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I I MHimi'i Aov?M^eS~^~l rp f 1 TTA1T/*kt' TTlf FO muLiim IT ilip:g I niii o. ^ B?siE|p-y^ AS TO GOOD ROADS. A BRIEF SKETCH OF TIIE Ul-STOttV. Shows The Excellence of Sonth Caro' Una Roads Before the Establish. msnt of Railroads. Columbia. January 4.?Several (lays ago it was stated that the Good Road Association would give out n series of articles on the question of good roads, so as to arouse interest in the work. The first of tho series has been given to the press for publication. It reads: It is a trite remark that the roads of a country are an index of its civilization ; that they aro tho physical symbol by which to measure the pro gress of any age or people. "If the people are stagnant the condition of the roads will indicate the fact; if they have no roads they are savages." Roads are not only the first product of civilisation, but reacting they become the chief factors in its advancement. Look where we w ill in history we find that road builing and prosperity go together, that every great people have made this ??no of the foremost industrial questions. "In I'cru, the Incus built greaf roads, the remains of which attest their magnificonce." Jlumbolnt in his "Aspect of Nature," spoaVs of the mountain road from Quito to Cu6co. as "A marvelous work not inferior t?> the most imposing Iloman roadways It was from 1;500 to 2,000 miles in length, 20 feet wide, paved with stones 10 feet square, and had a running stream and road of shade trees on each side. JL'rescott says' "It whs conducted over sierras covered with snow; galleries wcro cut^through living rock; rivers were crossed by means of bridges swung suspended in the air; precipices wore scaled by stairways hewn out of the native bed. and ravines of hideous depths were filled up with solid masonry." TIIF. STREETS OE BABYLON Wore paved, it is said, 2,000 years B. C.. and the highway leading from Babylon to Memphis was paved at an early date, and along it arose the cities of Ninevah, l'ulim ra, Damuscus. Tyre, Antioch and other great commercial towns. The importance of the roads to the | welfareol nations was unknown to the Greeks. The Senate of Athens, the Governments of Laeedaemon, Thebes and other States of Greece bestowed much care upon them. The Carthaginians also were sys? x ? _ l _ i i * icinuuc mm scicnuuc roan maKcts. and not a little of their commercial and military importance is due to that fact, Till-: UK K AT It O.MAN ROADS. The Romans learned the a.t of road building from Carthago, and in their hands it reached its highest development. The earliest and greatest of Roman roads, the Appian way, was commenced in ol2 11. C. The city of Rome was afterwards connected with all the chief towns by paved roadways. Later these lines of communication were extended through Savoy, Dauphine ami Provence; through Germany, every part of Spain, through Gaul and even to Constanti nople; through Hungary, Macedonia and to the mouth of the Danube. Neither did the interposition of sea* obstruct the laborer daunt the enter, prise of this great people. The lines of communication thus constructed to the shores of the continent of Euro e were continued at corresponding points of thc'iieigMmring islands and continents?Sicily. Corsica, Sardinia, England, Africa and Asia were ac cormngiy penetrated and inPr-Cited bv mads forming the continuation of . i: 'i*i tilt; Vill l .Hi | twill 'illvo? I IIVM* ' gigun ic w< rks were tin* m< st so id structures of their kiiid which have been formed in any age. and many of them still remain, often forming the foundation of modern roads, and in some in-tanees constituting the rosd surface now used. A trench was oxeivufed the entire length and width ot" the roadway, and in this the road materials wete placed in four layers, having a total thickness of ahout three I fe? t : (1) the statumen, consisting of large flat stones laid in mottai; (2) the indus, compi'sod of broken stone it ml mortar well consolidated by ram. tning; ( >) the nucleus, a mixture of broken brick, tile gravid and lime; (d) the slumma crusta, :? pavement of stone, closely jointed, and fitted with the utmost nicety. A1 though these roads were cmiently durable, they ? Mere deficient iu the other qualities requisite for a good road, and Horace < states that they were 'Jess fatiguing j to people who travel slowly." They ] were remarkable chiefly for