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THE INTELLIGENCER ESTABLISH KI? lH?l). >>. ' Published every morning exeept Monday i>y The Anderson Intelligen cer at Ho West Whitncr Street, An deraon, 8. C. SEM I-WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER Published Tuesdays und Fridays Entored as second-class matter April 28, 1914, at the poBt office all Anderson, South Carolina, under the Act of March 3, 1879. ASSOCIATED 1'RESS DISPATCHES | Telephone.821 SUBSCRIPTION KATES DAILY One Year .Sfi.oo Six Months . 2.50 Three Months . 1.2S Ono Month .4: One Week .10 SEMI-WEEKLY One Year .$1 ii't Six Months .7fi Thu Intelligencer Is delivered by carriers in tho city. Look at the pointed label on your | paper. The date thereon shows when tho subscription expires. Notice dato I on label carefully, and If not correct pier so notify us ut once. Subscribers desiring the address of their paper changed, will please Btate In their communication both the old and new addresses. To Insure prompt delivery, torn plaints of non-delivery In the city of Anderson shoald be made to tho Circulation Department before 9 a. m. and a copy will be sen', at once. 'AH checks and drafts should bo drawn to Tho Anderson Intelligencer. ADVERTISING Rates will be furnished on applica tion. I No tf advertising discontinued ex cept on written order. The Intelligencer will publish brief and rutlonal letters on subjects of general interest when they are ac companied by the namos and ad dresses of tho authors and are not of a defamatory nature. Anonymous communications will not be noticed. Rejected manuscripts will not bo re turned. In order to avoid dolnys'on account of personal absence, letters to The Intelligencer intended for publication should not be addressed to any Indi vidual connected with the paper, but simply to Tho Intelligencer. SUNDAY MAY 9. 7i/ir, Got tho Chautauqua habit. . Remember thy mother 'today. *i -o - Italy will now get a breathing upoll. , Mipre Teddy in the White House -- p I \ l (' ' . ! The God of War seems to have his heel on the world's neck. ^Mrs. Carman wus acquitted yestbr day. Who Is Mrs. Carman? What next? Atlanta is now claim ing n poetess of national fame. -o Considering recent events, wo think we'll postpone our trip "abroad" a bit. -o We didn't know how much we don't know about the geography of Europe until this war started. If someone would only take the Hyde off Grace he might bo re-elect ed mayor of Charleston. The lato owner or Kansas City Star left nt? estate worth ton million dol lars. How encouraging. o ELhnncentrioism Is tho namo of a newly, discovered human sentiment. Sounds more like a disease. That Lusltanla butchery must have made ('apt. Kidd, Stovo Bonnott and the other old pirates turn over lu their gravcB. -o The German pirates might scout] '.nrotind somo of the London plaly :R?t>unds. They might bo able tc bag Va whole battalion of babies at one Shot. It wo had our c.holco between go '\l?g to war with Germany and read ing somo more of. th^se "no*?s" like the Washington government wrote Old VIC. Huortu, we'd shoulder our musket. The way that steam roller has be gun to roll in Charleston, It looks like "little John Grace," will be left out In the cold with "a pain In his fiice."?-I^ancaster News. Don't speak too quickly. Little Johnnie knows something about the roller himself. No American can view the present International situation as It unfor tunately exists today without a feel ing akin to sorrow and dlamay. Every effort has been made by President Lo deal fairly and honor.-bly tho Gotuisn government Many things have been overlooked which perhaps would not have been allowed to have passed bad the Gentian gov ernment not been in such a predica ment as her diplomacy on dlrrecon "iluhle action has placed her. Several weeks ago when the (ler niati govern un nt announced its plans for its so-called blockade of the al lied Powers, President Wilson notified that government that we could not but look with grav<! concern upon any action which might deliberately cause the* sinking < f an American ship or the death of Americans on merchant vessels, regardless of whether they belonged to a belligerent nation. What the result of the sinking of the Lusitatiiu will be is yet a part of the history of the future. It can only be hoped that an inimit? Cod may y t .see a way to clear up these incidents otherwise, we can hut. oxp'ect Hie United States to make good its warn ings, ami show to the world that there is a limit to all things, that American rights must be respected, war or no war, and finally that <Jer many must be shown that she can not ami has uol the rinlit to map out and by cdlcl make the International law for the whole world. The people 0/ the United Slates want no war with Germany. We do not want to add to her troubles, even though they have been brought about by her own rceklcusness. Let us hope that there may be no war between Germany and th< roll ed States, but if there is The Intel