The independent press. (Abbeville C.H., S.C.) 1853-1860, June 26, 1857, Image 2
4 4 VheWfcw* lt>rk Blot*.
<* ,.$$i6lfe\V ?ork papers contain full account:
r , ? Of tUe lul'e riot* in tlint city, growing out o
t&jfcondle\ of jurfadictiori, between the Stnii
BK4' *' (tod-'inunicfpnl authorities. D.f>. Conover
? i.^,irhO'h?9 lately received tlio appointment o
' Street Ccmtfrrissfoner for the Ci'ty, from th<
f - Ooternor, in attempting to Qssunie the d it tic:
F*' -of hi* ofRao.'-'Wfl# rcplusod by the Police of May
I*'.' or Wood, who denies the constitutionality o
? 1h? appointment. Conover procured a wri
ngitihst'(tie Mayor and others for rtn asa.ttili
?* ? inpd lrnttory. and irf tlia ntlgmpt to execute i
L""~. ' th<S foifatTlug reenos dfeetjfrcd. The sketch ii
v ~f?o*m tiro Ctiurier and Unquirtr which fne'
* "accpurtts for The An\i-\70o<T bias of its tone :
V ? 4 'About"Iiftlf-past STI*. M.,' Capt, Wnllinc
V i . -JJUL- -rk if__ . -?w
i?I mo itiuirujjuncm X'oijcc, wcm IO m<
^Mayor's .oQfcd'th'e Recorder's w?r;an
jind oblrtiued admiltnnco to (he inner room
J",* , .^Tut tjic Mayor refusing to recognize his flu
(. tliority, as pfclieeinan, would not suffer th<
t$ b? e\ectfled, and ordered 'li?
f '"* 'ofljeor to pftt' hira out. ? Gapt. Walling did
. v* iHbt'reeisV being alone, anfl'ieft the office
, A* few minutes afterwards Qoroner Perry
H ^ trho had potwesMon of the civil warrant
from. Judge Hoffman, called at the Mayor's
"rtfflce, find wap julmUteB as far as the fail
fag. Hf sdnt word to the Mayor that he
' .tvfehed t6*8ecMiirii, and an nhswer crfm<
" .otit^wnn the*Mayor that lie would not coin
-ply.j The officer-\vhp, brought out the* re{*,
*fusal nnd U wasof<h&Mayor to
I*- niAnt.<!?? ?i.- ? ?? i ?
I t 'jvvwjfc vviuiici u.uiii iuu Unicoi nnu pro
f * eeeded- to<ar su C?hx elfrCcti6fl. The Coru
" , ' fier Made no resistance, rind 1dfl. lie tlior
wenV'tothe RecpnlerYofliice, yrhere Mr. fijltl
\waiting} aifd tooi?legnJadvice iter tc
[ '* Lis course of "action: -The criminal wari;
4 "Tant was'pp't^into the band^ -of Sheriff Wil
kit] who reported tbffCTie could not exe
m* it, the-Mayor's office "being so strongly
&V: gtiHr^ed by. "policeman; w % '
- tyajdrMjeheral Sniifor^.^ns then nt the
.^cbrder's office*?nd-a^'rfquisilion having
b^eri m'nde by Goroner I'errj for (he call"ing'ont
of the njilitarv, tbe necessity of it
, was Tor some time taken into" consideration.
A'tjol'.haViftg been anticipated, companies
ofjjJe^NationalGjSard had been" in readij
ness qt the ^rsenal'most of 'the day; I^jyas
deemed advisaljTSTor (uqi xCoro'
ner to make another-efibrt to serve tue proS
cess* and he was accompanied by about
fi% of the Metropolitan Policemen, under
. commando? LnCiitTIjfebr-ing, of the Otli
PrlciHSf. "Fiie nietfjnarclicd'oVer tlio City
IflftftiUi tLdCojouph riVid on arriving* at
lite /enr atpps*of tko flalL sfhicli was stron^jfy
l^iyo'rV Police, they
wert ru|hed dnvt^'overfa Inindred ruffiaii6,
who commenced^ most furious assault upon
the ofticors ofijie law^nnd were elimulated-aqd'-jsetjin
^jy oaths and veils from
the 'Maypr'aC Watch man. Clubs and other
weapons weira^used by the rowdies, and
prominent among,those who'figured in the
nttrtpk were*Ald/\Vilsoft, of'the first Ward,
Eugene Sullivan, infighting roan from the
? Ward, arid'CoqncilmAn-tliigltes from
*.*tli6 '0tlr'J\rlffcK Many of tJTo mob climbed
trees,#ceakiogoff the limbi to.use them as
clubs against IIkj" Metropolitan officers,
k j .1
a.uc -tuuob iiviiuiou wMiiitt jiiki inrenis >verc
. ntloredf(rtri(i''tlie Vfliole demonstration was
J-onci.df the most, savage ever attempted in
j *". lip ciLy: The Mayor's whtclnnen, jnstant'{
* *ly $fter tligattacfc'was made by tlio mob,
-- . turtied Oul"^JJ)olY Jbe^Ietropolitan officers,
.. beating ttiehj ^hilo < Jown with their clubs,
kicking them in tbe- face. A small, force
cfUffi inen^gainsfthe ^Mayor's force of
j" v nwrly 1,000-vStchmen and jfigliting men,
. lij(d<iUeref6"ro j)'o ct?nc?, and lliey bad to
s-. retreat;to^e ifecorderk office in Chambe
rsa'tffiefcSis dfaickTv as. no?rim<? tlio*
| r t * ware fiSUwed^Siit of the wayi>y the snvt,
age of (lie- lowest grade,
Jjrouglit fhe*} lest, haupts of the city,
^vereijieqpable^of-reason,'and would let
L ^' ~ 4lfeir brutal fnstin^feed^bem, under their
r"... any extent, lTie Coroner forL
' tfuiaioiy escaped iraory, but upwards of a
F \ WsfafecMtan Police were seLV;'m
The Recorder's office
/^BOOtf-pres^t^Mfefcppfearanoe of a IIo<piiifeTr
Ui^ wounded men were
->bro^^i^jtC bl^ding,{uro(u5iely from- their
k . woqnd^^nd-ilie Caroner "report^ 0iat bis
P liUempl^^r^ O^ process had again; been
r " / f Wsi&ed, iiabdi'Witlrlt^Recorder.^uxged the
j.naeteaity^t^iinng tlQa ip i |i ta ry.< -i m raedja*
' * and
- mHKweiw-prwon, ana wer?. reacmy con1
uiasdjBjit *ho f^rvjces--'Tlf^ilrB . military
vrerit rgqiiired*-- Tflfia 7tif Regimentthe
M\oUGa*ri were soon marching to the
Iwfc ' In die meantime, DebtfU^:>6uperin.v
-tchdqpt Carpenter arrived tfw*6Ver{f hun1
_ 'df&flpap, find expressed readiness to
gt> t'o lJreCity TIhII an?*efve nay process
" 1/WtK *t 4H lizards. Captains
' ^Bp|iplitfi^arttvni^dl TuNilrull, nnd Lieutnn4
j*n tHutchmgs,' were altt>.ncescnt .with their
foi^es^artithero 'fffere oWr .two hundred
* } Policeman ready ^ to not.