their lavish disregard of every obstacle, sod are monuments rather of military despotism than of engineering skill. During the reign of lawlessness following the breaking up of the Em. pire theso roads were infested with robbets and cut.throats. and were avoided and neglected by the people and soon became impassable, and such intercourse as was maintained was conducted over rude paths. With the reconstruction of society the roads became passable for pack animals and the rude vehicles of the time; but no serious attempt was made anywhere to replaco the public highways until the middle of tne 17th century. ROAD BUILDING IN FRANCK. Road building was taken up in Franco about 1660 by Louis AlV, a who had several fine roads made in 2 the vicinity of Paris. Thoy were very 1 wide, but were paved only in the centre. Tho people very soon began * to appreciate tne advantages of good ' roads, bnt it was not until the advent ? of Napoleon that the modern system y of magnificent highways was inau. guru,ted. "The material and financial t t prosperity, thriltiness and content- j; racnt of the French people has long j excited the admiration of the worla; t | neither internal revolutions nor defeat ^ from abroad appear to havo entailed v upon ihem burdens too heavy for ^ them to bear. Students of economic Q problems ascribe this marvelous con- ^ dition to the far reaching and splen. a d idly maintained system of highways, f on which the obstacles to economical transportation have been reduced to t the minimum. ^ England's 8ai> experience. The almost incredibly bad state of p the roads in England toward the lat- f tcr part of tho seventeenth century } appears frotn the accounts cited by c Macaulay, (ilia., c. III.) The En- 1 cyclopedia Britannic*, says: "It was f duo chlrfly t6 the skate of the law, } I, * ii_.l i i. j. Milieu cuiupcueu euctx purisu VU Ultuil- ^ tain its roads l>y sta ;ute labor." A | hundred years later it does not seem f to have been greatly improved. Mr. Arthur Young, writing in 1770 of t one of the principal Ihighways, says : ] 'I know not in the whole range of ( language terms sufficiently expressive to describe this infernal road." It was attempted to relieve this in- I tolerable condition hv a system of c toll roads, and about 30,000 miles 0 were built by the end of the century; * but they were so badly built that they 1 w ere soon in as bad or worse condition. They were managed," says c the Encyclopedia Britannica, "by a ignorant and incompetent umw, until c Telford and Macadam brought scien- 1 tific principles and regular system to j their construction and repa?r." The i name of Telford is associated with a t type of road which bad been used by t Trcsagnet in France lifty years before; f ''and the name of Macadam often i characterizes roads on which all his i precepts arc disregarded." Contcm- r poraries, and in some respectb rivals, o to these two men England owes her a present admirable system of roads, f Dickens says: "Our shops, our c horses logs, our boots, our hearts, have all been benefitted by the introduction of Macadam." Most of the paragraphs above have been condensed from "Highway Construction," by A. T. Byrne and the Encyclopedia Britan n i c a. They would have been quoted outright had space permitted. IN Till: UNITED STATES the road question came into piominenee at a very early date. At the beginning of the present century Congress set aside a certain part of the pioceeds of the sale of public lands for road building* The Oth Congress passed an act providing for the construction of the "Cumberland llool," from Cumberland, Md., into Ohio, and from 1810 to 1810 appro? nidations were made for continuing - this work amounting to $080,000 and 0f)0 niilos were built. < Jn 1JS17 John C Calhoun intro- | duced a measure in Congress providing that the bonus and dividends received by the United States from its newly chartered national bank bo set aside f<-r roads and canals, amounting to about #6/>0,000 pet* year. In support of this Mr. Cul houn said in part: "The manner in which facility and cheapness of intercourse add to the wealth of a nation has been so often and ably discussed by writers on political ewfi >my that I prciidrao the House to be perfectly acquainted with the subject, [t is sufficient to obserre that every >ranch of national industry?agricufure, manufacturing and commercial ?is stimulated and rendered by it