ligencer believes that thousands of Americans will rally to the cause of Justice and resent the piratical action of the German nation. GOOD F?R CLEVELAND. The qualified electors of Cleveland School District No. :1G. of whom Utero nre approximately 44, huve almost to the man signed and turned over to the county board of education a pe tition which automatically makes op erative in that district the recently enacted Slnkler-IInwklns Hill, an act to require school attendance. irbe adoption of compulsory attend ance in any district depends absolute ly upon the co-operation of the peo ple. This law simply means that all children between the uj,ss of six and twenty-one years have the right to attend the local school or their dis trict. Hut In districts adopting the provision!- or this aet. ?hlldren be tween the agos of eight and fourteen will be required to attend four months in the county and the full term in town. Pupils under eight .and above fourteen will not be affected. Three methods of adopting the law aro authorized: 1. Upon petition of a majority of tbo qualified electors residing In the district. 2. Upon election after petition by one-fourth of the qualified electors residing In any district. 3. Upon election after petition by a majority of tho board of trustees of uny district containing an incorporat ed town or fifteen hundred inhab itants. The electors of Cleveland district chose the first plan, and make a sweeping succ?s or It. Tbnt the elec tors or this school district petitioned almost solidly tor the enactment of the measure In their locality Is a most healthful sign. It reflects a keen interest in matters educational and thoughtfulncHB for tho wollare of the men and women of the future. May others follow In the wake of the Cleveland district. A I.UK HT t S. JOHNSTON K. Aside rrom our personal friendli ness for Albert S. Johnstone, we are deeply gratified that he has been elected to the position or secretary or the State board of charities and cor rection. He is an Anderson boy, son of Dr. A. P. Johnstone oC this city, and grew to manhood In this town. Wo do not know where we would find a man just lik,c Albert Johnstone. His firmness of character, loftiness pi spirit and cleanliness of mind aro un surpassed in any person wo know. It was our pleasure to be thrown with him for gome years while he was secretary of the chamber of com merce of Greenville, and during that time we saw him put through all manner of situations that try men's souls. And not one time did wo ever have reason to believe other than that he was founded on solid rock, lie al way rang true. We are pleased that he has been elected to fill this responsible posi tion. We are glad because he Is an Anderson boy. We are gratified be cause we are confident the board f.ould .not have found a man. he ter suited for the work.nor one who will labor more sincerely to.mako It a go, It Albert Johnstone cannot make a success of It, there's no use putting any one else on Ute job. Success to him! Protect the ' Panama canal.?New York Atnorlcan. From whom?--Nash ville Banner. PRESS COMMENT. * Tient) of Wheat. New York Times. A at famine is one of the <a laillitlcs that is not expected to hap pen. The present condition of Winter wheat in this country is excellent and the acreage is the lurgest ever sown. It is about 11 per cent greater than last season's acreage, from which the yield was a new crop record. There fore the reasonable probability is that there will be a large American surplus, which, added to 76,000.000 bushels available from India and | 100,000,000 from Argentina. ought t make rood the European deficient! for another year, if that shall prove li he necessary. More convincing, perhaps, Iba anything of what has been salil is III" fact that on the grain exchanges May wheat sells 40 cents a bushel higho than the September option, whojrea a year ago at this time, with a; enormous Winter wheat crop in pros pect, May wheat sold only 10 cent; above the September option. On tin new crop will be in active delivery Obviously the grai n dealers expect wheat to fall between now and Sep tember, and fore one or more of threi reasons, namely (11 the prospect ol a very large wheat prodctlon In the meantime, (2) the possibility that tin Allies will force the Dardanelles und gain access to the more or less imag inary : tore of Russian wheat, and Ci) the constant liability of peace. The first reason has been discussed. The second is perhaps rated beyond its importance. The Russian crop last year < s short. The exportahle sur plus, i jr?f?r?, is small, and the gov ernment in any event would be like ly to place an embargo upon ship ments of food grain from the country The tninl reason is the one that con tains dramatic, not to say theatrical, possibilities for the grain trade. Every one knows, or at least believes, that peace coming suddenly would cause : violent fall in the price of wheat, and possibly one-half of the difference be tween the price of May wheat