jluc ivytoruervuoTv.e^er Liiougnt u vjpvWU t>e
to send tJjBro against the payor's
..iow??,Arl)o .were augiponting continually
f ialUtb6<ii^hk??y.'re?orU of the city,
* ifM waited"tSntiftbc military arrived in the
? , ' ^Vj$TtypR?lteiJ^:of- tW Rational GuarJ
4. ? 'somewhat ardor^f tW mob, and
"Ji ' f ^.M^yo^i^qjdjpt theilt- influence, allowed
i ' , 'Jt/Sfrffio* custody,."*'" -C$yn?el^ we*r pfes
wU*' *ecurfc$s; and the May.^ ^a&fflod
wltboUt^rcaTing his - office,
ooit, and John
About fifteen men were, more or lew*.
> ' Injured in Iho melee, some of tliom fatally,
f 1 At 2 o'clock on jji? morning "of ' 18tL>
s lilt., nil wns quiet in tlio.citv, and no fur,
J ther (listurbanwwas fcared. A
' THE INDEPENl^T^HESS
M FL'OUrtllCD EVKUT FIHDAT MORMNU BY
f LEE & WILS6N.
* W. A. tiUES, - - Editor.
Individuals, like nation*, fail in no thine; teftic/i
h'lf boldly attempt, rvfiett sustained by virtuoui
s . pur pone, ati'1 determined resolution.?IlrsRV I'i.av.
t I " H'illiug to praise, yet not afraid to blame."
r ! Terms?Two Dollars a Year, in Advance.
I " ABBEVILLE C. H.
' FRIDAY, JUNE 20, 1857.
; ii, '? ?
~ Publio Lecture.
| We repeat our previous announcement thai
Prof. J. H. Blake, of the Grecnslwro Female
( College, will deliver & public Address, in tin
I Court House, before the Young Men's Christian
j Association, on Tuesday evening, the 30th instant
: Suhjeet?The J'opular Objection* to
i Scicncc.
; Mr. llluke is an accomplished scholar and
pleasing speaker; and * ? anticipate quite an
interesting Lecture.
^
_ i Fine Wheat.
_ ! We were shown a few days since a fine specI
I imcn of wheat from the plantation of Col. J.
, I r *c t.^ii <
I r. urnrsuiui, in me vicinity 01 our village.
( We lmre never se?>n finer or larger heads; in
fact they were so heavy as to render the task
of cradling rather a difficult operation. The
crop cousUts of about 150 ncrof", and will
r probably yield at least 2,000 bushels, being at
the rate of from 12 to 15 bushels per aero.
> Ouly a small portion of the crop was manured.
> Who can beat this? Tho successful competitor
will likely take the prize at tho next agricultural
fair.
Hot Supper.
W'c are requested to say, that tho Ladies, of
Abbeville Village will give a llot Supper, on
Friday evening, the 3d of July nest; the object
of whieh is to raise funds, * to enclose the
Presbyterian Church in this place. The object
I is u inunuuic one nna nppenis 10 me sympathy
| and co-operation of the liberal and public spirited.
The ladies, we are sure, will apnrc no
pnins to merit jjtibllc patronage ; and we
trust that their efforts will be duly appreciated.
The occasion furnishes an opportunity of much
enjoyment, and presents an agreeable mode of
converting social enjoyment into the means of
effecting a benevolent end! Recollect the time
?the ?ve of the ' Glorious Fourth."
Brigadier Qeneral of Iniantry.
We arc informed that Wm. C-. Morngne, Ksq.,
<6tEd.etield has been elected Brigadier General
of-the Firat^Division of South Carolina Militia.
We have no doubt but what he will make a good
officer.
I -Uic following is the result of the poll :
JIOIIUH. JlOnAC.NE.
i 8th Regiment, 17 11
..j,8th Regiment, '48 .6
5th Regiment, 7 43
9th Regiment, 3 37
10th Rcgiiuciit, 7 28
80 12.5
i - 80
Majority for Moragne 45
To Spartanburg'.
Pcr*ons wishing to viwt Spartanburg during
the oomineiiccinent Exerciws of the College,
are informed that a stage will run daily from
Lnurensville, in connection with the Latir?ns
Rail Road, on Friday, the 3J, Saturday, the
4t1i, ond Monday, tK*c 6th July, pro*.
Stages run regularly from the present ter
no vi uiv ojmriniiuurg ana union ttaii Koau
on .Monday, Wednesday nnd Friday.
The annual examination of the Spartanburg
Femal c College will.begin on Thursday, tli?
2d July, and be concluded on'Tuctdav, the 7th
July, on which evening an address will be pronounced
bj- cx-Governo; John H. Mean*, be-<
fore the .Literary Society. TJJie commencemenMSermoh
will bc4preacbcd on Sunday, the
6th July, liv the lie v. E. H. Myers, Editor of
the Southern Christian AditocaU.
The examination in Woffprd College will begin
on Monday, the 29th June.' T/ie Commencement
Sermon will l?e preached on Sunday,
July Stli, by Bishop George F. Pierce, aud the
. graduation exercises will take place on Wed'nes"3aj-,
July 8th.