nore productive. The result is to lifTuse universal opulence. It gives o the interior the advantages possessed by the ports moat eligibly sitlated for trade. It makes the country irice, whether in the sale of the raw iroduct or in the purchase of the articles for consumption, approximate o that of the commercial towns. In act if we look into the nature of realth we find that nothing can be nore favorable to its growth than rood roads and canals. * * * ivory portion of the community, the armer, the mechanic, and the tner:hant, will feel its good effect; and vhat is of greatest importance, the trength of the community will be greatly augmented, and its political tiwarvavi tw van /I tw a??a as/tu *>a ' ' r* vopvi vj a vrsavava *?va UfiVin ocvui v? Henry Clay also spoke In fuvor of bis measure, defending its constituionally, but it was vetoed by Prcsilent Monroe on the ground that it ] ros uncDnstitutional. SOUTH C.lKOLINA ook up the road problem very early n her nistory. On the 26th of May, 682, the Colonial Assembly passed he first road law, entitled "An Act or Highways." In 1737 an Act [as passed directing a road to be milt to Orangeburg from "the head >f the path that leads from Dorchester o Cupt. Izard's cow pen." In 1742 n Act was passed providing for a brrv across Suntee river, and a road aade in connection with it to "faciliate the passage of travelers from Charleston to Williamsburg and titers, the northwestern parts of this irovince." From 1758 to 1786 the bllowing roads were provided for: Vom Eutaw Springs through Manhester, Cajaden and Lancaster C. 1.; from Fopt Mott to Fishing Creek; irotu Society Hill to Bennetsville, ilarion, Conwayboro and Georgeown, and from the same point to larlington, Kings tree and Fort Mott: rom Orangeburg to Ninety Six, Ab>eville and Pendleton; from Augusta o Edgefield, Ninety Six and Fish lam, and from Friday's ferry, on Conenree river, to Aueusta. U ' o In 1788 a general road law was mssed requiring twelve day's work, >r a commutation tax of$2 per diem, md in 1780 the funds derived from avcm licenses were appropriated to oad improvement. These early reads were, as a geniral thing, located with remarkable kill, and well built, &9 the present :ondition of many of them will prove. Drayton's "View of South Carolina," mbliskcd in 1802, says: "The oads in the State are well adapted o traveling and transportation, even 0 the mountains, and hence wagons ind no difficulty in coming from the ippcr counties, with them the comnodities of that distant region. Cross oads to and from each Court House ire made throughout the State, and 1 wagon road has lately been made rora the north fork of Saluda river >ver the mountains to Knoxville. in he State of Tennessee, by which vugons have passed, carrying loads >f *2,500 pounds weight. * * * And it this time a carriage and four may >c driven from any part of this State o the other, from the seashore to the nountnins, without any other diffiiulty than such as naturally arise in ong journeys. As a further proof of the high legree of efficiency of these old State oads the cost of transportation by vagons between Columbia and Chareston 1821, as given by Mr. Kobcrt ki:il_ IT .?.) 1AA . ?iii ip, ?un uii j i 1 w cents per on per mile. Standard authorities jive the cost at lb cents per ton per nile on the very best earth roads, vhile the average cost in this State iow is variously estimnted at from lb to 40 cents. Since the beginning of the railway >ra in the thirties the history of the lublic roads in this State has been entirely without interest, recording inly a steady and unbroken decline. \n effort was made about ten years igo by the writer to awaken some ntercst in the subject, but it was <oon crowded out by other issues. It 0 to be hoped that the present movement marks a turning point, and that with the beginning of the twentieth jentury an era of great activity in roudhuilding will bo commenced. Ciias. C. Secretary. ARE MILLS AN" APPBAMI|^Sh06l9LA. A Claim That Factory Mf^IplrCanker on the Vitala of An appeal for lejri&i^pnj to prevent any cotton employing children under 1^ yea 1*0 f age. An appeal forto.pre vent any cotiou mm nw employing any set of hands for a^bnger period than 10 hours on any 9pe a ty. In behalf of oppreqKi.- (umanity I make my appeal; upwjpj its I base From physiological,jHrjre iological, social and hereditary ffets hat cannot be denied, I base it$? f \ The State cannot afflfeqf?