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Saturday, June 5, 1926. i ? - Church New: BY DR. J f ' C8CeC8Caetea32C8??3a^^ " MINIRTF.RIAT. ITNTON NOTKi Calvary Baptist Church, June 1, a noon, with Rev. E. A. Adams presi ding. Devotions were conducted b; Rev. G. T. Dillard. Rev. J. P. Wash ington, the Secretary being absenl sent the minutes of the previous meet ing to the Union which were read b; Rev. H. W. Long and were adopted. TU? ~ :J? *- * ' ' " x iic jjivaiucni imormea me Drem *> ren though few in number that thi . meeting was intended-to entertaii Dr. W. E. Farmer, ex-pastor of Sid ney Park Church of which he has s ? successfully pastored for four conse cutive years; ? Dr. Farmer being present, expressei himself in a very graceful mannei touching upon the varacity of his min ^ isterial labors her6 in .the religiou and civic held and also his regret o having to depart from his brethre; r irt -the Gospel with whom he has beei so long associated. He says howevei !^jhat7he expects to holtl up ChrisTahi in Columbia. ? * :? .,lA' The Union ^pressed its regret o his departure in the manner following Drs. N. S. Smith, H. W. Long, P. F c Whtson, E. A. Adams,\ A. E. Loma> Ci W. Hrown and others all ut wtTrrr HEvV. L. C. CAMPBELL, D. D. President General Baptist ^.TStat Convention of Texas, Austin, Texa expresed their knowledge of Dr. Fai mer's yeoman service here as a chris tlan minister and their regret of hi departure from the Union. ?- Dr. Farmer goes?to Birminghan Ala. The following. letter oT'crecIi expresses the ^-Union's opinion c Rev. W. E. J Farmer's worth as" Rev. W. E. Farnjer, D. D. ^ Dear Brother:- ?' The Ministerial Uniftn oT~CoIumbia S. C.-of which you are__a nifinlifi learns with much regret that you ar to leave the City soon and take charg oi-a Church in some-other section o , the country. Our Union is going t miss yoy. You are a manly man wit! fine sense of honor and devotion t duty, and everybody known whoro ti find you. Then too, .you preach th ' Gospel, the whole Gospel, and yoi ?live by and for the Gospel thht yoi preach.. Some preachers do not de clare the whole counsel of God. The; ^tear they will lose public esteem o -r~ money or -both.! You are not tha way. You preach against sin and un _elean living of all kind regardless, o what 7olks may say or do; and ye God hns stcod by oyu and blessed yoi ? - aim mai in inc 12aiX?JLfil?lXlllll you went to get it. As a member of the Union, you ar cleat-bended aj>?l rewdorod opiwigii service in solving the many .difficul problems which came before us. -?= You a*?-a mah with broad vision and catholic spirit, jovial in manne and look on the bright side of things Your place will be hard to fill. Our Union extends to you its warn * and best wishes, and pray that Goi will give you a "Church somewher .which you may serve to His glory am the good of the flock to whom yoi may preach. We pledge you brothe Farmer that you will not soon be for gotten; and should Ood"tn His pro videnfe, send you back to Columbia you will find our hearts and home wide Open to you. - God be with you 'till we meet agair Done by order- of theUybW, Rev. E. A. Adams,iRresrdent. 1 The Union was graced with th preMmce of Dr. Dillard of Goldsborc . i*^C., brother- to Dr. G. T. Dillar< y " of this City. We also acknowledgei m the presence Of Rev. J. W. Shaw o Lexington, S. C.^ boh of whom mad' some wholesome remarks in a genera "way. I was indeed glad to meet my ol< friend Dr. Dillard of North Carolina f ' He is one Gf^tlWfOrerhost educator of hl? Stat*. v j r ~,y J 0 , 5 Of Columbia } , C. WHITE l] SJ Dr. w. K. Farmer, the departing I pastor, nnounced God's blessing's up- ! , on the brethren of the Union, it | A. E. Lomax, Reporter y | ZION BAPTIST CHURCH NEWS t,: Last Sunday was really a red letter day at our church. Our Sunday School: y was up to the minute in evrey respect. J i We studied "Jacob at Bethel." 