov had yielded | stones enough to build not only the t emple, but tho w hole of Jerusalem. The situation of these <j i iiiios, the mode ? by which the stones were g?>t out, and the evidence tli nt tlio si ones wore full \ ]>>? } 11 oil and dressed before being removed, mav < possibly throw light nj ?>:i the vvr.-en of Scripturo in which il is sai l J I Chroni cles, 11: 18. And Ik- (S i|oiii< n) m t thrcv i score and ten thousand of thoin to b boar i ois of burden, and four score thousand (<? be bowers in lite mountains, and three ? thousand and six hundred oversee i s to -el ? tlio pcoplo to work. And again, l>t Kings, iv: 7: And the honso when it was build ing, was !>ui!i ? l stone made ready before ] it was brought thither; so that there was i neither hammer nor axo, nor any tool of ? iron, he.aid in (lie house while it was build- I i ng. j In one <-f lhc<o quarries there was a ' spring of water, A reecss in the rock and I a slinllow tioiigh had been cut for its recep- ? lion. Tlio w..ter was soft and clear, hut I somewhat unpleasant to the ta>le. 'l'lie I expenditure of our caudles hastened our ; departure. Wo got out as wo got in, un I observed. I bad not another opportunity t ot visiting those quarries; but left Jciusaleiu i in hopes that one more enterptising and < nore nbJo would explore nnd give a more letuiled accurate account of thoso oxcavaioiiH, which to 1110 seemed 50 abounding in ntcrcst." Fish Fonds and Fish Breeding. We find in the forthcoming number of lie South Carolina Agriculturist, edited >y A. G. Summer, Esq., several valuable uid interesting reports lately presented to iio Newberry Agricultural Society. Wo ixtract a portion ol a report relating to 'Fish l'onds and Fish Culture," as presentid by Col. W. S. I.yles, an enterprising and horoughly experienced planter on the road Kiver side of Fairfield District. Col. Lyles' report is brief ami practical, uul cannot fail to suggest and encourage litnilar efforts to all conveniently situated. "Two years ago, the report on the successul culture of Fi*h by a Mr. Hill, near Angusa, Georgia, called my attention to the subect. Having near my house a suitable ocation,(a hollow in the hills, with two or lireo b.old springs breaking forth.) I laid iff a pond forty fivo feet wide and seventy eet long. I then proceeded bv digging ho earth from the upper side to a level with ho surface water of tho spiings, to construct a dam on the lower side, six feet high .villi a seven feet base. This enabled 1110 ,0 raise a live foot head of water, at which >oinl a small trunk of common plank was nserted as a waste away. In this pond I laced, in the month of \pril last, some six )r s? ven hundred fish, such as perch, mawnouths, silvers and minnows. To the?e I lave since added a few others, such as trout, Iyer*, ?fco. " I lie increase in size of the?o fi*h has ecu very remarkable; while the increase in lumbers has been enormous; indeed, 1 l?eiove ten thousand, from the appearanoo in lie pond, would bo but a moderate estimate. \s yet 1 have only used a few* for the table, referring to wait another year for their in lease in size and the thorough stocking of he pond. 1 have, however, been enabled ,?> spare to several of uiv neighbors, wlio tavo since erected ponds a Millieieiil num >cr to stait the culture with. "The pond being too small for such a fast number of li-.li to procure subsistence n the ordinary way, 1 have been compelled f coutsc to feed them. Almost any tiling inswers f r tlii? purpose, such as shreds of neat, crumbs of bread, hominy, wheat bran, .-ntrails of fowls chopped fine, together with lie offal of all animals, Ac. Occasionally I Furnish them with a treat in the way of :aith worms, grub*, <aorp'!lars, Ac. 1 lave recently learned from a gentleman :onneel? d with the Japan expedition, that he Chinese, who are petfood y ur Jait in i-h culture, feed and fatten their ti>h on "ic-h Cow <!n:i^ and gi i^s chopped line, generally that very common | lant among is. known to farm* ia as pur-lain. Whether his will answer, I am unable to say, hut as 1 intend to make a trial, I tiu-t 1 shall bo ible to report at a future daw "The varieties o( fish proper for such ponds as mine, or any >ti!l waters, 1 think, ue bream, the j roll, the tn rvmontli, the red bellied perch, the trout, Ac. I would l?y n l means avoid the pike, the jack, and that horrid tiali known AS the cat. TIlO d'ject.ons to th0-0 are, that thev :iic ex Iremcly voiaciotis, and prey n>>t only upon r.?o spawn, liiit ti.o small fry ? I ail other iisllC.