$<> treat lightly a problem that a# gjertains to her present and fu tutr^greatness? When the sub-structure **??? institution has been ninh i n orstructure must fall. State for if it ia not to lowj|ft!er'tbe interests of her people Jj^Rnstitu tions? An injury to wMRflbeso is an injury to the State, IBjpbse they ore as much a part of jaftState as are the individual memfeSTof a human body a part of the It is true that the cottKmill is a new thing in the sotrajra. It has scarcely been in exietencMVg enough to tell what will be the result of so many country peopllflpcking to these manufacturing tows Nor is it neoessnry to await the Snl result, tho tendencies aro enoughS From a physiological jpuidpoint she must consider the OMheouences of immatare children frfflT 8 to 12 years left in a standing Jnition day nftcr day for 11 houtfif[breathing heated, impure and d?iaty$t*ir. It is absolutely impossible for tibere to be perfect physical develOMQent under such conditions as these^To be kept standing constantly wilh the blood gravitating downward ^tinst neces-sarily retard the development of vital organs in the upper regions of the body. 1 he impure air must militate against the lungs and the purification of the blood. While the number of hours must tell upon the nervous systems of adults, und much more so upon die constitutions of children. Already is a pallor known as the factory cheek. Too often arc the roses seen to fade from the cheek of the country lad as lie enters a factory town. Look at that listless eye! that tremulous step! From a phrenological standpoint it is net necessary to make an inquiry as to the results of small, undeveloped, and uneducated children, entering a cotton mill and spending a lifetime as an appendage to a machine. Doing work so mechanical that thorc is no opportunity for developing reasoning or logical faculties at all. Igno rant of what is transpiring in the world around them, each day they grow more and more dwarfed. Living an animal, sensual and mechanical life, where is any intellectual or moral development ? Examine the shapes of the skull of those that have known nothing but factory life. Fish in the Mammoth Cave have no eyes, why ? Because they ceased to use the eyes they had. Then what shall be the effect on South Carolina, of 50,000 or 75,000 factory population, with minds, with imaginations, with memories, with reasoning faculties with all unused ? As a social question the factory element is the greatest that now confronts the State. Thousand of people living in tenement houses in c ose proximity without sanitary arrangements ; hundreds of both sexes mingling miscellaneously behind the looms, to and from the mills; tendencies too destructive in their final results to mem ion. Can these things help to bt ild up and purify the social life of a State ? See ll?-year-old youths marrying, us though to tnarry were a holiday : _ i. _ Uri x i? ii i - jum.'. >? n;u smui i?e ine enect of animal instinct turned loose without moral or intellectual restraint? From the standpoint of heredity if nono other the State should assert her power. If the present system of operating factories is militating agents to the physical, the mental and the social man what will be the result if handed down unrestrained, increasing in destructive results as it goes ? If it is true that *'a bad environment may develop a pernicious t I heredity "theu^ mt% the Sia^'aa^' ur W: "xake aU these environments, destructive in their tendencies, and let them be handed down from generation to generation, gathering momentum as they go marrying and intermarrying,' exaggerating tendencies as they sweep and what do you have ? a monstrosity! A traveller in Africa says "We saw children of 12 years of age who appeared but 6 or 8, so puny and undeveloped were they." What will the traveler of the next century say as he travels through our southland V To those who so enthusiastically laud jhe "New South" and speak boaatitogly of her manufacturing industries, wo WOuld ask to consider what will hnvtmA nf nnr nitiAa ctnr courts, oar conventions, our congresses unless replenished by the fresh yeomanry of*our country? But hpw sh^l these bo replenislm^ froni that the cotton mill business is not the greatest curse that has ever happened to South Carolina. * Talk about her wealth! Yes, but when she is drawing on the blood, the brain, the heart, and the souls of generations yet unborn, she is paying a price too dear. Better do like Marion's men??livo on acorns and potatoes. War destroyed many of liar in! habitants, but it did not develop a ' pernicious heredity. Iler heroes mid her past greatness may live within the pages of history; they cannot be reproduced from a debased heredity. Let the State ward off threatening evils by prompt legislation. Give at least childhood for mental and physical development. Give manhood time for reading and recreation, at i i r__ l__a.' ;??