1. His i- wonderful vision. 2. The divine pros tection. ^3. His wonderful vow. 4. n ' God's -promise reiteratde. - J The music was interspersed with 0 j jubilee melo'dies. Dr. J. H. Goodwin ' i- and his assisstants Mr. Thomas W. i " Daiffan and Mrs. Ella Bostic, were' 1 at their posts of duty and carried out *, a splendid program. Little Miss Ale - tliit Williams (Tots) is our efficient | s assisstant pianist and she opened the 1 f school with music like an older person. Zion's Sunday School boasts of 11 having the youngest pianist -in the '> City of Cloumbia. 3" : Dr. Ilehry Allen Boyd was our and made a brief address, f At 11:00 a. m. the pastor went up: sta rs and baptised a very sick wyman Sister Ida Mungrum, who lives on the' i? 1300 block of Park Street, rr 11:30^^^^^^Ton"^va?75c1?ecl witn . ? eager .and thirsty ?hcarorw, bubbling' ^>vcr With religious enthusiasm. Our; pastor. Dr. White introduced Dr. T. J. { ~ W. i'obias ol NiiW Orleans, La., the N.-.i nn.il MosJpnlDirretnr^whn cornea to Columbia to train the 50$ voice chorus to sing for the coming Con-1 ; gross. Dr. Tobias used as a textV "How. shall they-hfear without" a preacher? j IIow shall they preach unless,they be sent'.' ' He touched the heart of every body, there was hardly a dry eye' in the building \vhen.he concluded. I Pastor While preached the funeral! sermon of Bro. James Johnson at 1:30' p. m. Bro. Johnson was for many years, a faithful janite* of the Carolina National Bank of this City. At 4 p. m. Rev. J. C. White preached __Aip pilncnt innnl sprmnn tn the teachers, parents and. students of the OldIloward" Graded City Schooll2345L uniHsew Howard Graded City Schools IIe used as a text: "Take this child e away and nurse it for me andl will give thee thy^&ages." Dr. White discussed the .inadequate wages paid to teachers, for theirstruggles, worries and sacrifices made 8 To make race leaders. In developing ihe thought of reward that would I r I. T a ^ Be .^B f REV; C. H. CLARK, D. D. t Pastor Ebenezer Baptist Church, ti- ..Chicago, 111., Chairman Executive t Board National Baptist Convention of America. \ 'uTmtrtu The ffiitftfttl puit'wt) he aeerod ' t the parents for the laxity in their home training. He quoted historyj 3 hiith sacred and profane to prove that J r the real leaders of the world were not the college bred, but those who j had been brought up in homes of godly people. " J d ' I)r. Boyd's Wonderful Address *: e The Church was again crowded to d it's capacity when the pastor arose to | i introduce Dr. Henry Alten Boyd, Se-' r cretary of the National Baptist Sun- j - day School Congress and who is al so secretary of the National Baptist i, The house of hear 2,000 arose and s Board of Nashville, Tenn. with handerchiefs gave him the salute i. of honor. Dr. Boyd came forward and . fn w vrtn nltTtrrv n *-l/K*v\ ?? aWa- j* - ? .mi-iv.Mvihii8 auincoa CVCI Iiet&tU HI ^ this City. He told how that his father e the late lamented Richard Allen Boyd j >? was horn fi" slave and could not even. d read nor write his name until he was d 25 years. He told how his mother; f struggled, taking in washing and: e ironing; and at times hiring herself d oiit as cook for the white people, she " would bring home the pans filled with d cold food given her by the kind hearti. ed white folks, to support a house full s of children and at the same time keeping his father in school. He told of III ? ' ' r ' THE 1 Uhe* gigantic organizations North an* ^Sbuth tha#- arrayed themselves a gainst the Natiortal Baptist Publish ing Board. But today he showed tha his father left as a heritage to th? Baptists of this country, a plant rate* by Bradstreet and Dunn, the world' greatest accountants, to be wortl one million dollar*.?Thoy issued 12, 000,000 quaterlies annually. He sai* that for 8 years his father pessed ft ery furnaces, hounded, lied