and the September option represents the craln market's precaution against that contingency. At all events, the shrewd grain trader's oDinlon, made up in several ways. Is that there will b< j wheat enough in the world, and that the price Is more likely to stay where it is or to fall than to go any higher, at least for a while. Tempting u 1'ntient People. The State. The president ?.r the United States. I facing fur his country an international problem of constantly and rapidly growing gravity, may at least ,be I wholly assrod that be will, have th> resolute support of bis people1..' ! in whatever stens ho may think }t. wise und honorable to. take. The people of South Carolina, to the last aole bodled man, would servo their coun try at his call and all of 'them., are prepared for any sacrifice, however paii.fnl, that an embroilment with other Powers might require them to make. Indeed, Incessant adjurations from the press to the poople to "be calm" are beginning to be received with impatience. Observers of the faces of those who in silence read the dis patches about the destruction of ttie Lusltanla on the bullcMn boards yesterday could not but be in pressed with their manner and wld their occasional comments as they walked away. That the temper of the people Is showing signs of strain under the repetitions of news reports relating to attacks on American vessels or other .ships bcc.ring American pas sengers is. everywhere evident. Injury to American commerce ex cites slight resentment. Assault on American citizens Is surely aj-ouslng the people to sullen anger much as they abhor war and see i> it, at this time particularly only misfortuno to their substantial interests. On this sido or tho Atlantic the argument thfit temporary return by a great Power to the war-making methods of the Dark Ages for self preservation Is justifiable commands little respect. Our peoplo would not look with confidence for a restoration of civilization by a Power that ha bludgeoned Itself, to a position oi world supremacy. They are not ready to consent to a suspension of all roles and manners of cnllghtment and progress slowly gained through the centuries In order that a single Power shall have free course to hack Its way out-of difficulties. They have small faith In the resumption, of Hu mane methods after a victory won in barbarous ways. Should It bo the disposition of the president to call the congress to gether In extraordinary session and ask it to authorize that considerable enlargement of the army and the navy that he, might regard advisable In oi*der to make more effective the protests of American diplomacy, con sistently designed to promote the peace of the world, it is certain that he would be pheld In It by the peo ple of South Carolins, however ear nest Is their Hope that acts hsvlng even tho distant appearance of men ace or susceptible of interpretation as a calculated show of strength may be avoided. The people of the United States will not resort to war until thoy believe If-inevitable and from that belief they are still very far. But thoy are being driven In the direction of it. The colonel may have grown stout er, but it can't be said that he Isn't In good form.?News and Curler. Screens coat money, but not so much ; as malirla and typhoid.?Jacksonville Times-Union. A doctor says fox trotting Is a cure for Insanity, so if you sec anyone fox trotting you may know he is an insane man trying to get well.?Jacksonville Tlmos-Tnlon. \ ODDS AND ENDS. Opciiimr Our spread Large?! River. An immense empire, 80",0un .square miles In extent, writes Fred U, Vin eent In Leslie's, lias Jusj been opened to water trallie and i<>0 miles added to the total of navigable Streams with lu the nation through the completion of the huge Cclllo Canal, on the Co lombia River, In Oregon, which will be celebrated by cilles in the Pacific Northwest next week. Cut through Il vin;; rock for a distance of eight miles, at u cost of six million dol In m to the government, the big water lane removes the last barrier to Uio navigation of the Columbia Hiver ind Its main upper tributary, the Snake, from Lewlston. Idaho, to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of ">"<) miles rind frees the currents of the Coluiu bla itself to transportation as far as Priest Hiver rapids, in Washington, about 450 miles form the sea. When tho obstructions at these rapids are removed along with those at Kettle Falls, then the Columbia will be navi gable to I ' veistoke, Hritish L'olurh mia. almost l.OoO miles. Ten years of continuous operations were neces sary to build tire canal. The greatest part of it was drilled ami blasted through solid lava rock. To find a way for navigation around this turbu lent stretch of the Columbia has been the dream of the Northwest Bincc tho famous exploring expedition of Lewis and Clark In 1905. So powerful is the Jaw of the sword fish that It has been known, in attack ing vessels, to pierce ten inches th?Ogh copper sheeting and oak