?IVI?U?IU wuuiciy
r. Hie following sketch of the actual condition
of men and things in the Empire city, taken
i from the Now York Tribune, canscarcely find
i a parallel, in that section of the Union, to
which this journal is in the hnbit of turning,
for the exercisc of its pscudo-philonthropy, and
to which it is constantly resorting for facts to
cxcite, the holy liorur onj} pious commiseri
ntion of its readers:
"Since the first of April," (we nre told),
"there havo been at least twice sixteen attempts
nt murder, besides violent assaults and
rum-hole fights without preoedonl. Ten thousand
hardened and hopeless female outcasts
swarm the streets at night; two thousand chitdren,
under*the guise of peddlers, from the ngw
of ten to sixteen, penetrate evory public building,
6totfBjind office in the city, to beg, steal,
oyy iur ourgiare, mid on ilietr own -account
practice those vices which cannot be named in
respectable language ;?fivc thousand great and
small gamblers prey upon the ~ credulous and
the infatuated, standing j|U day at the doors of
1 their dens in Broadway; as welWVnown in.
1 s?n and profession os thp.Mayo&jjbimself;
thousand laey, druAeti? thievipg short-bdy*,
f. *3$Vbqya, killers, roughs?-and rowdievfr other
,, hi tinge on tke rum-curs^jforncra of the
streets, making day disgusting,*' hideous, and
! travel dangerous to all who eao bo suspeete^of
1 having respecubility^or money ; thousands of
emfghmt swindlers, mock auctioneers.
, dealec* Jfojiey-backers, piek|XH;k"oU, hall
thieves, burglars, warf-rata, area-sneaks, pirn pa
and vsmpyres, practice their knaveries as open.
ly, and jvilb as litt)# /tar of punishment, aa
i though they were engaged !n the root* virtuous
and legitimate of htfman pursuits."
The -Mew Professor*.
The Spartanburg E^prt?, in ?eVrtng^o the
; 1*ta change* epd elections for U?# South Caro:
^
I ~B? hdToi..rg< Wr aOnHHW ?f ? Or.
tftSPSL*"
?
, ! The Weather and Crops.
, i Wo were visited on Sunday evening lust, l<jr
refreshing shower*, which wore very much
; needed. The raimvfi'owever, were quite partial.
In some sections of the District, there
' was a fall of liail, doing some injury to the
1 crops, nnd which has very sensibly nfTeeted
the temperature. Ou Tuesday morning, fires
| werc^leeidedly comfortable. The wheat harj
vest is over, ond the accounts from nil quarters,
[ represent the crop as rtn nbundaut one. The
^ | oats has suffered from the drought; and the
, I corn nnd cotton are unusually backward.
i The Examination at Cokeabury.
We learn that the Annual Examination nnd
: Anniversary Kxcrciscs of tlint flourishing I11'
! stitution, the Cokeabur;/ Conference School. will
, coiumcnce on Monday, the 20th instant, nnd
continue three days.
On Tuesdnycjating, the 30th, at o'clock,
a number of men, members of the
advanced cli^|P^Kll deliver original speeches
i in the Clinpel.
I On Wednesday. 1st July, at 10 o'clock, a. m.,
! j the Erosophic Society will hold its Apniversary,
i i and be addressed by Edward Noble, Esq., of
i Aiiuevnie.
1 I The Institution we understand is in a flour- !
j ishing condition, under tlio AtiK|iicrH of the
I 1 present Rcctor, the Itev. G. II. llound, who
j has enrned n Iiigli clinrnctcr as n pcliolnr and
I disciplinarian. We trust that he may be fo
vored by n large nttcndunce during the ap1
pronching Examination, and thus enjoy an
i opportunity of affording a satisfactory exhibition
of the proficiency of his pupils.
The Literary Address of Edward Noble,
Esq., will bean attractive feature of the exorcises,
and from tl>e well known talents of
the speaker, we have no doubt that he will do
'credit to himself and the occasion.
Gold mining in California.
It seems tlint quartz mining is destined to be
j the leading mining interest in the State. The
j surface wnshingliavc either given out or yield
' but a small return on the labor expended,
! whilst quart7.mining can be continued throughJ
out the year and at nil seasons. Its feasibility mid
! value ns an investment tins been nlromlt- r. .
, J I" ~
j veil ; nnd a Convention of practical minora was
I to beheld at Sacramento on the 30th ult., to
i adopt aomc ay at cm to advance thia branch of
' induatry. The quartz minea of the State are
; sufficiently extensive to fnrniah employment
to thouannda of men for a number of years to
, come, if they nre only properly managed. It
! ie well ascertained that quartz rock, which
j will yield eighteen dollnra to the ton, will am.
I ply repay the labor which may be ncccaaary to
extract it, if proper machinery be used ; and
experiment haa proved that thouannda of tona
of audi rock can be found in the mountain
districts :
In those districts where quartz mining haa
been fairly tested, it litis been found to be aatisfuctorily
remunerative and the ayatem it
being gradually extended throughout the whole
mining region. At the present time, the whole
number of quartz mills in operation in the
j State, according to the California lleeiater. is
j one hundred ami thirty-eight, of whieiroightj
six are propelled b}- water, forty-right by
! steam ??nd four by horso power. Tlic aggre!
gate number.of stamps connected with these
! mills is fifteen hundred and twenty-one. The
j cost of machinery is estimated at one million
seven hundred nnd sixty-three thousand dollars.
On the same authority, "the reeent improvement
in the machinery employed, and
' the enlarged experience of thojo engaged in
I quartz mining, together with the remarkable
yield of veins recently opened, have created
confidcnco in this depurtment of mining ; nnd
that it will ultimately become the leading mining
interest of the State, is the opinion of those
who have carefully watched its progress for
the la?t seven years."
To this new sourec of wealth attention is now
directed, as giving the fairest promise of continued
prosperity to nil tin- mat erial of
"the uiqrfern Ophir.
Th$. Newspaper Pross.
The CharlcstoirCowrirr makes the following
interesting suggestions wittr-rcfgmn>^^to an
autobiography of tlic Press of the Stat*. The
suggestion is an important one,.-find we trust
- that it will be cordially responded to l>y our
: country brethren. We will cheerfully under'
take our share of the task; and this we may
I safely promise, as our brief history, will call
r for no lengthened research among dusty records,-,
Some of our ancestots, however, may
be in the condition of those "brave inen who
lived before Agamenon," and in that event we
iihall hold ourselves in readiness to furnish a
contribution when required :
Nothing is more astonishing in connection
with the American Newspaper Press than the
rapid multiplication and frequency of changes
in its organs, and it has occurred to us that
many interesting and illustrative contributions
could be given to our history, by a full auto
biography of tho Press. In our own Statf,
from the ropid and extensive 'multiplication of
Presses under pnrty exigencies, tho vast influence
weildcd l>y these organs, und the frequent
s'ucccAsion and changes in conductors, th<s materials
for such a t.nk arc abundant and stimulating.
anil yet so difficult of access that
nothing but a gen>.*rol eo-oper.ition can ever
promise sucee.-s. If each Press now extant
would but give us ijs autobiography?so far as
may be done?and a sketch of its predecessor*
in its tection and range, the work would be
tfell nigh done, and n vast amount of material j
nande srnilnliln f.ir fntiiro
What? say* our friends to the suggestion anil ;
proposition) Shall we have an "experienced
meetingi" If so. who will 'Wgiti I &(,? shall
cheerfully contribute towards a history of tho
City Press, but would gladly hear from onr
friends of the "rural districts," as they could
furnish more of novel interest and suggestion.