-; hes.de.'. this, the two foi liter aio very honey, while ;he latter is scarcely lit even for a stow. The trout, too, is a voracious llsh, and the ; i 'priety of breeding them with >ther li-h i- veiy d.iuhtfnl; but as 1 took no to st ck my pond w. 11 with minnows l?< i'oio 1 pioc-1red l a* trout, I b 'j?e to be able to succeed. Tiiis fact, however, only ran be settled by time. " 1 lie cost in\ pond was only twentytivo doll.ii , arid it is sufficiently huge, 1 tliiuk, for (!. purpose. The gentleman iofeiie l to previously informed mo that al most every g udeii in China had its fishpond, many of tin in not more than ten leet square, in these, however, the li-li w< ie only fatten. 1, while thov were bred L'lsewhere. If this bj so, it follows that iVery man in the S ito Can have a pond who has a spiing or running hiook on his p! ice, .. : 1 at .ri expo .so >o trilling, ill com pan >u to the advantage*, that .Is cost will L-o a incie bagatelle. "In my neighborhood lliete aie now, bosides my own, ton; ii^lt ponds; and one near Winnsboro', belonging to my rtlalive, apt. I W. \\ u I ward, commenced at the same time or bef.ue my own. Hi- experiL'lice has > far I . n pcifeclly satisfactory, and he concurs with me, that !i-l? can be easily propag ii ;d and laiscd as p uiltiy. Il such be the fact, and I sincerely bfil ovo it, why hliou.d not ev. rv man have his lisp p* nd as well as his poultiy vard? T> say . ..I ... .: > " ' e n"..mi- ii>.mi iiio | iviiiire hi angling, mo lac'. thai tisli can be <d>tainod at ali se i?on>, when poultry is scaico, Ac., ought to determine (ln> question favorably. "In conclusion, I will say that my expolichee is to i limited as vet to dolcrimuo nh it varieties ?>i tfsli nre host for particular localities, ?vo. lhi? must ho the result <>1' li ial ami experience on the part of lish bleedI have in ii nuht, however, the time will conn! when lish ponds v.ill ho almost ts common as ponlliy yards, ami when lish "I almost evciy vaiiety will l?u acciini i le !, (it I may l>o allowed to Use the expresmm t<> convey my idea,) including ihu choice European varieties, such as the tru:Io, the carp, the sole, Ac." 1'i. uii Tkkk . -Tlio prosperity of the each tree requires that it should ho shorel led in annually. In tlio s|>>ing. I ho op.ration consists mereiv in cutting hack ahotit tall the smaller, or two thirds of the larger imhs of (lie last vear'.s growth, beginning alien the tree is two years old, ami con..lining it during the life of tlio tree. Of <>ur-o tlio eye will direct the exact distance o which the limbs should bo cut back, euro icing taken to preserve a round, well baliiicud head. Kveiy cultivator should praeice this treatment, as it contributes both to lie long continued healthiness .ami beauty j( the tree, and to the super! r size and lus.-iousiiess of the fruit. Deep Tillage vs, Drought. "Everything seems to be drying up," is i J llic remark of many a fanner about these ! days. "Grass, barley, oats, potatoes and u I corn, are suffering much for tho want of ? rain." It is too true they nro "suffering 1 e much," especially late sown barley and oats, j 1 Unless we havo rain, the straw will bo short j t. and the product a meagre one. lint it is j p useless to talk of this; wo would rather offor some hints on tho West means of esca- I ? ping the effects of these "dry spells"?these t weeks and months when little or no rain j p falls upon the parched and thirsty earth. It \ v is not a new subject with us?but its iin- t j, portanco will excuse repeated reference. ' ! "lino upon lino and p'Jcept upon precept." i t One of the most effectual preventives of. p the etlects of dry weather upon the crop, is c a tiesn and mellow stnto of the soil in which t they are growing. To attain this perfectly, j, there is but one way?frequent stirring and r cultivation?but it can bo greatly promoted j j by a proper preparation of the ground be v fore flic crop is sown or planted upon it. If v land is deeply ploughed and thoroughly v pulverized, and at the same time prepared, I... ?i... r.t 1 ? -1 . y* niv n.ituiu ui