on, car ried through every court of Tennesse* from the chanoprv emir* tn Qn preme Court; and the verdict wa and is: "I find no fault in this jus man." . Columbia has never heard the Na tional issue discussed before. ST. JAMES A. M. E. CHURCH Sunday was a lovely day; Sundaj School was opened on the usual hou: by the pastor, EKe Snpt... Bro. ~HT~ S Russell being a few minutes late.Th< lesson was beautifully taught by th( teachers.. . Our district superintendent, Mrs Annie L. Wise and her companioi were present. A short adress to th< ^Sunday School was made by Mrs Wise. The pastor likewise made ar interesting nddressy he usually tines Divine service began at 11:15 .o' very instructive and edifying sermon delivered by the pastor on the sub ject: "Love, the basis of Christianity.' Text, Heb. 13:1: "Let brotherly lov< continue etc." :? rvr,o 1 1 "... ? vi j uuv nuv Hfli) CYCl ilCttl U I\JU V Washington, can imagine what-kind o: discourse he delivered from this text Sunday evening at 8 o'clock,?Rev Washington was again at his post o! ihe writer assisted by-otheesr?-rr. A very splendid audience listened t< a heartfelt sermon by the pastor fron Hhe text I Cor. 16:13: "Watch ye stand fsat in the faith; quit you lik< men be strong." Subject. "Manhood.' Monday-night an entertainment en titled "A trip in the Desert" was giv en by Sister^ Maggie Young and Belh Washington for the benefit of thi Missionary Society. A neat sum o I money was raised. St. James is ii j good shapejfrom every point of view BETHEL. A. M. E. CHURCH , NOTES? Don't fail to hear Dr. John Lewis President of Morris Brown Universit; at Bethel A. M. E. Church, Sunda; morning, June 6, 1926. Bishop Hurs tiril 1 urnrcViir* tififV* ^ ?**4* men cii mat num. The Supt., teachers ?nd Sunda; School pupils were recipients of quit a treat after an interesting study o: the lesson Sunday morning in the per son.of Dr. P. P. Watson who was in tiodueed by Dr. E. A. Adams. Ii n;s masteriy way, Dr. WiUHUfl I'lUC Li rifled the School with a brief addres: I concluding with several" questions g< j constructed that the occasion seeme< jlik6 clock-work to perfection. We al ' ways enjoy Dr. Watson's remarks. At 11:15 a. m. to a full house Dr Adatps introduced Dr. P. P. Watson State Missionary of the Baptls I Church who selected after some pre liminary remarks,. St. Luke 13 chap | ter and later clause of the 5th verse "Zaccharus, make haste hnd com< ' down for today I must abide at th> house/' Subject "Jesus passing thri Jericho." Asserted: "Zaccharus evei though a rich man; lacked "Somuthlnj riches could hot buy (happiness). Th( purpose of Jesus was to save one mai When one is thoroughly changed h< wields unlimited influence for good, h< i? willing to help others who neec help, he will do right." A WAnriAt*litl uui'mnw ...fit --- j OVUIIWU UUiVVlCU Will power and simplicity. At the Missionary Mass Meeting resulted in returns of $L29J)0 by th< ladies, the following ministers spoke fir IT 1*1 RrnWm rtf T.llVfl AV "Ghristian Courage." Rev. J. P Washington of -St; James on "Service* Rev. C. W. Dunlap of Camden Station on "Action." The addresses wen short and inspiring. The subject "Lessons from Pioneers" was interestigly discusses at the League service The next"program promise to berful; of goutf "numbers. , At 8 p.^ni. Dr. Adams presentee Bro. Dunlap to preach.. He selected Heb. 2:3: "How shall we.escapt if we neglect so great salvation?" A splendid sremon enjoyed by all. ^Sunday, June 6th is Holy Commun ion at Bethel, the entire membership and the public are urged and invited t obe present Sunday oat the 11 o'clock service as this cohclude's the services TorThe' day at Bethel. Bishop John Hurst will worship at Bethel Sunday also Dr. John Lewis, President of Morris Brown University, Atlanta, Ga. will preach at this service. . The public is most cordially invited to atend these services Sunday. Take Oue Notice! Every Jay in rfroTy* way' the system is becoming more perfected for < mill I.I. fi ' 11 r ? PALMETTO LEADER I putting over the gigantic program r< - oth meeting of the National Sunda t School und B. Y. P. U. Congress whic e convenes in Columbia, June yth- 14tl i Only by the layulty and cooperatio s~ of ?he people, officially and otherwisi i ' makes it possible to properly entei - tain such ;i host nf Cnd-fp.