Our attention is now called to_ this subject
by accidentally glancing over ?Ame references
that h%ye b?eu taken occnsionalljrUn coutpe of
an' examination of ?ur fields. Mrmay be of
interest to>>|MnYt, and may stimulate responses
to ?nt? if we state the incidents
thus presented in a
i*ejnent#, Ac., of old date*.
'f.Wo tuj'af'MhiJjp J?"* 1817, an offer
(orK!rtf|| prihting office at Cambridge, S. C.
WastA^fc a newspaper ever issued fro in tbis
office! ' , f
.On the rat of July, 1807 tlie subacription
rata of th^bharleston dailies?then three in
number?was advanced from $7 to $8, by common
agreement, in consideration of increased
-expenses as stated and explained.
Boon after thia data, a number of papers
aprang up for occasional and eampafgn purjKMm,
fileajM which, or single copies would be
r^oabtl rdepoaits for any public library. Can
any of oar older readers supply saoh, or furnisb
at anv rfintniuuxiMM
la lMOre iBii It atatcd Ihtt fear 11
poper* were leaned in Alabama, and ele*?n In
ibia State. The review of tlil^SoA Caroliua
Trm i>f that date ia foupd in a card from the
Hon. William 8mhfe;'?vWei.ii hmnMv* and
interesting in othar rwpecto, and which we.
., may m *?ich produoa it a oonfaataat oceaaion >
Ibr *>dt readers.? t > '
The Soutb Carolina College.
Tlic Greenville l'ataiot, in presenting the
clnims of Judge Wafjluw, for the Presidency
of the South Carolina College, pays the fullotfring
deserved tribute to the high character, commanding
ability nud distinguished scholarship
of this eminent jurist:
Iii ensting nbout for a suitable man to preside
over our College, Wo know of tut one better
calculated thnu Judge Wurdlnw. Ilu graduated
in the South Carolir)? C?",!Pc with its
fiist honors. Ho is a i^outleinun nud a scholar,
lie possesses great. firmness and decision of
I character, with mildness nud wisdom in enforcing
his authority. No man ever presided
| over the House of Representatives of this State
with more entire satisfaction to that body
Next to the College, the House of Representatives
is the hardest body to govern in the
State. In selecting u President of the College,
we must have reference to his qualities for commanding
nud enforcing discipline, as well as to
his scholarship and attainments. The President
must he a sinccic, straight forward man,
ns well as a stern man. The young gentlemen
lin * I.:. T .
......... ....... nisjimici: unu II nilIIess.
lie must liuve a high character, and tho confidence
of the State. Judge Ward law lias all of
these high requisites. We know that his remoral
from the Bench would be a serious loss
to the State. As a Circuit Judge lie ha* no superior,
and he is regarded by his aesociatcs as
one of the most useful, as well as most learned
members of the Court of Appeals. But in transferring
him to the College, the State will gain
more in the education of her sons, than she will
lose in the administration of her laws. We
know that Judge Wnrdlnw has been frequently
spoken of as eminently qualified to till the
Presidency of the (.'olleire, and we likewise
know that, he repudiates all suggestions of the
kind. But we lay down '.lie rule that the State
has a right to command the services of her sons
asslie may dnein best. The Presidency of the
College is n far better position than a seat on
the lJench. It is worth more; it is less laborious;
it is more dignified and important to the
State. Judge Wardlaw is one of the most methodical
anil systematic men we have ever met
with. lie would introduce order into the Col
lego in nil its department*. Ami lie would enforce
discipline every where, witli professors ns
well ns student*. Whj should lie not accept,
if he consults only his own personal case and
comfort? It is much more agreeable to be always
nt home with one's family, in the midst
of refined nnd litoinry society, than to be running
over the State, living in dirty taverns, lis
telling to dull speeches, taking down testimony
and charging frrutid juries. The students would
never niinoy Judge Wnrdlnw. They would be
dismissed, lie would soon cut olT those who
disturb the Institution, nnd are unworthy of it. i
lie would attract to the South Carolina College ;
those young men who go there to do their duty,
and he would deter others from coming. Every
body in the State knows Judge Wardlitw, mid
hns confidence in him, nnd would feel ft pride
in having their sons brought up bv liiin. Let
the Iioard of Trust ea at. their meeting ill September
elect him unanimously, nnd press on
hiin the acceptance of the position. He can at
once fill the chair of Historv, or that of Logic
and Rhetoric, with distinguished ability. But
j wc want him as a governor of the College.
<> ?rucr 111 me Carolina 'June* nominates
our esteemed fellow townsman, the llev. T. A.
Iloyt, for the vacant chair of "Logic, Rhetoric
Bnd Philosophy of the Mind." Tho propriety
of t'icnomination must strike ev*ry one
who lias the pleasure of the Reverend gentleman's
acquaintance, a* well as the justness of
the following complimentary notice :
I tnke the liberty of nominating fur the vacant
Chair of "Logic, Rhetoric and Philosophy
of'the Mind," the llev. T. A. Iloyt, of Abbeville
C. II., a young gentleman whose vigorous mind,
thoroughly disciplined by habit* of close critical
study, is well stored with the results of
metaphysical research, and whose discriminating
tnsie, and active logical pewer*, no less
than his superior personal character, seem specially
to qualify liiin for the responsible duties
of instructing and guiding the young.
r -? ? -
v. v., .. ?,;> ? IMS n^c I-UUI'I III' luund Ul'Iter
qualified, eillicr by natural gift*. l?y previous
preparatory studies, or by a love and zeal
for the work. To all who arc personally acquainted
with him?and man)' of the member*
of the Hoard of Trustees arc?bis name
needs only to be mentioned to be approved.
Oen. Walker and Nicaragua.