iiiu ?misoii or uiuier i ^ draining. f<>r t!??? ready passing off of all : % surplus water, it will remain for a long time ! r in a moist and mellow state. Hut shallow j ploughed land, or that with a retentive sub 1 t soil at a short distance below the surface, is - < always found to become comparatively sler- j s ; ilo under the intluence of dry weather. A j heavy rain falls, completely saturating the 1 t mellow portion of the surface soil, making . it too wet for the favorable growth of plants t i at first, but tlic surplus water has no outlet through underdiaiiis or a porous subsoil; it i must pass away by evaporation, and the hiufaco becomes baked and hard under tho j process. Whereas, had the soil been deep ' and mellow a larger portion of moisture would have been retained; the surplus would | have readily pa-sed otf, ami the earth have j been left in the condition most favorable to j ' rapid vegetation. , The elleels of deep and shallow tillage ! upon tlic moisture of tho soil is readily oh- j scrvahlo by every farmer. We have bad occasion to notice it since commencing this article. Taking up the hoe as an interlude i to the pen. wo found in spots, where the plough had but just ski mined the surface, that tho soil was b iked and dry at least six inches deep, (as far as wo dug among I the stones,) while not three feet distant, where well ploughed, at two inches deep.it was most and fresh. l\issing through the corn Held we found the hills near stone 1 heaps or stumps were wilted, and almost , burned up by the heat, while those on the s open and well ploughed spa^e around were ' fiesh and vigorous. Tho fineness of the 1 soil also lias considerable intluence; any- Jl thing hke lumps, however small, will not 1 retain moisture hke that well pulverized and deep. This may be frequently noticed on 0 bead iamls, whero the soil is always in finer *' ; tilth fi- t:i the in to fieqUcnt passage of the 1 , plough. S iiue years since, in preparing a piece of i 1 ground for the crop, a portion of it was 1 I thoroughly subsoilcd, so that tho whole I - i was stirred to the depth of eighteen in- ; x dies, ami made tine and mellow. The re j c tnaitulei had only the usual preparation, I and to this day a slight drought afreets the j shallow part, while olio long continued and i t severe is scaieely felt by the crops whero it 1 was deenlv tilled. In a on-ilnr ..r I..-* <1?. ' v i . O ,v*"' uv i groe Uii'i is found to l>e the case on all soils, i ami proves conclusively that subsoiling is* I c not for one year tliat its ctfoets will con- i n limiQ tor many years. It has been found, j wo won'd rerun:!;, tliat ploughing ten in- t dies in depth, or even eight, upon a j> >rous 1 subsoil, would act very beucticinliy in pie- * venting tin. 0Sects ?>f drought. I Hoed crops need not sutler so severely c from dry weather as spring grains ami 1 grass must do. 1 he s i! must be kept clean j ami mellow by frequent cultivation, which * all fanners and gardeners know is very c beneficial in this respect. It is true that ; the evaporation of moisture is greatest from s a light soil, but it is also true that it receives s moisture more readily and largely from all j the sources which supply it. There is little \ or no dew up n tiio beaten path, while lite c path at its side drips with wet. The fresh s turned cm th receive* a much larger supply \ than that upon which a loud crust lias < funned- it penetrates farther, nr.d hence t pulses oil' in re slowly. Of light showers i this is ah?o true. Hence the more mellow ; 1 the soil the less it sutlers from lack of rain i when covered with growing plants. i l>eopand thorough tillage is the host j preventive of the etiects of drought, and the i best prep nation for growing profitable j Crops, whatever be the character ot the soil | <r weather.?M. >ri\s Jiuiuil Yorker, t ti a A l'K V ink*. -Wheie grape \ iius have | been neglected, so that the tops are quite r loo high and the branches too nuinerou*. ( it i* necessary to cut oil' a laige portion of i 111 in I new wood together the moio of t the old, ti.o better -leaving only the new t shoots that spring from nearest the ground, t and suitably shortening these. A few new s11.' >ts should be allowed VP grow from the i low< r p uls of the vine each year, for hoar- 1 ing iru;t mo succeeding war; and l?v cut , tint; away the wood which l?