-iring per i pie, and we are getting it infgreatc - measure every day. . I There are those who are giving iir e tesprvedly of their brain, brawn, thn - influence and money for the c^use c s this meeting/ What are you doing? t' Oportunity is knocking at ou dprs, L view with alarm those wh - c?n, but still refuse to prepare for i' - ' I xuerc u)it? some stranus yet danglin : from his forelock, but lest we forgel -he is baldheaded behind. ? ?? The Boy Cadets ajid Campfire Girl j -are still in training on the campus o r Benedict College, under the eliicien '.-corps-of instructors-7T'amelyT'C3jk~~\\ j II. Coultry, Maj. Win. Manigaull 2 Capt. L. W. Hill, Lieut. J. R. Jumpei i who have the boys in charge am leapt. N. Titus, LieuL IL B.-Browr , Lieut. J. Primrose and Sargt.* A ; Caughman,, wh have the girls 11 >! charge. ^ . , I The parent are notified that th i boys are to be dressed in white jun . jprs. and shirt or blouse *vith whit r Navy or sailor hots. These thing are TnexjSjusTve and will .-be the' urii T form reciuired of every cadet boy. The girls are to dress in white-middi , suits or white -dresses, \vhife stock ings ami-white keds or tennis shoes. 7 The format lolwjTHme-welcome pa f rade will assemble at the "corner o Assembly and Rice .Street near th - Union?Station?a-fc?Light-fifteen- o' f clock Wednesday morning June OtL ; , The parade formationyvill be as fol lows: The mounted police, Flag bear j er, Jenkins Band of Charleston, Th t pastors of the city, the trolley car f with Sunday School Su-pts. and teach ? ers and B. Y. P. U. Oflicers, Boy Ca f rlol m f*o rrivlo C!. *?-?- C -1- * , V. ouitua v QCUtfUl 7 bf~the City, Delegates ill trolley car; . transfers, busses and private car ? wi.h visiting bands. 2 .The parade wil proceed North o f Main Street to Pendleton Street, on i block east on Pendleton to Sumter, tw . blocks North on^TSuniter to Gervaii one. block west on Gervais to Mair six blocks' North on Main to Laure _ five blocks Ease on Laurel to Ilender son, one block South on Henderson t Blanding, three blocks East o nBlar ' ding to Gregg, "one blpck South o ^ Gregg'to Taylor where those ridin ^ .he trolley cars will continue on foe * .wo blocks East on Taylor to Benedu College Campus. ^ I.et Golumbia do it self big iri wel ? coming the throng of visitors to th City l*lilimitO(!v I' take the occasio to make honorable mention of the ai Jtinollllh.' the 4th dav nf-^o ATnm ij c,. .u- =H--?^ ' o'clock ift parade formation and Band 5 playing, the Congress will procee with. the City of Culumbia to the Fai Grounds for the greatest o-f event: the Grand Competitive' Drill,-~whic _ will he given hy thw Cadet Companie - of Cini iinicit t i, Nashville, Spartanbur ' and Coluntbia for the first and secon prizes. General H. T. Marshall;rCom landing Chief. i? The Congressional orator will mak ashort addressv to the Cadets. Th Bands Witt make music, and the fast f est game of the season will be playe - ->ftcr the drill.?: 1 One- adrtussion of fifty cents wil ' admit one to the whole and Grand Af ' fair. There will be parking spac ' aplenty inside for 25 cents as a >fe ' -for those having cars. Watch for Ad ' .ertisement! ' R. C. Storver, Director Parad< Xctivitioc. >-?;?) m m m >' ?' ' L BgBB| I l REV. J. L. HARDING, D. D. President Tennessee Baptist Stat< Convention,?Nashville,?Tenrw<;<pr> OFFICIAL HYMN Respectfully Dedicated to The Nation al Baptist Sunday School ConRress "Olfo* SUNDAY SCHOOLS" Tune: "America'* r? By Ban GarrUon, Columbia, 8. C. J- We come tinhousands strong r~-|? To help a cause-along, y [ Our Sunday Schools, h I May God help us to go i. ItighT on and face the foe, n | Lift someone from below; e, To ranks above. t Sweet Raptist. Sunday Krhni.U ;r Sweet place of "Golden Rule" We'll always love, ( t- Wd'll always be on time .. , e , Each Sunday rain or -shine if We'll make our lives sublime; , In Sunday: Schools. * T - i' ^ ?o May God help us tot be . t. Faithful and true 't^ll we g Shall win this caust* . < t, Large may our army grok .