planks. German submarines may not.marry without permission of their colonels. When house brushes require clean ing, put a sutllcient quantity of tepid water into a flat pan to cover the bristles, but not the backs; to each quart of water add three tablcspoon fuls of ammonia, all the brushes to soak f*>r ten minutes; rinse in cold water until it is clear, and then dry the brushes In the air, bristles down ward. Treated In this manner brushes seldom warp. Never use soap in washlUK hairbrushes. Take a piece of soda, dissolve it in warm water, and stand the brush In it, taking car that the water only covers the bristles. It will almost Immediately become white und clean. Then stand it to dry !n the open air. with the bristles down ward, and it will be fmifid to be as firm ns a new brush. / A convenient substitute for a cork acrew. when the latter is not at lian'.V, may be found in the use of a common screw, with an attached string to pull out tbe cork. Old newspapers can be usod for opening the oven door, placed on the kitchen table to stand aaucepans on, and for cleaning irons. ,v To clean a suit case mix equal parts of vinegar and linseod oil together, rub with a piece of flannel and polish with a duster. This not only makes tbe leather look like new, but pre serves it also. New t'oal Tar * Explosives. The remarkaide destructive power of modern guns, which are able In a brief time to wreck tbe strongest forts was made possible mainly by the re cent dslcovery of certain new kinds of high, explosives derived from coal tar, says The Voutji Companion. They art: "Insensitive;" that Is, they arc so re luctant to explode that they are as safe to handle as cornmeal or baking powder. Shells filled with them ran pass through the thickest armor with out bursting'-withstanding both the shock of impact and the enormous heat generated. Not until tho shells have penetrated the armor are they set off by tho fiiBes they carry." It Is that power to penelrate b?tore bursting that gives the projocM.ei, tfteir^ formidabe character as destioyers ci' permanent btructutes. When tuey finaly do explode they cause wholesale ruin, for the great volume of gases suddenly set free can make room for itself only by a wide dispersal of tho surrounding material, whether it is stone or cement or what not. From coal tar aro obtained such substances as benzine and toluene, which, treated with nitric acid, make explosives of the Insensitive kind. One of them called "T. N. T." (short for trlnitro-toluene.) has been largely us ed bv the Germans in the pr sent war for filling shells. In accounts of the fighting that is now going on in Europe you read of the use of melinite by the French, and of lyddite by the 'British. The Japan ese In their recent attack on the Ger mans in China, used shlmose. All three of these high explosives are yjMi and the eame thing, namely, picric acid, which W. derived from coal .ar, and which 'la melted and poured into the projectiles. Guess How Many Horses There Ate la the United States. The following interesting figures about live stock In the Unit id States are taken from the current issue of Farm and Fireside: v ."On January 1. 1915, people were five times as numerous in the United States aa horses; and horses were five times as numerous as mules. Texas had over twice aS many mules (753,000- aa Missouri, its closet com petitor. Texas also led in cattle (5.i 121,000). having nearly twice as many as Iowa; Iowa had twice as many swine (3,720,000) as Illinois, its clos est competitor. "Montana and Wyoming are the two greatest sheep States, each' hav ing about 4,400.000 head. New Mexi co and Ohio c6me ? ext with about 3, S0O.00O apiece. "Rhode Island has 23,000 milch cows, and Xevada U.00O. Wisconsin has the most?1,626,000." Who Pays Fo Following is the address deliver-1 ed by Mr. Eugene Brown before the Ad club meeting at the chamber of commerce Thursday night: "Who I'ays for Advertising." All advertising is divided into two general classes, successful and un successful. Unsuccessful advertising is paid for directly by the advertiser himself- -because being unsuccessful ho reaps no return?and his advertis ing is a direct expense, so much mon ey wasted. I'nsuccessful advertising usually is the result of one of two sins?an unpractical advertising cam paign or failure to back up your ad vertisement with store service and quality goods. I mean that it would he unpractical for Mr. Lin.ley to ad vertise his North Anderson property In the Saturday Evening Post, as woilld it be for Mr. Halles to adver tise th?'p#e H.ive in the Atlanta Jour nal. Howevor the standards of prps 2nt day advertising are weeding to impractical advertisements, because -luLSaturday Evening Post would not take Mr. Llnley's money-and his copy, but conscientiously tell him his plan was wrong. The Atlanta Journal would in nil probability refer Mr. Halles to the local newspapers. As to failure to back up your ad vertisement with dtore service and luality goods we suppose naturally that any man who has sense enough to advertise lias sense enough to know he must deliver the goods. Unsuccess ful advertising is well nigh impossi ble, and as( a result of this we must look upon all advertising ns success ful and see where the money comes from to foot the bolll. 