>re fmit the t preceding y< ?r, we have what is called the , renewal system of treatment, which is found to he the host, f.?r American grapo?, for t treliis or wall culture. / td.vui: ok I'k.vu Tiikk.-*.? The pear treo ' will grow in almost any soil, provided the suhsoil is not too wet, hut it thrives best in 1 a deep, strong loam. As too TuMiiiant a growdi may induce blight, a mftdottye top dressing of manure in the autumn V all i that is necessary* When the treo is assail- I cd hv blight, tlm pari affected should ho i cut otf far helow all appearance of discas . i The insects which ho*?t it are chiefly the r caterpillar, the hark louse, and the sing f worm, to remedy which, soft soap s someI limes spread upon a tree, or a strong hath < of whale oil soap su .s applied. Air slack* i ed lime p iwdcred Id orally over the tree is i I u-cful. I From the London Star. ilariliine Law?American Government. Tito influence cxerle?l by the new world, ' |K>ti the traditional policy by tlio olil, u 1 ut a grateful topic to the governing class s of Europe, and hence they say as little " s possible about it. It is with the great- T st reluctance, indeed, that they can be rought to acknowledge the fact every clay jrcod upon their attention, that, without * nixing ostensible nnu formally in the poli- ' ics of Europe, the tnero existence of power- s ill communities that have sprung into 1 igorous life on the other side of the At- 1 untie must, for the future, enter as an es- " ential element into the account whem v. r s he a (Fairs of the civilized worl?l have to ?e adjusted. Few people are aware, for xainple, that the new principle wliich " he belligerents in the late w?r adopted . ow.irds neutral powers at sea, nr<**e out of 1 eprescnlalions made by the United States, 1 o the elFecl that the "right of search," for * vhicli we did battle with them in 1812, 1 vould no longer be submitted to. Nothing : vas said by our statesmen or diplomatists ' if the real motive which induced our Co eminent to "suspend," during, the war 1 villi Russia, the exercise of ii old "belligecut rights;" and as our pooj le know nolh I ng ol the secret correspondence that was } tarried on between Lord Clarendon and 4 dr. Buchanan, they have, of course, con* : idered this moro humane and courteous J reatincnt which neutral flags have received, during the lato ?ar, as an act of horn tge on our part to the advanced civilizaion of the age. The Americans arc now taking another .top in a path which, we predict, the rest >f the world will be induced to follow, and rom which we can foresee far greater consequences to the interests of civilization and lumunitr, than from anything eUe likely o spring out of the blood and smoke of the icge ot Scbiistopol. It will he remembered that, at the late l'cace Conference in ,'nris, a declaration was signed, pledging ! 1rrpftat 1marj L'..? * * ' V a unsia vfl liillUj'U W CMH lllC'ir | ntluence to put down tlic practice of privu? . eciiug in case of future war* between j nnritime Slates; and tlio Governments ( ( presented at tbat Conference undertook t o invite the powers not represented there ( o become parlies to the agreement. It ct ippears, by late intelligence from Washing- ( on, that the American Government have net the invitation with a counter proposal, j floiing to go a great deal further, and put | Iown tlic robbery of private property ;il ( ea altogether. And we iiavc not the f lightest doubt that, eventually, the Euro>ean powers will he com polled to ac.piiesce j n this overture; for, as the United Stales { re now the greatest maritime nation in | he world, as measured l>v the only real , tandard, theii mereantile tonnage, tliere ( an be no maritime international law en- | icted to which they are not assenting par- , ies. , The Americans say, and say truly: "We j .aie no la?ge tlects of war vessels like Eng- J and and France; we have only <?ne line of- j | lallle ship in co.nnii?