* *rTill world will know s ; And everybody'11 want to go; f , To our Sunday Schools. . ^ I 11 ~ : B * C ^1 I * ^jBB| ^i^i^jSESBBi^P^^ ?9"v jB M REV. DAVID- E. OVEfl, D. D. i e ^Pastor .Union Baptist Church, Bal? tim6ra. Mil. .'.*'..] t MORRIS IN ALLENDALE1-, j "I - . ?h '' i Allendale, June 1.?Vast crowds of ] 3 , both races continue to acclaim Chas.1 j 1 SatcWfl! Morris,* Jr.. of Norfolk, V1r-1( n ginia, the Race's brilliant writer and 1 ] e siivcr-tonguefl spokesman, in sall sec- j ] ? tions of SootH"Carolina. In every; j 5' City' i'n which he -has appeared, he has ] J' been characterized as one "of the most!. t ' t eloquent and magnetic platform spehk l ?ici's in America." :? rv : ]-J ?\ CThe orator returned to. Allendale.. l~ TTast evening to deliver the Commence- 1 n me"nt address at the County Training J 8; School. The affair originally was. scheduled, tcr be staged next Friday t . night*. but was moved up at thp ..last 1 1 ; moment., . , . j ? "| For an hourJand a quarter Morris 8 held the audience spell-bound as he j-J ? ^ . j painted magnificent word --pieture? "; summoning his hearers to a larger 2 'sphere ot usefulness. His charge to 1 1 the graduating1 elasB' qwuon m muster ^ piece of lqgic_tnnd reason,; At the 1 conclusion of his dramatic climax j*? ^ . ? he was given alt enthusiastic ovation." Morris,was introduced by Prof. Ar-jIthur Daniels, Principal of. the school. "' Responses-in Morris' speech wereT |j made by the City Superintendent of Schools aVrtl the pastor of .the 1st ! Baptist" Church (white). Both joined ' in tribute?to him Am' the masterly 0 riiessage he delivered here. Q j j ( # j- The fatuous orator is appearing in. 'j several dqwn-State cities "this week, < : scenes of former triumphs, lie is . being warmly wclcoWd and eagerly cheered. Publicise and privately he is still being, congratulated upon break-1 ing a -precedent, and being the first j Negro to appear "before o white woman's sefninary in South Carolina? ! Coker College at Hartsvillec . 0 . 1 Retrurns to Columbia Next Sunday afterrioon, June 6th, at 3:00 "o'clock, Morris will speak a' gain in the Capital City, this time : ' ; Columbia Theatre; The meeting .will V be the last outstanding event beifnrr, thfi Ri Y. feU- and Sunday School | Congress convenes here. Dr. J. C. j \Vhtte, Chairman of th.e local committ tec and nestor of South Carolina preachers invited the celebrate'd ora,tor to be the chief speaker of the ^occasion. ~ Men of BotR~facos \vTTI share the stage with Tpfii. It is ex-' pected that a record-breaking crowd[ of his -admirers, white and black, will pack the theatre to hear him., ? T~ V- Tn EdgefieT^~"5Ionday Monday night, June 9th, Morris will make his first apearance in Edgei field. ..A mammoth meeting has been arranged there. A large committee whose chairman is^the Hon. A. W. Simpkins/has arranged a collossal e- 4< vent. 