1 Wo might begin by ; savin.- that every nationally advertised, product not only pays Its own bill with ad vertising but actually accumulates a surplus therefrom and declares a div idend. Wc the public being the di rect benefactors. Take for instance any of the various breakfast foods?Washington Crisps, same old price, 10 cents, but a larg er box; Kellog's Corn Flakes, same old unadvertised price, sanitary mois ture proof package. Consider the old Williams Shaving stick In a wooden box as every on hero can well remember. Add a na tional advertising campaign. What to you get? Advance in price? No. On the contrary same price and in addition, waterproof rustless hinge covered aicklo box. It was advertis ing tiiat enabled the Holcproof Hols cry company to put out a sock with a guarantee. You yourself can think of numbers of instances where the public has been the benofactor of ad vertising and not paying one cent for it. The roason that it is possible for firms to lower prices and better their product Is Just the simple fact that Relief Wori The Hague, Netherlands, May 8.? The immense drains made by the ref ugees from Belgium ' on the good heartedness of Dutch women have by no means exhausted their efforts for the betterment of social conditions in their own country. The strain of Belgian relief work has undoubtedly been very groat, and still is espec ially heavy upon the wives and daugh ters of the Netherlands. Holland was totally unprepared for any such emer gency ac the arrivai over night wtth Ing her borders of more than a mil lion destitute neighbors. It was the women of the Netherlands who had to find immediate accommodations until the relief work could be systemati cally organ lied. They did it magnifi cently and without a whimper. Thousands of homes in Holland still shelter refugees, notwithstanding the general provisions which have been made for the ' unfortunate Belgians. One house in The, Hague, alone, baa afforded, asylum to 71 destitute Bel gians for nine months. Hut in addition to this work of pressing necessity, the women of Hol land are carrying on their suffrage You'll find that t the $ 1 S^rice are < Because we thinl best ever at this ] the case. But \v< the cloth, the lin ship and we knov seldom sold at so Our cash buying ables us to put tin suits for you. And" the same ex all our suits whe $25. r Advertising I it induces an increase in the rate of turn over. Suppose a manufacturer is making 5 cents on each article that lie Bells and suppose he puts on an advertising campaign that will double the demand for his goods or in other words enable him to make 10 cents In gross profit for every 5 cents he made before. It is easy to see that this man could pay 2 cents of this ."> cents for advertising 2 cent sfor im provement of his commodity and still iiove a larger profit than he ever had before. It is on this basis that all the big national camnaigns have been con ceived and executed. One of the greatest advantages to the public has been the btandardi/.a tioi of goods. Uneeda Biscut is standard. You know its good before you buv it. A competitor says hi:> ;azor is as good as a Gillette. This talcum is as good as Mennen's. Thb lartl compound Is as good as Snr ?v-i drift. See how near the new drink: try to get to Coca-(Jolo. Why? Be cause it Is standard. I The advertising .right here in An- ! d^rson is paid the sam<*f way. You increase your volume of sales or turn ' >ver without a corresponding ln .ease h expense. There is not a .Ingle grocery store In the city but :ould take care of considerable more business without any additional ex pense?If they but had the extra bus iness. There's where the advertising comes in; it goes out Into the high ways an dbywft.Ts and pulls them into the store, then It's up to the store service and quality of the goods, and prices charged to hold the er 'toniers. We will take one more view: If you are bo fortunate as to be in bus iness and have a competitor who doesn't advertise?don't worry! Don't you worry about who'll pay your ad vertising bill. Jt will come directly out of your competitor's cash regis ter. People who have been spending money with him, will quit him and come to you. and spend tholr money with you. This loss of volume of business on -his part, and- a corres ponding gain in volume of business I on yours means financial losses to j him, and a cor~esoondlng .gain in pro fits to you, .for his "overhead" ex penses will remain about the same with both of you, and your not pro fits on the increased business will more-than pay you for the advertising. And your non-advertising competitor footed the bills in loss of. business which came to you. To sum It all up?money used for advertising