-ioii. In case of var, therefore, we most rely on our iner hunt vessels for carrying on operations, at : f east for lira (Itst six or twelve month-; ( j nid we should call upon our citizens to c uin every private sliip into a ves-c! of war. r fhese you call privateers, but their mission t rould be precisely that of your royal and ? mperial navies?to captuio or destroy j j verything afloat belonging to the enemy; , 1 ,nd where is the difference in tho scale of j : u lice, morality, or reason, between doing j \ liof-e acts by means of vessels built ex- i ressly for the purpose, or by oiheis which I vera originally designed for better use*?'' fhero is no answering this logic, for the i ouiiiion sense and tho natural ctmseier.ee of s nankind are on its side. j 1 1 Siit tho American Government does not 1 top hero. "If," say thoy, "your are sin ' ere in wishinc to nut dowil.mivj?t<*??rlinr i i r* / i - - - - ? i - ^ . iho principal system on which it 1 u!>si?ts, treat piivate property at sea on the ] amo principle of inviolability l>y which it ' " - now everywhere guarded, in civilized 1 vnifare on land. Why should the mer- 1 handle of a private citizen l?o safe from : ' puliation l?y an army when found in his ' varehon-c on shore, and not bo e.pially >e i tire from plunder by a navy when in his j 1 oiling warehouse at so*?'' Again there is ' 10 answering this reasoning. Indeed, no ' litempt is made by writers on the law of ! nations to assign any ground for the dis- I in.".ion hitherto drawn between piivate ( rroperty on land and property on sea, e\ ' ept the arbitrary ground of custom--a 1 lea wbicli, if we ascend a little fuithcri* iaek in llie history of'he wo ld, may l?o ' irged with pinl foice hi defence o| a bun ! ! Ired other barbarous usages'in war which i ! iiive been gradually al?olished by the gene- 1 al consent of mankind. And as the prea- ' nt proposal comes from a power which * an insist in on being dealt with according ' o rules of fairness and ju<t:rc. them is lit , ' le doubt that it will ultimately become ( j lie international law of the civilized world. I : Iho consequence will bo vast ami almost iicalculable. Wo shall h ivo to recur,again and again, o the hearings of this <pics'ion on tlie in crests of peace ami humanity, Meanw hile ye draw the attention of our readers to ivhat is going on, with this single word of 'nmmeitt. that re.Mid Olllv t > I lit* .fret we eel that Knghind l?n<l not ilio honor of impounding this n.-w d<>. trine, would be >ur sorrow to tin.I tli.it -ho sets herself in innvailing opposition to it* adaption. Imi'ROVkm XncT.\t?i\K.? At a latomeetng of the Ihiti?di pomolngicnl Society, Mr. livers repotted on a seedling of the Stan : .sick nectaiine, as an improvement on the j >riginnl fruit. It is de-ciibod as vary large, >ttu specimen being eight inches in eircuin ' crence.andof fheshape of a liuncaled vane, l l.o tlesh separate* freely from the Mono, is ;xceedingly tender and melting, being . iomeah.it of a huttcrv texture, like the most delicnto of tho Ikurro pears. Thie j pruit was from a plant grown in a pot. The Swell-head Disease. This dreadful disasc sometimes attacks ior.ses, and, probably, other animals, as Donkeys atiil jackasses; and some birds, as he parrot and mocking bird. Iiut men ire more subject to it, and with them it is nore fatal. Cause. Vacuity in the cranium. It is fteti augmented by flattery, especially # vlien the cerebrum is small and ill shaped, den of large information, however, are onietiines alflcted with it, in which case hero is found an inordinate swelling in tho ipper region of the head, just hack of the 'prx crunii. Tho protuWrance is called elf esteem. Symitomh. The poor creature usually ancios himself the biggest, smartest, host, ind handsomest man in the crowd?lores ho "uppermost seats in the synagogues"? s given to impudence, impertinence, and dually bad manners in company?is cem oriouft and fond of finding and exposing he foible* of his associates?has few friends 4 md no lovers, and has geneia'Sy a had >dur to polite and well bred people?rgiven 0 swelling and strutting, as if in one monenI ho fancied himself a load, and the lext a tui key-cock. He is egotistic, and Passionately found of high-sounding titles, is 'Squire, Captain, Colonel, General, dtc. I'll is miserable patient is sometimes so it)? a Urn led as to attempt to stride the ocean, or lump over very high mountains.. These 1 e only a few of tho symptoms of tlijs malady, but enough to identify jt. Tkkatmknt. When it is caused by emptiness of the cranium, it is only necessary to fill up the vacuum with good ideas, a *>lid education, or common sense. ""When induced by diininutivencss, or malformation of brain, the cure is slow and difficult. We have known some cases which defied every reined v nnd iliwirnv..! <!