Gen. Walker in bis variou* public oililreiM*,
has left the Government, in no doubt ns to hi*
future policy,; It is his design to return
to Nicaragua, with an adequate force,
to renew tho war, and it is said that his agents
in New York, New Orleans and other citien,
arc now organizing forces for a new expedi?:
f ii'.II? ? ..... I
?vn. wen. >< umcr 11ns iimierto exhibited
great perseverance, and will no doubt return
to tlio scene of his late defeat?, with renewed
strength nnd determination. He blames this
Government as the cntise of all his disasters ;
and attributes his discomfiture to its refusal to
recognize his Minister, to its suspension of diplomatic
intercourse, to iU interference in
stopping his succors of troops and muuitions
of war; and to the permission given to Capt
Davis to bring him and his force home.
The future policy of the Government with
regard to his schemes has not j-et been dis
closed, and iirnlwlilii 1m? ?
, _ . _ 4 u aiww J vn UCUII *
mined upon. Walker has Intel}- addressed a
letter to the President, which presents a clear
statement of the facts connected with his presence
in Nicaragua, and the circumstances
attending the late Convention with Capt. Davis.
U|>on this letter the Charleston Standard
thus comments in the'following extract:
Wc publish entire, this morning, the letter of
Gen. Wulker to the President. This puts a
new faco upon the circumstances of the capitulation,
nnd placcs Commander Davis in a
somewhat doubtful light before the country.
The statements of Commander Davis and Gen.
Walker have now been published in our paper;
our renders have, therefore, the opportunity
of deciding by their own judgineut the
pnlpnblo differences between the two. The
former tlm !??? ? ?' "
?' ? ?? mo WjWIUHUUS mo
nuumed fact that Walker was in * perilous
condition, that his provisions were exhausted,
without of replenishment and that ho would
be helpless before nn assault of the surrounding?
enemy. The President of Nicaragua on the
other*hand denies the Commander this basis,
lie maintains that his position was impregnable
for a considerable time, at least, ana that, in
tho event of Lockridge's failure to join himr as
was expected, he could hnvo evacuated witb alt
honor th? town of Rira* and made his way id
freedom to San Juau.?In fine, he implies that
Commander Davis lias been guilty of transcending
his authority, to say nothing of his exhibi
tion of an illiberal and unpatriotic spirit There
the inntter rests for tho present; but there aro
indications that the Government will institute'
a thorough investigation of it, and we shall, 1
therefore, soon be informed as to which of tho
tiro statements is nearest the truth. I
O W-ll - -- " *
USD. IIIII6FI lAller poueescs an intareat
pact from ita refutation of Commander Davis's
statement, in ita brief hi*torv of th? first expedition
to Nicaragua. The notaof thia have
not been generally understood. A large majority
of people in the United States have supposed
that Walker inrad*l the country.for the accomplishment
of private end*?for tfi? establishment
qf a government ofwhiefa "Ma
aboard b*. the asknowledged ml absolote
Sovereign. Oar national lov? of llboaty wooid
not countenance enofc,* ppoeeodlnfc Ma tfaera
&8Z218.
IttMaiing ?n^?W hU^Iei- ^
in HI - - -Mtn
Commander l>avis declares (lint liU conduct
*vm the result of tlic NavyJ^m^rifelions. These
instructions, ns fur as enn bo rfsccrtAined, wore
tbeee words S "It is prudent, and fur the inter- 1
ests uf tile Country, to have a man-of-war visit 1
Snu Juan del Sur." This, Secretary Dobbin is <
reported to have said, is the only conuection in v
wliich Walker's enterprise was approached in
the instructions to naval ollicers.?How Com- '
uiai.dcr Davis could, out of this sentence, have 1
tortured a direction to negotiate witli the Costa
llicans for the recapitulation of Walker, is
somewhat of a mystery, and wo hope that the
fullest opportunity may be given him for making
public his method of interpretation.
The Slaveholding Interest.
The following vxtrnct from the Now Orleans i
Delta, presents an impressive statement of the j
greatness of the Slaveholding interest, the dan- i
gers which threaten it, and the proper rcmc- !
dy for the evil. The Institution is in danger, j
and Heeds to be strengthened by material guar- j
antes, ns well ns to be defended politically and j
morally. bneis requires to lie enlarged ; j
its numbers diffused, nnd its social position
guaranteed. The public opinion of tlic world
in to be clmnged. with reference to Slavery,
but especially public opinion at the South. A
thorough conviction of right will lead to the
vigorous and unflinching defence of the institution.
Hut to effect this change the Press
murt bo employed :
There are not less than three hundred and j
fifty thousand a<-tual and legal slaveholders in ;
the South, nnd counting members of families I
nnd others who are virtual slaveholders, the i
number directly indentified with the slave- '
holding is not less than two millions.
The number of slaves in the South is over
three nnd n half millions, and their aggregate
value, at present prices, is fully eixtecn hundred
millions of dollars.
The cotton plantations in the South are
about eighty thousand, nnd the aggregate value i
of their nnnunl products, at the present prices
of cotton, is fully one hundred nnd twenty
millions of dollars.?There arc over fifteen
thousand tobacco plantations, and their nnnunl ;
products may be valued at about fourteen mil- I
lion* of dollars. There nro two thousand six
hundred sugar plantation?, the products of
whii-h average annually more than twelve
million.-* of dollars. There are five hundred j
and fifty-one rice plantations, which yield an j
annual revenue of four miilioi.s of dollar*.
Many other products of Southern agrieul- j
ture might be added to this list, but we cnu- j
nierate the above articles because they may be
regarded as exclusively the productions of
slave labor.
Here, then, we liave n capital of sixteen bundred
millions, producing annually a cash value
of one hundred and fifty millions, owned nnd
employed in the South,"and identified with the
institution of slavery. No community of capitalists
of the same number, unless it be the
British Kust India Company in its palmiest
days, ever wielded a capital of such magnitude
or possessed moro elements of power commercial,
political, and moral. Yet the vast capital
of this body of men is not based upon a monopoly
: is protected bv no fo.<t?-rini? laws : has
hnd the perpetual frown rather than tlie entile
of the Government under which it wns held;
and would have long since perished tinder the
restriction of unfriendly legislation, hut for
the inherent justice, wholesoineness, and utility
of the industrial system on which it rested.