is not spent, but invest ed; and when this matter is given the time and thought that you give the balance of your business, it will pay you the biggest profit of anything connected with your business. k In Holland | campaign, are knitting and sewing for their own soldiers and their families, and are keeping up such work or so cial improvement as the schools of household arts and the schools for working women, whtch exist in many of the larger cities. In the former, young ladles of the better families of the Netherlands are taught house keeping, the care of children, teach ing, cooking and whatever else may be necessary or useful In the forma tion of a model wile.and an efficient mother. These schools are, or course, paying organizations, / - The schools for working women in Amsterdam, ...Rotterdam and The Hague however, *re in the nature of charities. Here the daughters of the people are taught to be independent or of aid to their families. They are trailed as housemaids,, cooks, aem stresses, laundresses and nursemaids. If they are able, they pay a .small tuition fee; if not, they are received Just ' the same, and no one but the treasurer knows who has paid and who has not. The schools are pro -?Med with babies for the nurses to practice on, and even with older ?jiU he best suits around pur Evans Fifteens. c our suits are the [nice does not prove c know the cost of rings, the workman / that good suits are close a margin. and cash selling en ; extra-value in these tra value is found in ther you pay $ 10 or dren, who serve as the raw material for the kindergarten instruction. In the school for working women In Rotterdam last year, 109 girls were turned away on account of lack of accommodations for them. This year the number has been less, since the general condition of hard times lia? forced many families to send their ,-?irls to work earlier than usual; alBo the absence of many men mobilized to guard the neutralit yof Holland has greatly Increased-the.demand for wo men workers. The annual report of the Rotter dam school for working women which has just been issued to cover the year 1014 shows that the tuition fees re ceived in this school amounted in that year to $:i7?>.70. The expenses, however, were $13,099.20. The deficit was met by private gifts. Many of the girls are forced to leave these schools before finishing the full three years' course, to earn their own liv ing or to assist in the support of their families. But even these are .nir.pped up at once by watchful Dutch ! housewives, anxious to secure good servants. The girls themselves . arc mly tort glad to-be employed in do mostlce servie ein Holland, for the Wages of women - workers in the fac tories ?i*e notably low. Nor are these the only practical measures taken by the women c* Holland for their?less fortunate sin ters. The war has brought, even to this neutral land, some of its whast ly train of mediaeval horrors. There are Uod Cross buildings in many streets of the largev cities, and one of the royal palaces- in The Hague Iras been turned over to this work. In this country there are not, of course, any wounded to care for. But there are the sick and the needy, and they are cared for. The Home for Destitute Babies, too. since the mobilization has shown a *;marked increase in the held of its charitable endeavor. It is really an organ izatlo ndevoted to tho care of the unfortunate children of unmar ried mothers. The babies of such of the poorer women as die ip child birth, whose fathers are prevented by tho character of their work from giving or providing proper care for tho very young children, are also taken in. Tho infants received in this home nro kept from two to threo years, upon a slight payment by the mothers, whose plight ti.e sudden calling of the men to the colors has revealed. -- -I- -I* -I- *I- -I- *I- -t- -I- -2- *5- *Z- -?-* *'d* ?8? *t* * WIT AND HUMOR. * * * "He Is a self-made man.-is be not?" 'T'es, except for the alternations made by his wife and her- mother."? St. James Qn-iette. In the spring the young man's fancy Is responsible for getting him heav ily In debt to his tailor.?New Orleans States. - Now and then you find a Gorman who blames the czar more than Eng land for the war;?ronaocola News. The allies are planning a May day celebration in Constantinople, but they do not. say which they.?Pensaoota News, Living ln?the futurn is better than living in the past, but the logical and sensible thing to do Ip. to Wvy now.? Ixjvy Timee-'Democr^t. One of-\he wowt cowards Is the man who ,1s afraid'of work.?Wash ington Dispatch. Don't put too much dependence upon the man who tells you that no body is honest and that every man has bis price.?Albany Herald. "Thav say one gradually grows to look tue a constant companion." "Then if 1 were yon I'd quit going aroum? with that pug dog so much." Kannan City Journal. Florida does not want Japanese colonie*. Onr racial problem af a time Is enough. We want more whho people.?r^vy Times-Democrat.