<? A _ j ...... -V-mvjwm ??|V J'UkiCHW. :ure must be attempted by exercising and cultivating those faculties which are deficient, such as the judgment, and the under? (landing, and depleting self csteeiu. Aw. Hie skulls of those {mlienUare usually very hick and hard, so that it is hard pounding ui j thing into them; but they are excessvcly fund of soft soap?give them a pound >r two every day, and it will soften the >kull so that you can probably get a little umption into it, or a modicum of r&tipcipa? ,ion, and they will soon be well. When .his will not cure, soft soap will palliate. In the case of those gentlemen, from tep lo twenty years old, who get putting on Uie joois and p antaloons of their father's, and to teaching their leachets, reproving, covinveiling, and sometimes insulting old age, showing tobacco, smoking cigars, and drink' mg whiskey?sweating, and cutting the Jau.ly swell head generally?ap|*elite for ate hour", bad company, and bar-rocm* roracious?a Utile oil of birch, applied by 'he parental hand, in the bat remedy. Then cecp them out of the night air and had AO.ilhcr. If this does no; effect a cqro by ho divine blessing?the head grows ami jrows, till the poor sufferer topples over a e\v limes, and knocks out half his self ea? .ecin.? Louisiana Baptist. Pete it Fink Worsted.?Peter Punk is i shrewd man, nnd generally carries fii) >oint; but be sometimes gets worsted. A .aso lias recently occurred which we will date. A cointryman named King was in he city on business, and though appearing loinewhat "gieen,*1 was not altogether unic.piainted with the ways of Gotham, lie leard <>f Peter, and resolved to see him. lie \ccordingly went into a mock auction store, vhero a number of men wcro examining matches, with the apparent intention of juying. When King entered, wise look* wcreexdinnged between these gentry, and the sale loon commenced. A handsome and valuable gold watch was oQ'ercd, and King, hong a good judge of the article, hid it at <.'5. lie immediately put it iuto his pocket tud turned to leave. The auctioneer asked li 111 to have the watch done up. "No," ro,?!iod King. "1 will carry it in iny pocket ?it will he safe." "You had better hare t done up," persisted the auctioneer; "you an then put it itt your trunk and carry it Imino without danger of losing it." "1 novr i. lose anything," replied King. l?y this time several men had g^theres) iroirud him, some advising him to have it lone up, and others asking him to let them loi* at it. But he declined nil offers, and darted for tire door. Peter saw that he had ?ot hold of the wrong customer, r.nd resolved to effect by forco what he could not by Jcception. A man sprang before ly'ffi and was aland to close tiro door, while the Dlliers pressed closely around him. Thereupon ho drew a revolver, and assuring them that it was well loaded and . > jure tire, told the man at the door, in a very cool and deliberate manner, that if he attempted to shut it, lie would blow bis brains out forthwith. Then pushing away the men with a pair of stout arms, he exclaimed, "the lint man who dares to lay his hands mi me will l:o shot!" They all stool back, and king walked out with his watch, while Peter found himself done a little browner ,l, .? I.., ?? - ' v<>.i ?iuviiiu?ii iv nave oeen. [.v. r. Waiting tor Emotion tq Subside.?? We clip the subjoined front the "Editor-! iJrawer" of Harper's Magazine, for August; "The following is certified to us true to to tliti letter, by one of the persuasion to which the subject of the anecdote belonged ; The Rev. J. R. 3. was pn-stor of the Second liniversalifit Society, in Lynn, Mass., a few years ago. Ho had a fine voice, was a showy preach or, and rain of bit abilities to mako a groat impression. His engagement wdli lb? society was about, to expire, and on Sunday be whs to preach bis farewell discourse. Before going to church he sent a uoto to the chorister in the words following: , "l'lonsc defer your customary voluntar* for a minute and a half After the cloee of my sermon this afternoon, in ord?r that the emotions of tho audience ntsy have time to sqbsido.'"