How much longer this capital will be able
to stand before tlio hostile influence arrayed
against it, ma}* be a question of n very few
years, or a question running through a future
of indefinite duration, according to the sagacity
or the solidity, the energy ?f 'he appnthy,
the courage or tli?j timidity, tlie spirit of independence
?r the spirit of submission, which
may be displayed by the slaveholding interest
of the South. Certain it is, that this
capital is in danger, and the dnnircr increases
daily. The "moral sentiment of the civ'lir.ed
worm is At war Willi this capital; 1 lie litem- {
ture of tlie civilized world in Acting like slow
poison to destroy this capital ; the newspaper
press in Kurope nnd, with a few exceptions, in
the United States, is cither hostile to this capital
or unaympathising with it; while the politics
of the only existing nAtjonnl party offer
no protection to this cnpitnl heyond the Abs!
Taction of "non-interference"?which means
tho preservation of n status quo, the inevitable
result of which must bo the gradual destruction
of this capital.
The Slave interest, then, has only to show
that it in in eArnest, to show that it. is strong,
and show that it is ready to exert its strength
definitely and triumphantly, in the Union or
out of the Union?aye, nnd use its strength,
if necessary, in argument of naked steel nnd i
logic of shotted gun. to guarantee its existence
against moral, political, or any other power. J
But the great enemy of the South is in the j
South. The indifference nnd lassitude of the j
Southern people on questions vital to them
And their institutions, must be overcome. Politicians
wlfife look to success by anticipating
public impulse nnd reflecting public sentiment,
will soon be right on tbe Southern question
if the Southern people themselves are made
right. To effect the necessary change in the
public mind, the press must be employed. It
should adheie to the Southern interest as its
cardinal end ; it should command a hearing
from the whole South ; it should be n light to
all; it should be a warning to tho unwary; it
should be a terror to the bad nnd treacherous ;
it should bo an omnipresence?watching while
all other sentinels -slept, shining like a beacon
stall hours of the night, though the stars |
might disappear and storm nnd darkness min- I
gle. Buttliis is n maternal age, and such a |
press must have material sustenance. Out of |
two millions of slaveholders; out of sixteen j
hundred nml fifty millions of income derived
from glare labor, can not sufieiont material
aid be supplied I Ye*, a bud red times a sufficiency.
Will il be contributed with the promptness
and nlacrity which the emergency requires
? Let those the most materially interested
in the question answer.
At preset the Southern press hn* not the
concentration of talent, {lie grasp of material
facilities, the extended scope of influence, to
long and successfully combat the gigantic
moral power wielded against the t>lavehold>
ing interest of the South in Europe and America.
One anti-slarcry newspaper in New York
city alone, it is likely, reachcs nearly as many
readers as all the newspapers published in
Charleston and New Orleans put together. In
spite, therefore, of whatever real, fidelity and
!,,A. tIf !-??? J:?i-_ .1
B- ?" U,8P'??)', "my are comparatively
feclile and tlieir efforts of little avail.
?But tlicy might be made irresistablc; they
might be clothed with moral omni|>olence; and j
they wqnld be, if the a'avehoMing interest .
wisely appreciating iU danger and its necessities,
would promptly arm with the sinews of
war and an instrumentality tbat is essential to
itself and perpetuity. '
^ a
A Book r6w thk Timks.?Under this bead
tlfe N. Y. Journal of Commerce nnnonnees a
forthcoming work by Rev. Dr. Stiles, to which
it pays the following femphatic tribute:
- A distinguished clergyman of the New
School Presnyterian Church is about to publish
a work, which will create a sensation in
the religious world, and especially ?tnong the
slefical profession. It relates to the question
of lavery-*-mor? especially as connected witb
the pulpit, and with doruestio missions. The
sutbor m a native of the Sopth, and la
ly acquainted with iU iaitftaUoas. ?or a g
imskw af tMN h< has resided at the North.
ind ^ U tww * J
* ?
Slavery in the Border States.
The New Orleans Delta ami the Charleston
WVrciiry, we see nre discussing the policy of a
neasurc, originally proposed by the Delta, to
wit, the ennetmont of laws, on the part of the
Southern States, to prevent those upon the
frontier, from discharging their slave population
within their limits. The effect of this
measure, according to the Delta, would be to
check the present sluvo exodus, nud fix slavery
forever in the frontier States, whom it would
thus convert into the vigilant guardians of the
institution ; and the measure is justified on
the ground of the existing danger, that Virginia,
Maryland and Kentucky, will follow
the lead of free-soilism, and bo ultimately abolitiuuizcd.
The policy of the measure may well be
doubted. Like nil legislation, designed to
control the fixed and uniform laws of trade, it
must work n present inconvenience, ttf be compensated
by 11 prospective and contingent benefit
;J and would probably produe" nil alienation
.of feeling, and distraction o insets, so
much to be depreented. Tlie subject is one of
general interest however, and we nppend an
extract from the article of the Delta :
We confess to some surprise to hear our
Charleston eotemporary echo the words of the
Riclim ond Examiner?a journal which prefers
irnseonnde and assertion to logicnl deduction ?
that n law prohibitory of Virginia tdnvo exo
dus. would practically work the extinction of
shivery, inasmuch as it would aboli?h the interstate
slave trade.
Let us look nt this matter briefly but closely.
Virginia has nearly a half million of
slaves, principally in the eastern and southern |
sections of the State. The products of the j
soil in these regions are very valuable, and j
slave labor is profitably employed.
In the western nnd northwestern ports of
tlie Common wealth, where sliire labor would
he almost, if not quite a* profitable, it is subject
to the assaults of its enemies, and hireling
free labor lias taken its place. In a word,
slavery has retired before tlie assaults of the
Bordor Abolitionist?retired southward solely
for safety. Indubitably, slave labor is cheaper
than hireling free labor; and if means
could be devised to resist, the dangers which
menace slavery on the North, nnd the depletion
stopped at the South, it is not apparent
that the rapid increase of nearly on half million
of slave#, would soon sweep hireling free
labor from Virginia, and insure its diffusion ?
Thus established by necessity, where hireling
free labor has, for the cdmsc was assigned, supplanted
it, every man along the lino would be
n sentinel, and so closely would the Border be
watched, that the machinery of the un.'oirroitnd
railway would be wonderfully impeded,
if not effectually stopped.
But. ns long ns Virginia pursues her system
of raising slaves for the Southern market, nnd
impoverishing herself by selling them nt exorbitant
sums outside of her limits, this state of 1
things will never occur. Her true source of
wealth is not in the money realized from the |
sale ofslnvcs ; it is in multiplying the number#, j
keeping them nt home, nnd thus chcnpening
labor, and augmenting capital.