'People are expected to pour \n2 to Edgefield fropi all nearby 'towns to pie. ! ft] orris will make two other speeches, one in Batesburg, .the other in ?! I Wltlhsboro, in adition to his Edgefield speech next week. He will he in Co%t lumbia Thursday, Friday and Satudf^ | day to atend the sessions of the Na-| tional Baptist Sunday School Congress I Morris will be greeted by his friends ' from every section of America. His ! tour of this State is. closing rapidly J | now. "Those who have fgiled to hear j FIVE him arc advised to do so. soon. Thousands of people agree with Governor Trinkle of Virginia that he is "An able and brilliant son of the South." the. kings mountain gone. fourteenth session ,a .ii: mimm ?Fourteenth Annual Session of ~ he fonious Kings-Mountain Student if. M. C. A. Conference was called to order at Lincoln Academy Kings Mountain. North Carolina,-by Secreary YV. C. Graver, the'excutive head il. the colored student work in the jnited States. . . The leadi4*g?Nefro colleges of the southeastern region from Florida to ?? Fensyjyania were well represented 0"i"h"r delegates. Th slogan of the conference this ear is "Life At Its Best," and the heiie^.. "Toward a New -Understan- --???? tmg?of?God and?the?meaning of =5=; .trc*' ^ Before the conference closes a very Lislinguished group of Negro-leaders. vili have visited it and helped inipire the leaders of christian work in . he Colleges in this student generaion. Among those here, and expec=_, ed litter are the following: Prof. b. -L Mays, -State College, Orangeburg; vho joiris the regular staff of leaders >t the- cunferpncoHhiw year.?Dr. Mor- ? lecj-W. Johnson-, First Baptist Church Charleston, \V. Va. Dr. A. Bruce.. ? Curry, Jr. Councit^bf Christian Asso ations, New York City. Dr. John, ? Hoi ot Pics Mont oI Morehouse Col" ?Mr. T. S.' Jaeltnon, Johnson C. L jitilth University, 'Charlotte,-' Nt~C. Mr. Loy Long, Student Volunteer Movement, Now Xprh City.?Dr. R. : 7II. Moton, Tusliegee Institute. Mr. IV A. Jkohinson, Dep't. of Education, " ~ W C. Mr. Charles H. Corbett, C. C. New York City. Mr. Akintunde drowne Dipolue, Nigeria, West Coast . Ifr-iea. Among^the regular visitors md workers- at the contvrence the 'ollowing familiar faces will be seen: Jr. C. H. Tobias. Dr. W. W. Alexander Jrof. Arnold E. Gregory, Mr. Frnak" D.. Nicholas, Mr. Howard Thurman, Miss Juliette Derricotte, Dr. J. W. Sutco, Mr. John Dillingham, Mr. Davd D. Jones, Mr. R. H. King, Mr. A. I, Gordon, Mr. R. A. Bullock,^Mr. iC. Berthold, Mr. C. L. "Harris, Mr. J. I. MeGrew, Mr. Frank T. Wilson, Vlr. R. P. Daniel,?Mr. Oscar A. Fuller. ~ SEWS OF T1IE S. S. CONGRESS _ 1 J-he Congress headquarters received r check^01 ?J4.0U from the Mt. Prospect. Baptist Church and also one of >tLt)U. from the Rew T. "S. Gilmore, jastor of that Church. Plenty of Bapists in South Carolina- cafr and do do nore |or a cause to which tie expotfses "lr T <5 1 vt. uiuiiviv ytiicvuu 1X1 U1C X>a;ona\. Baptist?Sunday?Schuul?Co it ;rr-iii nnd hr luirks his helii'f hy deeds. Among the many donations sent in 0 help defry the expenses of the Natonal BapMst Congress was a checir ? ient in to Dr. J. C. White from the dt. Hebron Baptist Church,. Leslief S. . - , 11lis is the nrst cnurcti that Rev. ihite ever pastored, .they gave his 25 per year for his services. Rev. ---?? -?_ K C. (jllniore of Chester of pastor of * his same Church-today and it is one >f the best in York County. * . itey.-jLLC,. -WiiikeJfcldward _Loit,.Ur. .11 ? fulian G. Stuart visited the.. City ^ . Jouncil Thursday mroning in behalf ' ' v- . >f ihe Congress, and petitioned thp *iiy Fathers- to place drain pipes-in he streets from Assembly down to iiorr Baptists Church, and asked for * nodiiicaiion of the parking rules and ther minor laws governing the City; md asked further for ample police jgilance around the place of meettig of the Congress. All these thing# he City Father promised* to see to. 1 H /-> -TT-I Vlartirr?6c i hurmair Electrical Contractors LICENSED AND BONDED^ PEones* 8723--5S5'4" 7^7 Columbia, S. C. PHONE 6487 V. A. Hawkins' Real Estate Agency . Homes on Easy Terms" LLflT-l* Washington Street COLUMBIA, S. C. %! . ...? 6366 PH(TNE v 6366 i ^hair. Caneing and Upholstering Furniture Repairing and Mattress Renovating. W. S. TREZEVANT 019 Harden St., Columbia, 8. C. - / 1