- 1 _ icubl wr uis oiispnng is shkc. Let the State realize that tlio physical is the foundation of the intellectual, hence the foundation of a nation. Let her encourage recreation and physical development; let her encourage schools and libraries; and let her use the limit of her power in forcing companies to provide for the welfare and best interests of their toiling operatives and their families. Let the State establish some system for putting to work those brutish characters who have prostitut<yl fatherhood hv making slaves of thenchildren, while they loiter around factory towns and spend the earnings of their offspring in gratifying their heathenish propensities. Let the State release the child and put to work the trilling parent. Unless the State takes active stops, she has a leaven within her that will permeate her every social institution, and will vitally affect her morals and her social life. Let the State realize that no institution can stand whose foundation has within it the germs of death. If "improvement in environment I means the purification of heritage" let the State wrench victory out of defeat by legislating along these linos. .Tonv (' llnnvn Pastor of Union Mill Church, C. Conference. Union, S. C., Jan. It, 1808. Wm. J. Bryan's Intentions if he Is Nominated. W. J. Bryan in concluding a speech before the Byrari League at the Trcuiont House during a banquet held after the Auditorium meeting, early this morning made some remarks which arc interpreted as showing his intentions if he is nominated for tin? presidency in 1000. In speaking of the next presidential election, Mr. Bryan said: til'?V 1 in U*n will Kn e 1 ?*An r? enough to win without any outside help. But, nevertheless, 1 prefer to win with the Populists on one side and the free silver Republicans on the other. And we must not forgot when the victory is won, that in the campaign of last year it took more courage on the part of the free silver Republicans to desert their old party, and inoro self sacrifice on the part of the Populists to go outside of their or? animation for a presidential candi ate, because lie agreed with thein on the paramount issue, than it did for the Democrats to support the ticket which was nominated by their own national convention."?Chicago Dispitch. | Wm. A. Nioholson & Son Bankers^ RESPECTFULLY SOLICIT YOUR { I BANKING BUSINESS ft YOUR FIRE INSURANCE, I And promise you the best protection and the best service. 9 cneiea 1 , ! I l I ' ' Uflp ' ' < tSlHIIIIlHHHUllHIIIHMIHIHIIIIigmMMMk | KEEP UP WITH THE TIMES. [ i ] WHAT YOU WANT "?~w- I 1 OUR SHOES FILLS THE BILL, j While in the city don't fail to visit the Big Shoe J Store of the 2 s Union Shoe Company. | . I I There's a Surprise in Store j' For the man who lias been sadly j| k r brushing liis lust year's hat and remarking sternly to himsely that it will have to do. It won't have to do. ' : There's no necessity of it "doing" when we sell the Famous HOWARD HATS at Every hat guaranteed to give perfect satisfaction. They are I the equals to any $8.50 hat in America. New shapes for spring 1898~in both Soft and Stilt HOWARD HATS now j | on sale. Y.ours for a New Hat, SMITH CLOTHING CO., GO TO BEATY'S FOR CLOTHING. iffnmn vnn dp wpti nDPccnno IT UUJjU 1UU DJj H IiLL UntiOOLU If so Rose & Company's Garments Have an established reputation for style and taste. Give them a trial. Their line of suitings, overcoatings and pantings are the most complete in every detail. They give you fit, finish and fashion ; besides a guarantee bond goes with every purchase. "They wear sj well and cost no more than Ready Made*." Don't forget Ibe mans full suit at $2.00, a good appetizer. Good hoys' suits from 70c. up. Roys' ready male knee pants 25c. Cheap sugar wi I soon he in season. Be sure to call on us for clothing. Yours very truly, T. BEATY.^ ? -JJdr. h. k. smith, ^ dentist