In relation to the deficiency of Slaves in the
extreme South, we hove only to sny, that tat
king negroes from Virginia causes n deficiency
there, and while it strengthens the institution
in one section it wtmkuna it in the other. The
cotton growing States will find a wny to sup
ply themselves, for the world wants cotton and
mist luivc it, and nil the meddling philanthropic
C'lnrksons nnd Wilberforecs ennnot prevent
the demand being filled. Deficiency in
labor will increase the price of the great ?>taple,
and, after all, the planter would not lose a
dollar, while the negro worshippers would
silver terribly in the pocket.
We have no quarrel with the good old Commonwealth
of \ irginia?on the other hand, wc
are proud of her as one of our great confederate
sisters. The measure ptoposod by us was
with an ej'e single to her own and our welfare,
seeing that theThayers without and the
Yankees within her borders, put her in peril.
When the great issue comes, if shti will rush.
"1 nto our battle, like a Lybian lion
Upon his hunters,"
we shall be the first to singpeansto the "Mother
of Presidents" and of states' Kights doctrines.
Nor, do we desire to cross swords with
our able cotemporury, the Mercury, for in this
great fight against thu Saracens of the North,
mere siinuiu no no tiisscnsions in the marquee
of the Crusaders.?jVWo Orltan* Delia.
The South Carolina College.
In publishing the netion of the"Board of
Trustee^, we design to give simply a copy of
the resolutions as udopted. That in relation to
the proposed re-organization of tho institution
011 the Universiry plan, seems liable to misconstruction.
Tho resolution mot with the
general ncquiesccnec of tho liuard, and was
referred to tho Committee to report a project at
the meeting in November next?the action cf
course will not be final until tho report of the
Committee is acted upon. Col. W. C. Preston,
who introduced the resolution, authorises us fto
notice what he said at the Board for public
consideration.
We understood him, in offering bis resolution,
to sny that it was expedient to make essential
modifications in the educational system
of the South Carolina College?that he
proposed the establishment of fourteen schools,
or professorships?each professor to have a salary
of one thousand dollars, and to receive
ten dollars from each student'entering his
school, which should be n nernuisito in nrldi.
lion to his fixed salary?so that one"1 hundred
students entering the acIiooI of n professor
would give iiim an iucomc of $2,000, and #o
on. ' ?
The number of students would thus depend
upon tho reputation, ability and attractiveness
of the professor, and make his emolument
commensurate with his merit. Thisetim-ulous
of interest Mr. Preston thought desirable
for the professor*, while tho moderate solan
would relieve tho enterprise from tho
character of n more risk. This, Mr. 1*. said,
was the plan at the University of Kdinbnrg.
Each student, matrioulutod in tho Collogo
should he required to enter in at least three
schools, and tho feo of matriculation should be
f 15 for thMrhdlfc course, while the student
continues irf*Collego, socuring to him the privileges
of the Library, apparatus, and use of
the rooms.
Thus the perfrfanent appropHMion for fourteen
professorships would be $14,000. The
nA#.f?ii*iilfat.titn foo ini* ftQt) atnilnnta wahM ? trm
M.600, which would he enough to keep tho
public property in repair ; while tho ticket for
thruo school*, $30, mid tM fee of matriculation,
}16. would be less tlinir^ho tuition-charge now
paid. Tho public appropriation would bo diminished
$10,000, and the charge* upon the
i tu*denta ten per cent. The follcw.ng were Ws
uiggestions, as to the schools :
1. A School of Law.
2. Of Medicine.
8. Of Natural Philosophy.
4. Of Natural History.
6. Of Mathematics.
$>. Of Engineering.
7. Of Chemistry.
8. Of Geology and Pnlreontology.
9. Of Belles-Lett res and lthetorio.
]0. OfllUtory and Political Economy.
11. Of Greek and Latin.
12. Of Jlebrow and CognatMianao jgeii
18. Of French, Gorman and MflSern Lan;uages.
14. Of Moral Philosophy and Metaphysios.
io? selection oi uiew scnoois wouia do volintory,
and without any prerequisites except of
oral standing.
The standing of the student* in their ittpM*
ire school* would be ascertained by two jrearlf I
XAmiu Ations, it wliioh th^fgrts of proneiib^
J shall be marked from 1 to 9,. Maltose who.
ttain the mark of Vtor 8, may rMnra a Hit-,
point witn tmiclt diffidence, but he thought it
iiiiportuut. ~
The Board of Trustcci> was constituted on *
wrong principle. It is too numerous, unxi it id
unwielay nmi luhherly.
There is too great ti prepoi dernnco of tx official
members. To those fx officio members the business
o' the Board is necessarily subordinate
and insignificant. Tlif high office of the Judges
eun have no additional dignity from the Board
of Trustees. To the labor of the Board they
come with thought* preoccupied on more important
concerns?wearied in body and mind
with the lubors of the Bcucli?stealing a scrap
of time from the pressure of higher duties, nud
coming to their performance after a solid dinner.
The college is jumbled up amongst habcat
cor pun, *cire J'nciii*, uou suits und continuance*,
ike., ?tc.
The Trustees ought to be appointed ad hoc:
The duties of the Board ought to be their primary
brsine.-'s. Seven lire enough. When the
College was brought into existence, the dignity
and influence of the numbers of the Board were
esteemed necessary to commend the establishment
to tho ninnil.tr mind ami ??v
t ?m? *.v 0VVUI U UVI?U larity.
These adventitious aids are no lotjgfcr uecesaary.
The College has educated the State,to n
degree of intelligence able to consider and esti mate'things
as they deserve.
| The Trustees referred t he general proposition
j to the consideration of the committee, to bofc'
ported upon with the details (it the anniiaf
meeting. Thu wants of the public demaud the'
change?we believe it will be carried out.
NEWS ITEMS'
Death ok Col. Keith.?Colonel Matthew Ir- "
vin Keith died at his residence this morning,'"vS
about 7 o'clock. lie was taken ill on Tuesday
of bilioue-cholic. This well known citizen, although
he had passed the age of seventy, was
in such usual vigor of health of action, and
freshness of appearance, that his death takes
the eominnity by surprise. lie has ever been
dUtingtiMicd in it as a gentleman of fine nnd
rare powers of mind, of elevated and chivalrou*
character, of noble bearing and manners. o?
minctilioilM nmoniti- in 1
without four mi<1 without reproach." ""tmTtcommanding
an<l dittiwjn* form, wilich now reposes
in its lust sleep, ever reminded of the gallant
soldier and accomplished officer. who in yofatlifnl
patriotism and with lofty spirit rendered
active service as n captain in the war of 1JJ12.
There are comrades still living, who ImVe ever
attested his high and remarkable traits as a
man and oil oftieer, who have ever fondlv clierish<'d
him as u friend, and whose tcurs will flow
upon his bier. lie was the cynosure of younger
generation?, who ever hung upon his glowing
thoughts, admired and revered his elevutcd
sentiments and found an example in his evor
kindly and noble port and'conduct.
Charleston Evtniug A*irictr.
Tun Population ok Utah ?The Mormons in
Utah nrc not by any means so numerous n?
they endeavor to make the world believe. In
fact they seem to have systematically palmed
j off s-purions census statistics upon the- pw-blie,
I In the oarlv n.-irt ofilio vnnn i?i--i
- v , ?v ^ v... ?uwr/r biic ium *
nions estimated their strength in Utah roundly
I at. :???,??i0 to 30,Oih>, but at tlie lull conference
I of that year, as appear* t'nmi ? regular census
taken l?y themselves, they did< not quite conio
lip to l'.l.iMJO. According to-information obtained
from the Mormon agency in St. Louie, in
1854, it appears that the immigration.of 1854
was only about 35UO, that JiliUO was the sum
total reported as chipped from Liverpool for
1855, and that iiuOO only were the number* intended
to be sent over t he plains (he same year.
Willi theso data, and making a fair nllowauce
for the loss and gain, the population in 1856
was estimated by the lion. 15. (?. Ferris at 28,500.
Krom these slender figures they have
gone on magnifying their population until they
have actually induced most prisons to believe
it one hundred thousand. At the present time
it docs not reach, it is said, 10,'JUO.
The Cr.ora anp tiik Prospect.?A letter from
Taylorvillc, I'oniisylvniiin. gives a highly. cheering
account of the growing crops. The writer
hhvs that the wheat and rye never looked bot
wr. i ne unis are ramer uacKwaru, tint prosent
no discouraging feature. All that tho com
requires is n little inure sunshine. Tho season
generally is about two weeks liehindhnnd. But
this umy proven Messing instead ?!* a disadvantage.
The opinion is expressed, that if the States
of Ohio oii.il New York will raise as much corn,
wheat, rye and potatoes as Pennsylvania is
likely to do this year, the aggregate will prove
sufficient to supply the whole Union. Tho
grass crop is likely to be immense, and a heavy
fall in liny may be anticipated. Accounts front
Kentucky and Tennessee report that the wheat
is finely headed out, and that the expectation
is, that an immense crop will be .raised. Wo
have similar reports from luwa and Wisconsin.
Soda Watkjl?A lady writes to us for an
opinion as to the hatefulness of the use of soda
water. We consider it a very suitable beverage
for tho season. It id prepared by forcing
iiitd water, by mechanical pressure, a large bulk
of carbonic acid, which escapes when tho pressure
is removed, causing the sparkling. It i?
moderately excitant to the stomach, but its action
is cveucsccnt, and does not stimulate tho
arterial 6V?tem, unless takon in large quantity,
in a very" concentrated form, as in champagne.
When the gas prepared by tho ordinary
method of the druggists cannot be* lind,
t wenty grains- of super carbonate of soda and
fifteen of citrid acid will make a very good!
rubstitute, tliougli tlie sod i wmer'oi the druggists,
which is carbonated water mid not aodm
water as there is no soda in it, is butter- for
constant use. ?
We in Columbia Imvo fine opportunities of
enjoying the carbonated wnti-r.of Fisher and
lleiniths, Mint, Tcijipleton and Griffin, and th?
coufectionarie*.?(.aroliniati,
'Hf,router) IIoMiclot ?t a $o}? ok IIexr* Gx-tf
??His flioiit and Coxce.*lme*t.-?-TIic TJlncIn'
nnti Commercial of Snlurdny coofnlus.tt fejKirt
/.that n quarrel took place, o? Thursday; at
Lexington Kentucky, between Jobn CIa?,*E?q.,
a son of the deported statesman, and, a bono
trainer namnd Edgar, .
High words passed between the parties, and
let! finally to a personal encounter, when Clay
drew a revolver and fired twice at Edgar.
11-. i..11 i i.:. mn?ii, ??,i ....4.
V/IIO UUH CI 11 CI CM "19 IIIUUWI, UI?U |?WUU VMI
behind tlio ear. Anther ball lodgod jo Iho
back. EJcjnr is reported mortally wounded,,
and is ptrlmp' deau before tins tlfuft. y ,
Clay immediately left Lexington, and li&rnot
been fienrd from since. JjEJlie parties Jijtoe not
been on amicable terms' Tor somo tii'no, jobn, webelieve,
is the youngest sturiving son of Henry
clay. ' t;<r
Of bis elder brother, one?Jlenry Clay, Jr.,
?was killed nt the battle of Unenn A isjtfi?
and another, Jmncs U. Clay, is now a Democratic
can&idato for Congress.
Kansas Mbttiho.?-They had a well ntUhded
meeting of citizens in Savannah, on Friday
evenuig, to listen to ?a jjddress.from CoL. Baker.
Tho Savannah News Bays" "the speaker
took strong grounds against Governor WolkerV
inauguMf?in whieh he recommends' t|fat th?
Southern party should submit the notion of
their Constitutional contention to th?4?iUAeation
of the hirelings of iherAbolitioTt Ajd Associations,
who maybe sent ipto the t? rrifcffilfe
(.ween now ana next mil to vore for irOT*-aott?;.
and appealed to the people of flifk .^Mth?rh
States to stsud-by the people^f Kj?rta*? Jath*
maintenance of their Qv^stltuIonalriabfrloTegulate
their own institutions."
Yellow Fbvxk at NoeroLK.?
of Syracuse, the yellow fever herolnSf -y
paring a work on the ravages of the (Wtgileno*'
at Norfolk for the benefit of tta widoV w'^the
mayor of tliat city; and it lis . WgirtMi announced
that this cobte hen rtedyonng Udy founded
tfPpubHsb the book at heawwn exp&tfr, <MM *f
the "merchant princes" of X1~ ~ViMjfji rr
^i?k ^I^ ' ' r